Cytotoxicity, corrosion resistance, and wettability of titanium and Ti-TiB2 composite fabricated by powder metallurgy for dental implants

Objectives: Orthopedics and dentistry have widely utilized titanium alloys as biomaterials for dental implants, but limited research has been conducted on the fabrication of ceramic particle-reinforced Ti composites for further weight reductions. The current study compared titanium–titanium diboride metal composites (Ti-TiB2) with pure titanium (processed by powder metallurgy) in terms of toxicity, corrosion resistance, and wettability. Methods: First, cell lines of a primary dermal fibroblast normal human adult (HDFa) were used to test the cytocompatibility (in vitro) of the composite and pure Ti using an indirect contact approach. Corrosion testing was performed for the materials using electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization in a simulated bodily fluid (SBF) in conjunction with a three-electrode electrochemical cell. The entire set of experimental tests was conducted according to the ASTM F746-04 protocol. The contact angles were measured during wettability testing in accordance with ASTM D7334-08. An X-ray diffractometer (XRD) was used to catalog every phase that was visible in the microstructure. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to determine the chemical composition. Results: The cytotoxicity tests revealed that there was no detectable level of toxicity, and there was no significant difference in the impact of either of the two materials on the viability of human fibroblasts. An increase in the corrosion resistance of the composite (0.036 ± 0.0001 mpy (millimeters per year)) demonstrated the development of a passive oxide coating. According to the findings, the composites showed a greater degree of hydrophilicity (contact angle 44.29° ± 0.28) than did the pure titanium (56.31° ± 0.47). Conclusions/Significance: The Ti-TiB2 composite showed no toxicity and better corrosion resistance and wettability than did pure Ti. The composite could be a suitable alternative to Ti for applications involving dental implants

Powder metallurgy preparation and characterization of titanium-titanium diboride composite targeted for dental implant

Due to the advantages over other metallic materials, such as superior corrosion resistance, excellent biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties, titanium, its alloys and related composites, are frequently utilized in biomedical applications, particularly in orthopedics and dentistry. This work focuses on developing novel titanium-titanium diboride (TiB2; ceramic material) composites for dental implants where TiB2 additions were estimated to be 9 wt.%. In a steel mold, Ti-TiB2 composites were fabricated using a powder metallurgy technique and sintered for five hours at 1200 °C. Microstructural and chemical properties were analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to evaluate the impact of the TiB2 ceramic addition. Compressive strength, Brinell hardness, porosity, and density, among other mechanical and physical properties, were also measured and characterized. It has been found that adding TiB2 to Ti increases its porosity (35.53%), compressive strength (203.04 MPa), and surface hardness (296.3 kg/mm2) but decreases its density (3.79 gm/cm3). The lightweight and strong composite could be suitable for dental implant applications

Assessment of the correlation between the tensile and diametrical compression strengths of 3D-printed denture base resin reinforced with ZrO2 nanoparticles

Background: The mechanical properties of 3D-printed denture base resins are crucial factors for determining the quality and performance of dentures inside a patient’s mouth. Tensile strength and diametral compressive strength are two properties that could play significant roles in assessing the suitability of a material. Although they measure different aspects of material behavior, a conceptual link exists between them in terms of overall material strength and resilience. Aim: This study aims to investigate the correlation between tensile strength and diametral compressive strength after incorporating 2% ZrO2 nanoparticles (NPs) by weight into 3D-printed denture base resin. Methods: A total of 40 specimens (20 dumbbell-shaped and 20 disc-shaped) were produced via 3D printing and divided into two groups (n = 10): (1) 3D-printed denture base resin without NPs and (2) the resin was strengthened with 2% by weight ZrO2 NPs. Tensile strength and diametral compressive strength were assessed using a universal testing machine. Results: A detrimental relationship was observed between the tensile strength and diametral compressive strength of 3D-printed denture base resin after the addition of NPs. Conclusion: The enhancement of one property does not necessarily mean the enhancement of another. Caution should be taken to not endanger the quality of a material

The characteristics tests of the PEKK-titanium oxide composite material

Polymers, being one of the most important materials in dentistry, offer great physical and mechanical qualities, as well as good biocompatibility. Aim of this study this study was done to evaluate the Polyetherketoneketone and Polyetherketoneketone polymer composite material used as dental implant through evaluation including (flexural strength, Wettability). Polyetherketoneketone composites (Polyetherketoneketone and titanium oxide nanoparticles with selected weight percentage ratios of (0, 5%, 10%, 15%), were fabricated using a compression molding technique, The study involved Samples preparation (sheets) shaping and forming into desire shapes according to standard for tests which include flexural strength  and Wettability. The results obtained from the experiments showed that slight increase in tensile polymer composite consisting from polyetherketoneketone and Tio2 nanofiller comparing with pure Polyetherketoneketone, with increase the in concentration of Polyetherketoneketone composite (concentration 5%, 10%, 15%), improvement in the wettability value and flexural strength

Differential analyses of ginger extract implant coating material: An in vitro study

Background: Different types of material were used as implants; the most common is titanium and its alloy, and recently zirconia acquired robust interest due to many desirable properties, Natural biocomposites recently received widespread attention as an active coating covering metallic implants due to their bioactivity, availability, and affordability. Aim: This study aims to present the evolvement and characterization of ginger extract  materials overlying Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia and PEEK substrate. Material and method: The methodology of the present study involved preparation of ginger extract powder twenty disc-shaped specimens with a dimension of 10 mm, from partially sintered Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal and PEEK . The naturally prepared ginger extract powder was deposited via cold spraying device. The prepared ginger extract characterized by particle size analyzer and ginger extract while The experimental specimens were characterized by,  field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Conclusion  :naturally prepared ginger extract exhibit uniform distribution and good adherence to the samples Therefore, it can be used as a coating material for zirconia and PEEK implants with promising biological and mechanical properties

