ASSOCIATION BETWEEN SOME RISK FACTORS AND PROSTATE CANCER PROGRESSIONIN BASRAH, IRAQ

Prostate cancer is a complex disease in which both genetic and environmental influencesled to the development and growth of tumors. at the recent time, is considered the second mostcommon malignancy after lung cancer in men and the sixth leading cause of cancer – relateddeath worldwide.Sixty-seven blood samples of prostate cancer patients collected from Basrahoncology and Hematology center aging between (45-90). On the other hand, seventy bloodsamples of men without cancer were collected as control group aging between (45-90). Two mlof peripheral blood were drawn by sterilized syringe from the two groups than kept in the EDTAtube for DNA extraction for molecular study (not included). Both study groups have answeredquestions about personal information such as age, address, cigarette smoking, occupation, andfamily history.The present study found evidence that the aging was a significant risk factor fordeveloping prostate cancer, as well as family history increased the risk of disease abouteighteenfold (OR=18.8).Type of work people do related to the development of prostate cancer,free business increase the risk about eightfold (OR=8.18), and military increase the risk for fold(OR=4.09) while men deal with chemical material increase the risk about threefold (OR=2.5).In our study, the place of living was divided into three regions (South, North, and the center ofBasra) the risk of disease increases about threefold for both South and North of Basra comparewith the Centre of Basra. Cigarette smoking also increases the risk of twofold compare with nonsmoker

Understanding heterogeneity in technology adoption among Indonesian smallholder dairy farmers

This study aims to understand and profile smallholder farmers' technology adoption status. We collected cross‐ sectional data from 600 smallholder dairy farming households in West Java, Indonesia. A Latent class cluster analysis identified two unique clusters of smallholder dairy farmers based on patterns in their adoption status of multiple dairy farming technologies. Cluster 1 (Low awareness/low adoption) had significantly lower awareness of all technologies, and among the “aware” farmers, technology adoption rates were also significantly lower compared to Cluster 2 (High awareness/high adoption). The Low awareness/low adoption cluster was older, had less formal education, managed fewer dairy cows, had less productive and less profitable dairy enterprises, lived further away from their cooperative and farmer group leader, and had fewer contacts with dairy extension staff. Farmers' responses to questions regarding reasons underpinning nonadoption decisions suggest that farmers face multilayered and heterogenous constraints to adopting dairy technologies. This insight can assist government, policymakers, and development professionals in designing technology dissemination programs that meet the unique characteristics of subgroups of farmers, ultimately improving the adoption of technologies.Rida Akzar, Wendy Umberger, Alexandra Peralt