The effect of Hydro-alcoholic Extract of Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Glabra) Rhizome on the Mechanical Activity of the Colon of Male Rats and its Interaction with Adrenergic System

Abstract: Back ground & aim: Glycyrrhiza glabra (Licorice) is a native medicinal plant of Iran which its rhizome has been traditionally used for treatment of bowel spasm and diarrhea. Accordingly, the present study aimed to determine the effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice rhizome on mechanical activity of isolated colon of male rats. Methods: In the present experimental study, the colon tissue of 10 adult male rats were dissected and divided into two groups: experimental and control. Each group consisted of 10 strips of tissue. Then, the mechanical activity of tissue strips were recorded by power lab A-D instrument in basal condition, and after administration of phenylephrine and epinephrine and propranolol in the presence and absence of licorice rhizome extract (with effective dose 0.036 mg/ml). Moreover, the mechanical activity of control group strips were recorded at the same condition with extract solvent (ethanol %70). Data were analyzed statistically with using the SPSS software version 19 using Independent-Samples t-test. Result: The mechanical activity of tissue in presence of extract and epinephrine significantly decreased (p≤0.05) compared to the control group. While the mechanical activity in the presence of extract and propranolol significantly increased (p≤0.05) compared to the control group. However, no significant modification was observed in the mechanical activity of the tissue  in the presence of phenylephrine and extract compared to the control group.  Conclusion: According to the present study, it could be concluded that hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice maybe has modifying effect on colon motility via synergist effect with beta adrenergic receptors and independent of the alpha adrenergic receptors

Interaction of Electromagnetic Field and Modulation of GABA-B Receptor on Serum Testosterone Concentration in Aggressive Rats

Introduction: The aim of the present study is to investigate the effect of interaperitoneal injection of baclofen (GABA-B agonist) and CGP35348 (GABA-B antagonist) on serum testosterone concentration in aggressive rats exposed to electromagnetic field. Methods: Fifty five mature male rats weighing 200±20 grams were studied. Animals were divided into 2 main groups and four subgroups. Main groups composed of rats with and without exposure to electromagnetic field. Animals in the former group were exposed to electromagnetic field with 500 T intensity and 50Hz frequency for 8 hours a day for 30 days. Aggression was induced by applying 2mA current every 3 seconds for 5 minutes. Then serum testosterone concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay method. Results: Data showed that baclofen injection at 3mg/kg and CGP35348 at 100mg/kg significantly increased serum testosterone concentration in aggressive rats exposed to electromagnetic field. Conclusion: According to the simillar effect of baclofen and CGP35348 on testosterone secretion, it seems that GABA-B receptors in testes are two types, so it has caused similar effects. Also, electromagnetic exposure leads to increase in testosterone secretion

Study the effect of prolonged exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on the α 1 adrenergic system in the small intestine of male rat

Back ground & aim: In the recent years, the increasing use of electronic devices which generate electromagnetic fields, focused researchers’ attention to investigate the electromagnetic fields effects on human health. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of prolonged exposure to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF) on the adrenergic system in the small intestine of male rats. Methods: In the present experimental study, 21 Adult male rats (wistar) were divided into three groups: experimental group, which were exposed to ELF (50Hz, 1mT) for 75 days, the sham-operated group, which were kept in similar conditions exception Off solenoid and the control group, which were kept in normal conditions. After 75 days, the rats were anesthetized by intra peritoneal injection of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/k). Then, the ileum tissue was dissected and divided into 1 cm strips. The strips were placed in organ baths containing oxygenated, pH=7.4 Krebs solution. Furthermore, the mechanical activity of the tissue was recorded with force transducer of bridge amplifier which was linked to A-D Instrument power lab in response to Phenylephrine(4 ×10-6 M). Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA test. Results: Relaxation changes of isolated ileum tissue was displayed in two ileum strips with same length and in the same animal, According to the obtained results, the ileum relaxation in exposure to ELF (experimental) compared to the control and sham groups significantly increased (p&le0.05). Accordingly, the relaxation changes of ileum in response to the phenylephrine at different times and after deducting the basic tension represented a significant increase (p&le0.05) of Ileum relaxation in the experimental group compared to the sham and control groups. Conclusion: It can be concluded that prolonged exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields may lead to increase of  the &alpha1-adrenergic receptors sensitivity

