Immunolocalization of dually phosphorylated MAPKs in dividing root meristem cells of Vicia faba, Pisum sativum, Lupinus luteus and Lycopersicon esculentum

Key message In plants, phosphorylated MAPKs display constitutive nuclear localization; however, not all studied plant species show co-localization of activated MAPKs to mitotic microtubules. Abstract The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway is involved not only in the cellular response to biotic and abiotic stress but also in the regulation of cell cycle and plant development. The role of MAPKs in the formation of a mitotic spindle has been widely studied and the MAPK signaling pathway was found to be indispensable for the unperturbed course of cell division. Here we show cellular localization of activated MAPKs (dually phosphorylated at their TXY motifs) in both interphase and mitotic root meristem cells of Lupinus luteus, Pisum sativum, Vicia faba (Fabaceae) and Lycopersicon esculentum (Solanaceae). Nuclear localization of activated MAPKs has been found in all species. Colocalization of these kinases to mitotic microtubules was most evident in L. esculentum, while only about 50 % of mitotic cells in the root meristems of P. sativum and V. faba displayed activated MAPKs localized to microtubules during mitosis. Unexpectedly, no evident immunofluorescence signals at spindle microtubules and phragmoplast were noted in L. luteus. Considering immunocytochemical analyses and studies on the impact of FR180204 (an inhibitor of animal ERK1/2) on mitotic cells, we hypothesize that MAPKs may not play prominent role in the regulation of microtubule dynamics in all plant species

Inter- and intrachromosomal asynchrony of cell division cycle events in root meristem cells of Allium cepa: possible connection with gradient of cyclin B-like proteins

Alternate treatments of Allium cepa root meristems with hydroxyurea (HU) and caffeine give rise to extremely large and highly elongated cells with atypical images of mitotic divisions, including internuclear asynchrony and an unknown type of interchromosomal asynchrony observed during metaphase-to-anaphase transition. Another type of asynchrony that cannot depend solely on the increased length of cells was observed following long-term incubation of roots with HU. This kind of treatment revealed both cell nuclei entering premature mitosis and, for the first time, an uncommon form of mitotic abnormality manifested in a gradual condensation of chromatin (spanning from interphase to prometaphase). Immunocytochemical study of polykaryotic cells using anti-β tubulin antibodies revealed severe perturbations in the microtubular organization of preprophase bands. Quantitative immunofluorescence measurements of the control cells indicate that the level of cyclin B-like proteins reaches the maximum at the G2 to metaphase transition and then becomes reduced during later stages of mitosis. After long-term incubation with low doses of HU, the amount of cyclin B-like proteins considerably increases, and a significant number of elongated cells show gradients of these proteins spread along successive regions of the perinuclear cytoplasm. It is suggested that there may be a direct link between the effects of HU-mediated deceleration of S- and G2-phases and an enhanced concentration of cyclin B-like proteins. In consequence, the activation of cyclin B-CDK complexes gives rise to an abnormal pattern of premature mitotic chromosome condensation with biphasic nuclear structures having one part of chromatin decondensed, and the other part condensed

The touristic product in agrotourism farms in the Ełk subregion

Podregion ełcki położony jest we wschodniej części województwa warmińsko-mazurskiego i swoim zasięgiem obejmuje 6 powiatów: ełcki, giżycki, gołdapski, olecki, pisk i węgorzewski. Baza agroturystyczna w podregionie ełckim w 2013 roku liczyła 265 gospodarstw, które dysponowały 1135 pokojami gościnnymi, w których było 3190 miejsc noclegowych. Najwięcej gospodarstw było zlokalizowanych w powiecie giżyckim i piskim, łącznie 159, co stanowiło 60% ogólnej liczby gospodarstw. Gospodarstwa posiadające wyłącznie pokoje z łazienką stanowiły 57%. Usługi żywieniowe świadczone były w 124 gospodarstwach (47%). Rowery, znajdowały się w 170 gospodarstwach (64%). Prawie jedna trzecia usługodawców posiadała także sprzęt wodny (31% gospodarstw), a jedna czwarta konie do rekreacji. Badminton oraz stół do tenisa posiadało ponad 50 gospodarstw, jednakże w pole golfowe i kort tenisowy były wyposażone tylko pojedyncze gospodarstwa. Miejsce na ognisk/grill oraz salon kominkowy znajdowały się w prawie we wszystkich gospodarstwach, a placem zabaw dla dzieci dysponowało 70% usługodawców. Nauka jazdy konnej, była możliwa w 4 gospodarstwach. Natomiast nauka żeglowania i nordic walking świadczyły tylko pojedyncze gospodarstwa. Środki unijne w ramach PROW 2007-2013, przeznaczone na realizację przedsięwzięć związanych z agroturystyk, a zostały wykorzystane w 27 gospodarstwach (10,2%). Były to głównie gospodarstwa położone w powiecie giżyckim i ełckim. Koszt kwalifikowany projektu wynosił średnio dla gospodarstwa 197831 zł (78% całkowitego kosztu projektu), a średnia kwota przyznana ze środków unijnych na jego realizację wynosiła 81365 zł (41% kosztów kwalifikowanych).The Ełk subregion is located in the eastern part of the Warmia and Mazury province and includes six counties: ełcki, giżycki, gołdapski, olecki, pisk and węgorzewski. The agrotouristic base in this subregion in 2013 consists of 265 farms with the total number of 3190 beds within 1135 rooms. Majority of these farms were located in the giżycki and piski county - together 159 farms - what gives 60% of total farms number. The farms with only rooms combined with bathrooms accounted for 57%. The food services were provided in 124 farms (47%). Bikes were in the 170 farms (64%).Close to one-third of agrotouristic providers had also water sports equipment (31% of all farms), and one fourth horses for recreation purposes. Basketball, badminton and table tennis had more than 50 farms, however, the golf course and tennis court have only a few farms. The selected place for fire / grill and fireplace room were in almost all farms, and a children's playground were found in 70% of the agrotouristic service providers. Horse riding lesions were possible only in 4 farms. While the course of sailing and nordic walking was possible only in several farms. The EU subventions, within PROW 2007-2013 program, dedicated to the agrotouristic projects were implemented in 27 farms (10,2%). This applied mainly to the farms in the giżyckim i ełckim. The qualified project cost for the farm on average amounted to 197831 zł (78% of the total project cost) and the average amount awarded by the EU for its implementation amounted to 81365 zł (41% of the qualified costs)