Importância do sistema de semeadura direta na população microbiana do solo.

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Analyzing false memories in children with associative lists specific for their age

Two experiments attempted to resolve previous contradictory findings concerning developmental trends in false memories within the Deese-Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm by using an improved methodology-constructing age-appropriate associative lists. The research also extended the DRM paradigm to preschoolers. Experiment 1 (N = 320) included children in three age groups (preschoolers of 3-4 years, second-graders of 7-8 years, and preadolescents of 11-12 years) and adults, and Experiment 2 (N = 64) examined preschoolers and preadolescents. Age-appropriate lists increased false recall. Although preschoolers had fewer false memories than the other age groups, they showed considerable levels of false recall when tested with age-appropriate materials. Results were discussed in terms of fuzzy-trace, source-monitoring, and activation frameworks

Dissociation of Automatic and Strategic Lexical-semantics: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evidence for Differing Roles of Multiple Frontotemporal Regions

Behavioral research has demonstrated three major components of the lexical-semantic processing system: automatic activation of semantic representations, strategic retrieval of semantic representations, and inhibition of competitors. However, these component processes are inherently conflated in explicit lexical-semantic decision tasks typically used in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research. Here, we combine the logic of behavioral priming studies and the neurophysiological phenomenon of fMRI priming to dissociate the neural bases of automatic and strategic lexical-semantic processes across a series of three studies. A single lexical decision task was used in all studies, with stimulus onset asynchrony or linguistic relationship between prime and target being manipulated. Study 1 demonstrated automatic semantic priming in the left mid-fusiform gyrus (mid-FFG) and strategic semantic priming in five regions: left middle temporal gyrus (MTG), bilateral anterior cingulate, anterior left inferior prefrontal cortex (aLIPC), and posterior LIPC (pLIPC). These priming effects were explored in more detail in two subsequent studies. Study 2 replicated the automatic priming effect in mid-FFG and demonstrated that automatic priming in this region is preferential for the semantic domain. Study 3 demonstrated a neural dissociation in regions contributing to the strategic semantic priming effect. Strategic semantic facilitation was observed in the aLIPC and MTG, whereas strategic semantic inhibition was observed in the pLIPC and anterior cingulate. These studies provide reproducible evidence for a neural dissociation between three well established components of the lexical-semantic processing system

How strongly do word reading times and lexical decision times correlate? Combining data from eye movement corpora and megastudies

We assess the amount of shared variance between three measures of visual word recognition latencies: eye movement latencies, lexical decision times and naming times. After partialling out the effects of word frequency and word length, two well-documented predictors of word recognition latencies, we see that 7-44% of the variance is uniquely shared between lexical decision times and naming times, depending on the frequency range of the words used. A similar analysis of eye movement latencies shows that the percentage of variance they uniquely share either with lexical decision times or with naming times is much lower. It is 5 – 17% for gaze durations and lexical decision times in studies with target words presented in neutral sentences, but drops to .2% for corpus studies in which eye movements to all words are analysed. Correlations between gaze durations and naming latencies are lower still. These findings suggest that processing times in isolated word processing and continuous text reading are affected by specific task demands and presentation format, and that lexical decision times and naming times are not very informative in predicting eye movement latencies in text reading once the effect of word frequency and word length are taken into account. The difference between controlled experiments and natural reading suggests that reading strategies and stimulus materials may determine the degree to which the immediacy-of-processing assumption and the eye-mind assumption apply. Fixation times are more likely to exclusively reflect the lexical processing of the currently fixated word in controlled studies with unpredictable target words rather than in natural reading of sentences or texts

Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sucessão de culturas.