The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of olea europea L. Leaf on Blood pressure and its interaction with adrenergic system of male rats

Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most common and important disease factors imposed by the modern lifestyle, in particular by reduced physical activity and an unbalanced lipid-rich diet. One of the best methods for treatment of hypertension is the use of medical herbs that have moderate effects on blood pressure such as Olive (Olea europea L.). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hydroalcoholic extract of olea europea L. Leaf on blood pressure and its interaction with adrenergic system of male rats Methods: In this experimental study, 10 adult male wistar rats weighing between180-250g were used. They were divided into two groups (each group contained 5 rats) randomly: olive leaf extract group and olive leaf extract and adrenaline group. Then, each rat was anesthetized by IP injection of 1.2 g/kg urethane. After tracheostomy, the femoral vine and artery were cannulated for drug injection and blood pressure recording respectively. Arterial cannula for recording arterial blood pressure connected to a pressure transducer linked to Power lab. Blood pressure parameters (systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure) were recorded before and after IV administration of hydroalcoholic extract of olea europea L. leaf, solvent, adrenaline and olive leaf extract with adrenaline.The data were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed a significant decrease of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures in comparison with the control and sham groups (P<0.05). Also, a significant decrease of blood pressure showed in presence of olive leaf extract and adrenaline with compare to the sham group (P<0.05). Conclusion: It can be concluded that olea europea L. leaf may suggested as a hypotensive agent. It seems that this effect is due to the inhibition of the adrenergic syste

Study the Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Extract of Achillea Eriophora on Cardiovascular System of Male Rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Achillea eriophora has been used in traditional medicine for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and cardiovascular disease. This study was performed to determine its cardiovascular effects and its interaction with adrenergic system. METHODS: In this study, 15 male wistar rats (weighed 220-250 g) were divided randomly into 3 groups. The first group received distilled water (Epinephrine solvent), epinephrine (0.04 mg/kg) and epinephrine plus extract solvent (ethanol 70%), respectively. The second group received distilled water, epinephrine and epinephrine plus extract (60 mg/kg), respectively. The third group received extract and after the onset of the extract effects, epinephrine were injected. In different groups, blood pressure and heart rate were recorded via arterial cannula linked to pressure transducer and A-D instrument powerlab. FINDINGS: Extract significantly reduced mean arterial blood pressure (67±8, 65±3, 67±8), compared to the base stage (86±5, 84±6, 86±5) (p<0.05). In addition, a significant reduction was observed in the diastolic pressure in the presence of the epinephrine plus extract (76±7) in comparison with the stage that epinephrine injected (85±6) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Result of the study showed that A. eriophora extract reduces diastolic pressure in the presence of the epinephrine. It can be concluded that A. eriophora has a hypotensive effect that this effect seems at least in part, related to vascular factors

The Interaction of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Ginger Rhizome (Zingiber officinale) and Adrenergic System on the Mechanical Activity of Isolated Trachea of a Male Rat

