Second Assessment of Climate Change for the Baltic Sea Basin

This chapter compiles and assesses information on run-off and discharge from rivers within the Baltic Sea drainage basin. Some information is also available on ice duration on inland waterways. Although decadal and regional variability is large, no significant long-term change has been detected in total river run-off to the Baltic Sea over the past 500 years. A change in the timing of the spring flood has been observed due to changes in the timing of snowmelt. Change in temperature seems to explain change in run-off better than does precipitation. Later start dates for ice formation on waterways, and earlier ice break-up dates have resulted in shorter periods of ice cover.</div

Biopreparatu lietosana koku seklu pirmsejas apstrade

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLELVLatvi

Biopreparatu lietosana koku seklu pirmsejas apstrade

Available from Latvian Academic Library / LAL - Latvian Academic LibrarySIGLELVLatvi

Ultrathin Anodic Aluminum Oxide Membranes for Production of Dense Sub-20 nm Nanoparticle Arrays

We present a systematic study of membrane structure (pore diameter and arrangement) in anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) layers obtained by anodization voltages 8-20 V in sulfuric and 15-40 V in oxalic acid electrolyte solutions. Anodization of bulk aluminum in sulfuric acid at 10 V potential was found to be optimal for production or ultrathin freestanding membranes with pore diameter in sub-20 nm range. The developed process with slow electrochemical reaction results in AAO membranes with thickness below 70 nm. The minimum required time for formation of continuous AAO membrane was determined and influence of electrolyte concentration on pore diameter in membrane after barrier layer removal analyzed. Finally, we demonstrate a method of membrane transfer onto a different surface and using it for masked deposition of dense nanoparticle arrays with diameters below 20 nm