27 research outputs found
Island in the neoliberal stream: energy security and soft re-nationalisation in Hungary
Since 2010, the Hungarian Government has increased its stake in the countryâs energy sector at the expense of foreign-owned energy companies. This âsoft re-nationalisationâ is driven by both exogenous and endogenous factors, especially the countryâs external dependence on gas imports, its previous commitment to a European model of energy liberalisation, public dissatisfaction with high energy prices and the emergence of an âilliberal stateâ. The case of Hungaryâs âsoft re-nationalisationâ yields two central findings. Firstly, conceptually, there is a need to move away from just focusing on the radical re-nationalisation of energy in the form of resource nationalism, and instead understand re-nationalisation as consisting of a broad spectrum of state interventions into the energy market. Secondly, Hungaryâs recent âstatist turnâ in the energy sector highlights inherent tensions within EU energy policy as it threatens attempts to establish a fully liberalised and marketised energy market across the continen
Global energy governance : a review and research agenda
Over the past few years, global energy governance (GEG) has emerged as a major new field of enquiry in international studies. Scholars engaged in this field seek to understand how the energy sector is governed at the global level, by whom and with what consequences. By focusing on governance, they broaden and enrich the geopolitical and hard-nosed security perspectives that have long been, and still are, the dominant perspectives through which energy is analysed. Though still a nascent field, the literature on GEG is thriving and continues to attract the attention of a growing number of researchers. This article reviews the GEG literature as it has developed over the past 10 years. Our aim is to highlight both the progress and limitations of the field, and to identify some opportunities for future research. The article proceeds as follows. First, it traces the origins of the GEG literature (section âOrigins and roots of GEG researchâ). The subsequent sections deal with the two topics that have received the most attention in the GEG literature: Why does energy need global governance (section âThe goals and rationale of global energy governanceâ)? And, who governs energy (section âMapping the global energy architectureâ)? We then address a third question that has received far less attention: How well or poor is energy governed (section âEvaluating global energy governanceâ)? In our conclusions (section âConclusions and outlookâ), we reflect on the current state of GEG, review recent trends and innovations, and identify some questions that warrant future consideration by scholars. This article is published as part of a thematic collection on global governance
ROCK FORMATION MILLING, USING COAXIAL ROTORS
The article describes the known and suggests a fundamentally new arrangements of the rotorâs central cutters