Abstract Background and aims: Due to the increasing interest in studying the plant extracts in various fields of biology, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ginger extract interaction and adrenergic system on the mechanical activity of the a rat’s isolated trachea. Methods: In this experimental study, 15 adult male rats were anesthetized after adaptation to environment. Afterwards, the trachea was removed and divided into 3 mm segments. The isolated tracheal rings of each mouse were divided into control and experimental groups. Next, they were put in tissue baths containing oxygenated Krebs solution, and their mechanical activity were recorded by the transducer and bridge amplifier system. In the experimental group, hydroalcoholic extract of ginger (0.5 mg/ ml) was added to the tissue bath. In the same conditions, the solvent extract was added to the control group. At the end, the mechanical response of each group in the presence of propranolol and isoprenaline as agonist and antagonist adrenergic system were recorded. The gathered data were analyzed by the paired t-test. Results: In the presence of hydroalcoholic extract of ginger, the mechanical activity of isolated trachea was significantly decreased compared to the controls (p < 0.05). However, after injection of isoprenaline and propranolol, a significant difference in the mechanical activity of the trachea was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that the ginger has effects on isolated tracheal relaxation via other routes, except the adrenergic system. Keywords: Adrenergic system, Mechanical activity, Trachea, Ginge

Evaluation of the Interactive Effects of Glycyrrhiza Glabra Hydroalcoholic Extract and LNAME Drug on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate of Male Rats

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Glycyrrhiza glabra rhizome extracts have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of peptic ulcers and cough; therefore, evaluation of the side-effects of these extracts seems essential. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of G. glabra rhizome extract on blood pressure and heart rate of male rats and assess its interaction with the nitrergic system. METHODS: In this experimental study, 10 male rats intravenously received G. glabra extracts and LNAME drug in three different modes: 1) administration of the physiological serum at baseline, 2) concomitant administration of LNAME (5 mg/kg) and the physiological serum in the control mode, and 3) concomitant administration of G. glabra extract (90 mg/kg) and LNAME in the trial mode. Heart rate and blood pressure of the animals were measured after the administration of G. glabra extract and LNAME drug. The measurements were performed, using organ electrodes, an arterial catheter connected to a pressure transducer, and a PowerLab A-D device. FINDINGS: Based on the findings, a significant decline was observed in the mean arterial pressure in the trial mode (93±8.04), compared to the control mode (129±2.7) (p≤0.05). In addition, a significant reduction was observed in the mean systolic blood pressure in the trial mode (98±7.9), compared to the control mode (136±2.9) (p<0.04). Moreover, a significant decline was observed in the mean diastolic blood pressure in the trial mode (377±3.04) in comparison with the control mode (423±2.7) (p<0.04). CONCLUSION: According to the results of the present study, concomitant administration of G. glabra extract and LNAME drug caused a significant decline in blood pressur

Evaluation the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of GlycyrrhizaGlabra rhizome on the isolated colon contractions of male rats

Introduction:The licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra) rhizome has been widely used in traditional medicine for treatment of gastrointestinal diseases such as gastric ulcer and relieve intestinal spasms. In the present study, the effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of licoricerhizome on mechanical activity of isolated colon of male rats has been studied. Methods: Adult male rats were anesthetized by ethyl ether, their abdomen opened, and colon tissues were removed and divided into 1 cm segments. The segments were connected to a force transducer longitudinally and inserted to an organ bathe contained oxygenated Tyrode solution (37 &deg;C, pH=7.4). Their mechanical activity of ileum was recorded by power lab AD instrument in basal condition, and after administration of L-NAME (10-4M), acetylcholine (4&times;10-5M) and Atropine (10-5M) drugs in the presence and absence of licorice rhizome extract were recorded (0.036mg/ml). Also, the mechanical activity of control group segments were recorded at the same condition with extract solvent (ethanol %70). Results: A significant decrease in mechanical activity of the isolated colon occurred after administration of hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice rhizome compared to the control group (p&le;0.05). Also, a significant decrease was seen in mechanical activity occurredin the co-administration of extract and acetylcholine compared to the control group. The mechanical activity of tissue was not significantly changed in the presence of Atropine and extract between experimental and control groups. The mechanical activity of ileum tissue was not significantly changed in the co-administration of L-NAME and extract between experimental and control groups. Conclusion: We can conclude that hydro-alcoholic extract of licorice has modifying effect on colon motility, and this activity may be occurred independently in the nitrergic and cholinergic systems