Wages and wage growth in Poland : the role of foreign direct investment

Poland;foreign investment;wages;industrial sector;information transfer

Foreign direct investment and host country regional export performance : evidence from Poland

Poland;industry;direct investment;export promotion;export volume;foreign investment;statistical analysis

Cost comparisons of five leading brands of the antihypertensive drug, Telmisartan, available in an Indian city

Background: Antihypertensive drugs have to be taken lifelong, after initiation of the treatment. Price variation can lead to huge economic burden on the patients of hypertension, especially when cost considerations are not undertaken by the prescribing physician . This study was undertaken to compare the annual cost , to the patient , of five different most commonly prescribed brands of Telmisartan 40 mg, in Kolhapur city.Methods: Authors purchased a strip of 10 tablets each of the five leading brands in one city, Kolhapur, India, of Telmisartan 40 milligram. The prices of the strip of 10 tablets of each of the five selected brands were compared.  In turn the annual cost of each of these five, was compared directly as well as using percentages. The data was collected, analysed and presented.Results: The data of the cost of the preparations of five different brands of a single antihypertensive drug, Temisartan 40 milligram shows that the annual cost of the costliest among the three brands of this drug is almost three times , that of the cheapest brand, or in other words almost 300 percent that of the cheapest brand.Conclusions: the cost variation amongst the five brands was considerable. India being a country with a major chunk of the population being very price sensitive, the prescribing physician must select the brand carefully. The most costly preparation of Temisartan can significantly add to the burden on the patient’s annual budget. Thus, Pharmacoeconomics must take an important place while prescribing medicines, especially in a country like India

The Dynamics of Job Creation and Job Destruction: Is Sub-Saharan Africa Different?

The Dynamics of Job Creation and Job Destruction: Is Sub-Saharan Africa Different? This paper analyzes the creation, destruction and reallocation of jobs in order to understand the micro-dynamics of aggregate employment change in African manufacturing. The nature and magnitude of gross job flows are examined using a unique panel data of Ethiopian manufacturing establishments over the period 1996-2007. We also assess the relative importance of firm demographics, industry effects and business cycles for job flows. The rates and patterns of job creation and destruction in our sample are comparable to the findings from developed and emerging economies suggesting that African firms adjust their labor force in a manner broadly similar to firms elsewhere and that African labor markets are not uniquely restrictive in terms of undermining job reallocation across firms. We also find, as in many other countries, that job reallocation is relatively higher in industries dominated by smaller and younger establishments. However, unlike other regions, job reallocation in our sample is pro-cyclical and its variation across industries bears little similarity to the patterns found in other developed and emerging economies. Small firms in Africa create jobs mainly at the point of market-entry and play a limited role in terms of contributing to manufacturing employment through post-entry expansion

NONTHERMAL EFFECTS OF MOBILE PHONE RADIATIONS ON HUMAN HEART RATE, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND SUGAR LEVEL

Objective: A single-blinded pilot study has been conducted to investigate the effect of cell phone radiation on the human heart. Methods: Experimental work has been conducted in Jalandhar-based hospital under the supervision of a cardiologist. During experimental work, electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure (BP) level, and sugar level have been examined before and after cell phone radiation exposure. For ECG analysis, the parameters such as heart rate, rhythm, mechanism, axis, P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, ST segment, T wave, and QT interval have been examined in the study.Results: No significant variations in the results of above-mentioned parameter has been observed before and after acute exposure of cell phones radiations by placing cell phone closer to heart.Conclusion: The result of this study concludes that mobile phone radiations do not interfere with any electrical activity of the human heart, BP, and sugar level in healthy individuals