Salification Controls the In-Vitro Release of Theophylline

Sustained released formulation is the most used strategy to control the efficacy and the adverse reactions of an API (active pharmaceutical ingredient) with a narrow therapeutic index. In this work, we used a different way to tailor the solubility and diffusion of a drug. Salification of Theophylline with Squaric Acid was carried out to better control the absorption of Theophylline after administration. Salification proved to be a winning strategy decreasing the dissolution of the APIs up to 54% with respect to Theophylline. Most importantly, this was accomplished in the first 10 min of the dissolution process, which are the most important for the API administration. Two polymorphs were identified and fully characterized. Theophylline squarate was discovered as trihydrate (SC-XRD) and as a metastable anhydrous form. Indeed, during the Variable Temperature-XRPD experiment, the trihydrate form turned back into the two starting components after losing the three molecules of water. On the other hand, the synthesis of the trihydrate form was observed when a simple mixing of the two starting components were exposed to a high humidity relative percentage (90% RH)

Projecting the Medium-Term: Outcomes and Errors for GDP Growth

The focus of this paper is the evaluation of a very popular method for potential output estimation and medium-term forecasting - the production function approach - in terms of predictive performance. For this purpose, a forecast evaluation for the three to five years ahead predictions of GDP growth for the individual G7 countries is conducted. To carry out the forecast performance check a particular testing framework is derived that allows the computation of robust test statistics given the specific nature of the generated out-of sample forecasts. In addition, medium-term GDP projections from national and international institutions are examined and it is assessed whether these projections convey a reliable view about future economic developments and whether there is scope for improving their predictive content

Epidemiología y efecto de las parasitosis internas en la recría bovina en la región del pastizal serrano del noroeste argentino (NOA)

El objetivo del presente estudio fue estudiar la epidemiología y efecto productivo de los nematodes gastrointestinales (NGI) sobre las terneras de destete en la región del pastizal serrano del NOA durante los períodos A (julio de 2013 a junio de 2014) y B (abril de 2014 a noviembre de 2015). En cada período se formaron tres grupos de terneras: GTM con tratamiento mensual (moxidectin: 200 mcg/kg), GTL con el tratamiento del establecimiento al inicio del ensayo (albendazole: 10 mg/kg en A y doramectina: 200 mcg/kg en B) y GST sin tratamiento antihelmíntico. Se realizó conteo de huevos por gramo de heces (hpg) y coprocultivos para diferenciación de géneros y se registró la ganancia de peso vivo (GPV). Las diferencias entre grupos de estos parámetros se compararon por mínimos cuadrados. En las terneras de destete los hpg más elevados se observaron a mediados de invierno, descendieron en primavera, para elevarse nuevamente a fines de verano en las terneras de sobreaño. Los géneros Haemonchus, Cooperia y Ostertagia predominaron dentro de un plano de infestación moderada, aunque Oesophagostomum y Trichostrongylus estuvieron presentes a lo largo de las observaciones. Durante el período A se observaron diferencias significativas (p<0,05) en la GPV total entre grupos (GTM: 102,4 kg; GTL: 94,0 kg; GST: 86,6 kg). Durante el período B las diferencias entre grupos fueron significativamente (p<0,0002) mayores (GTM: 43,1 kg; GTL: 29,9 kg; GST: 26,9 kg). El presente estudio mostró un pico invernal posdestete y otro a fines de verano en el hpg y un efecto negativo de los NGI sobre la GPV, aun con infestaciones moderadas

Turning-point indicators from business surveys: real-time detection from the euro area and its major member countries

Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - Biblioteca Centrale - P.le Aldo Moro, 7, Rome / CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle RichercheSIGLEITItal

M\uf6hlau\u2019s Anthradipyrazole Revisited: A New Look at an Old Molecular System

Two polymorphs of 2,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2,3- cd:4,5,6-c\u2032d\u2032]diindazole (\u201cdipyrazoloanthracene\u201d; \u3b1 and \u3b2; DBDI) were isolated and fully characterized by means of structural X-ray powder diffraction methods, thermal, and extended spectroscopic analyses. Different interconversion paths between the two species were evidenced. UV 12Vis absorption, emission, and excitation spectra were measured, while time-resolved fluorescence studies allowed for the detection of multiple decay processes. In the two species, NH\ub7\ub7\ub7N hydrogen bonds give rise to manifestly different structures, which, in the rhombohedral \u3b2 phase, generate permanent porosity. This feature has been further characterized by CO2/N2/CH4 sorption isotherms at different temperatures, highlighting a significant selectivity favoring CO2 trapping