Assessment of Elongation Percentage, Tensile, and Tear Strength of Filler Particles: An In Vitro Study

Introduction: We aimed to assess how the addition of nano tellurium oxide (TeO2) filler particles affected the elongation percentage, tensile strength, and tear strength of the maxillofacial silicone elastomer. Methods: Thirty samples were created by adding nano TeO2 powder (518.9 nm) at percentages of 0%, 3%, and 5% w/w into the RTV VST-50 silicon elastomer. Elongation percentage, tensile, and tear strength were assessed according to the specifications of ISO 37:2017 using a computerized universal testing device. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s honest significant difference test using MedCalc 20.104. Results: There were statistically significant differences regarding elongation percentage, tensile, and tear strength among study groups (P < 0.001). All of the post hoc comparisons showed statistically significant differences (P ≤ 0.002). Conclusion: The addition of 5% and 3% nano TeO2 filler particle significantly increases the elongation percentage, tensile strength, and tear strength of maxillofacial silicone in comparison with the control group, concentration-dependently

Evaluation of implant bonding strength for PEKK with strontium hydroxyapatite as composite and coating implant material

To date, there has been a lot of interest in the development of medical/dental implant materials. Many studies have been conducted in recent years on the development of composites, particularly those based on calcium phosphate bio-ceramic, because their structure is comparable to that of human bone. The aim of the study was to evaluate the bond strength between the bone and pekk implant with strontium hydroxyapatite after different periods of implantation (2, 6) weeks in rabbit tibia by push out test.60 polymer implants, 3.0 mm in diameter and 8mm in length (20 control pure PEKK, 20 composite SR HA /PEKK implant and 20 implant coating with strontium hydroxyapatite by RF magnetron sputtering. The assess surface topography was done by using Scanning electron microscope. The screws were implanted in twenty healthy adult new zeeland rabbits each tibia received three, one coated with sr ha, one composite SR HA / PEKK and third pure PEKK. Push out test was done to determine the peak force necessary to remove the implant from tibia bone after different periods (2 and 6 weeks) of implantation

The Effect of Polyester Fibers Addition on Some Mechanical Properties of Room Temperature Vulcanized Maxillofacial Silicon Elastomers

The degradation of maxillofacial prosthetic elastomers that occur throughout life service is usually responsible for the replacement of the prosthesis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding different concentrations of 2mm length polyester fibers on the tensile strength, elongation percentage, tear strength, shore A hardness and surface roughness of A-2186 RTV silicone elastomer. 120 samples were fabricated by the addition of (0.25% and 0.5%) by weight of 2 mm length polyester fibers to A-2186 platinum RTV silicone elastomer. The samples were divided into four groups, each group containing 30 samples according to the conducted tests except for the elongation percentage test which was measured concurrently with the tensile strength test. The 30 samples of each test was subdivided into 10 samples for control groups (without addition of polyester fibers),10 samples of 0.25% by weight polyester fiber/silicone group and 10 samples of (0.5%) by weight polyester fibers/silicone group. The addition of (0.25%) and (0.5%) by weight of polyester fibers to A-2186 maxillofacial elastomer resulted in significant difference in the mean values of tensile strength (Pd”0.05) for 0.5% by wt. group and non-significant difference at 0.25% group when compared to control group. However; elongation percentage for both concentrations 0.25% and 0.5% by wt. show significant difference after addition, the tear strength results showed highly significant difference between all tested groups. Surface roughness and shore A hardness on the other hand show highly significant difference (Pd”0.01) of mean values for both 0.25%, 0.5% by wt. concentrations. Incorporation of 0.25% by wt. of 2 mm polyester fibers improve some of mechanical properties and may result in an increase in the service life of the prosthesis

Use of Eggshells as Bone Grafts around Commercially Pure Titanium Implant Screws Coated with Nano Calcium Sulfate

Background. Implant insertion in regions with poor bone quantity, such as the posterior maxilla, is potentially associated with an increased rate of implant failure. Calcium sulfate can be used as the coating material for commercially pure titanium (CpTi) and as the bone graft material around implants when bound to eggshell powder to enhance the bone quality and quantity of bone defect regions. This study performed a torque removal test to evaluate the effectiveness of eggshell powder as a bone substitute for filling bone defects around CpTi-coated implants coated with nanocrystalline calcium sulfate. Materials and Methods. Eighty screw implant designs were used in the tibiae of 20 white New Zealand rabbits. A total of uncoated 20 screws constituted the control group, and the remaining 60 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate nanoparticles were used as the experimental groups as follows: 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used alone in the tibiae without gaps around them, 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used with the gaps made around them and filled with eggshell powder as the bone graft material, and 20 screws coated with nano calcium sulfate were used with the gaps made around them left unfilled. Results. After 2 to 6 weeks of healing, a significant improvement in bone regeneration and an increase in torque removal values were observed when the bone defect around the CpTi implant coated with nano calcium sulfate was filled with eggshell powder as the bone substitute. Conclusions. Nano calcium sulfate particles applied through the dip-coating method can successfully work as the coating material of CpTi implants. These particles work in synergy with eggshell powder to act as the bone graft around the implants