RESUMO: Foi avaliada a biomassa microbiana e sua atividade, em solo submetido às sucessões de culturas trigo/soja e trigo/milho, preparado pelo sistema convencional e em plantio direto. A avaliação foi realizada em um experimento realizado em um Latossolo Roxo desde 1976 na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná-IAPAR, em Londrina (PR). Foram coletadas amostras na profundidade de 0-15 cm, dez dias após o plantio e sete dias antes da colheita da cultura de verão e de inverno dos anos de 1992, 1993 e 1994. Avaliaram-se a respiracão basal do solo e o carbono da biomassa microbiana pelo método de fumigação-incubação; o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, pelo método da fumigação-extração, o quociente metabólico e a relação C mic/Corg dos solos. Houve poucas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, em função das diferentes sucessões de culturas. As parcelas sob plantio direto apresentaram incrementos de 118 e 101% no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respectivamente, de 73% na respiração basal e de 96% na relação C mic/Corg, enquanto houve um decréscimo de 28% no quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que a prática do plantio direto proporciona maior biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de C via respiração, podendo determinar, assim, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Conseqüentemente, os parâmetros microbiológicos mostraram-se bons indicadores de alterações do solo em função do manejo. ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated on a soil submitted to crop rotations with heat/soybean and wheat/maize under the no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The evaluation was performed on an experiment established since 1976 at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina (PR), Brazil. Soil samples were taken in the plough layer (0-15 cm) ten days after planting and seven days before harvesting summer and winter crops during 1992, 1993 and 1994. The basal respiration and the microbial biomass carbon were evaluated by the fumigation-incubation method, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was evaluated by fumigation-extraction, the determination of the metabolic coefficient and the relation C mic/C org of the soil. There were few significant differences on the parameters related above as a result of the different crop rotations. However, when compared with the conventional tillage, the plots under the no-tillage system have shown increases of 118 and 101% on carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, respectively, of 73% on basal respiration and of 96% on the relation Cmic/Corg, while the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) has decreased by 28%. The continuous use of the no-tillage system, either under wheat/soybean or wheat/maize crop rotation resulted in increases in microbial biomass and decreases in microbial respiration, therefore having measurable long term effects on the increase of soil C content. Consequently, microbial biomass has shown to be a good indicator to evaluate the effects of long term management on soil alteration

Biomassa microbiana e sua atividade em solos sob diferentes sistemas de preparo e sucessão de culturas.

RESUMO: Foi avaliada a biomassa microbiana e sua atividade, em solo submetido às sucessões de culturas trigo/soja e trigo/milho, preparado pelo sistema convencional e em plantio direto. A avaliação foi realizada em um experimento realizado em um Latossolo Roxo desde 1976 na Estação Experimental do Instituto Agronômico do Paraná-IAPAR, em Londrina (PR). Foram coletadas amostras na profundidade de 0-15 cm, dez dias após o plantio e sete dias antes da colheita da cultura de verão e de inverno dos anos de 1992, 1993 e 1994. Avaliaram-se a respiracão basal do solo e o carbono da biomassa microbiana pelo método de fumigação-incubação; o nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, pelo método da fumigação-extração, o quociente metabólico e a relação C mic/Corg dos solos. Houve poucas diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, em função das diferentes sucessões de culturas. As parcelas sob plantio direto apresentaram incrementos de 118 e 101% no carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respectivamente, de 73% na respiração basal e de 96% na relação C mic/Corg, enquanto houve um decréscimo de 28% no quociente metabólico (qCO2). Os dados obtidos evidenciam que a prática do plantio direto proporciona maior biomassa microbiana e menor perda relativa de C via respiração, podendo determinar, assim, maior acúmulo de C no solo a longo prazo. Conseqüentemente, os parâmetros microbiológicos mostraram-se bons indicadores de alterações do solo em função do manejo. ABSTRACT: In this study, microbial biomass and its activity were evaluated on a soil submitted to crop rotations with heat/soybean and wheat/maize under the no-tillage and conventional tillage systems. The evaluation was performed on an experiment established since 1976 at the Experimental Station of Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (IAPAR), Londrina (PR), Brazil. Soil samples were taken in the plough layer (0-15 cm) ten days after planting and seven days before harvesting summer and winter crops during 1992, 1993 and 1994. The basal respiration and the microbial biomass carbon were evaluated by the fumigation-incubation method, and the microbial biomass nitrogen was evaluated by fumigation-extraction, the determination of the metabolic coefficient and the relation C mic/C org of the soil. There were few significant differences on the parameters related above as a result of the different crop rotations. However, when compared with the conventional tillage, the plots under the no-tillage system have shown increases of 118 and 101% on carbon and nitrogen microbial biomass, respectively, of 73% on basal respiration and of 96% on the relation Cmic/Corg, while the metabolic quotient (qCO 2 ) has decreased by 28%. The continuous use of the no-tillage system, either under wheat/soybean or wheat/maize crop rotation resulted in increases in microbial biomass and decreases in microbial respiration, therefore having measurable long term effects on the increase of soil C content. Consequently, microbial biomass has shown to be a good indicator to evaluate the effects of long term management on soil alteration