Switchable Dynamics and Flexibility in Gas-absorptive Porous Materials

Our approach is to design porosity in combination with switchable dynamics and flexibility in porous materials for gaining control over gas capture and selectivity. This approach was made possible by fabricating rotor-on-axel molecular struts and tetrahedral building blocks. Ultra-fast molecular rotors as fast as 1011 Hz were engineered in porous crystalline frameworks (molecular crystals, MOFs and mesoporous organosilicas) containing rod-like linkers as amphidynamic elements. The porous frameworks promise access to the control of rotary motion by chemical and physical stimuli. If a gas or a vapor is diffused to the cavities, such as CO 2, iodine and hydrocarbon vapors, rotor dynamics is hampered. In turn, on/off switching produces modulated physical responses. When C-F dipoles were mounted on the rotors, they induced fast oscillating dipoles that interact with an applied electric field. Direct evidence of hostguest interactions at the molecular level were established by 2D solid-state NMR. We achieved the fabrication of swellable porous adamantoid frameworks by the use of highly symmetrical tetrahedral elements and the co-operation of 8 surrounding hydrogen bonds mounted on conformationally flexible groups. The flexibility of the porous crystals manifests itself in response to stimuli of selected gases: CO2, Xe and hexane triggers the enlargement of channel cross-section. The accomodation of CO2 and Xe in the channel chambers was revealed by synchrotron-light XRD, combined with modelling. Xenon dynamics was gathered by 129Xe NMR chemical shift anisotropy profiles, which encode the shape and orientation of each visited cavity. Jump rate and activation energy experienced by exploring Xe atoms were uniquely established. Covalent connection of tetrahedral nodes results in expandable frameworks, especially if 3 instead of all 4 branches are cross-linked: the forth branch can be dedicated to bearing a functional group to catch the gas molecules (CO 2 is retained by –NH2 group by an energy as high as 54 kJ/mol). Moreover, photo-responsive molecular crystals were fabricated by tetrahedral azobenzene tetramers that form porous molecular crystals in their trans configuration. The efficient trans-to-cis photoisomerization converts the crystals into a non-porous phase but crystallinity and porosity are restored upon reverse isomerization promoted by heat. We demonstrated that the photo-isomerization enables reversible on/off switching of optical properties as well as CO2 capture from the gas phase. We thank Cariplo Foundation, Lombardy Region/INSTM Consortium and PRIN 2016. References 1. Acc.Chem.Res.2016,49,1701; 2. Chem.Eur.J. 2017,23,11210; 3. J.Am.Chem.Soc.2014,136,618; 4. Angew.Chem.Int.Ed. 2014,53,1043. 5. Chem.Comm.2017,53,7776; 6. J.Mater.Chem.A2018,6,14231; 7. Chem.Comm. DOI:10.1039/C8CC03951H; 8. NatureChem. 2015,7,634

M\uf6hlau\u2019s anthradipyrazole revisited: a new look at an old molecular system

Two polymorphs of 2,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2,3-cd:4,5,6-c\u2032d\u2032] diindazole ("dipyrazoloanthracene"; \u3b1 and \u3b2; DBDI) were isolated and fully characterized by means of structural X-ray powder diffraction methods, thermal, and extended spectroscopic analyses. Different interconversion paths between the two species were evidenced. UV-vis absorption, emission, and excitation spectra were measured, while time-resolved fluorescence studies allowed for the detection of multiple decay processes. In the two species, NH\ub7\ub7\ub7N hydrogen bonds give rise to manifestly different structures, which, in the rhombohedral \u3b2 phase, generate permanent porosity. This feature has been further characterized by CO2/N2/CH4 sorption isotherms at different temperatures, highlighting a significant selectivity favoring CO2 trapping

Influence of Anions in Silver Supramolecular Frameworks: Structural Characteristics and Sorption Properties

The complexation of a preorganized thioether-functionalized bis(pyrazolyl)methane ligand (L) with silver precursors produces supramolecular structures organized at two hierarchical levels: [AgL]6(X)6 metal–organic cyclic hexamers and their organization in 3D architectures. The cyclic toroidal hexamers of 22–26 Å external diameter are found to be stable already in solution before self-assembly into the crystalline state. In the 3D lattice, the hexameric building block are arranged in different highly symmetric space groups as a function of a variety of anions (cubic Fd3̅ with PF6– or BF4– and rhombohedral R3̅ with CF3SO3– or NO3–) and form cavities with the geometrical shapes of Platonic solids (tetrahedron and octahedron) that can be occupied by a variety of solvent molecules. Upon evacuation, cubic crystals can produce stable frameworks with permanent porosity, which can absorb reversibly several vapors, CO2 and CH4