Evaluation of puberty menorrhagia in tertiary care centre

Background: Puberty menorrohagia is real trouble among adolescent girls mostly due to problem in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. The objective of the study was to evaluation of causes of puberty menorrhagia in tertiary care hospital.Methods: Present study evaluates 60 adolescent girls of age group 11-19 years attending Gynaecology OPD/IPD with excessive Menstrual bleeding who conform to the Inclusion criteria were recruited for the study in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Deen Dayal Hospital Hari Nagar New Delhi over a period of 1 year (August 2018 to June 2019).Results: Out of 60 patients with puberty menorrohagia 47 had anovulatory DUB, 6 had bleeding disorders, 4 had hypothyroidism and 3 had PCOD.Conclusions: Anovulation caused by immaturity of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis is the most common cause of puberty menorrhagia

Dft Study Of Geometry And Energetics Of Transition Metal Systems

This dissertation focuses on computational study of the geometry and energetics small molecules and nanoclusters involving transition metals (TM). These clusters may be used for various industrial applications including catalysis and photonics. Specifically, in this work we have studied hydrides and carbides of 3d-transition metal systems (Sc through Cu), small nickel and gold clusters. Qualitatively correct description of the bond dissociation is ensured by allowing the spatial and spin symmetry to break. We have tested applicability of new exchange-correlation functional and alternative theoretical descriptions (spin-contamination correction in broken symmetry DFT and ensemble Kohn-Sham (EKS)) as well. We studies TM hydrides and carbides systems to understand the importance of underlying phenomenon of bond breaking in catalytic processes. We have tested several exchange-correlation functionals including explicit dependence on kinetic energy density for the description of hydrides (both neutral and cationic) and carbides formed by 3d-transition metals. We find M05-2x and BMK dissociation energies are in better agreement with experiment (where available) than those obtained with high level wavefunction theory methods, published previously. This agreement with experiment deteriorates quickly for other functionals when the fraction of the Hartree-Fock exchange in DFT functional is decreased. Higher fraction of HF exchange is also essential in EKS formalism, but it does not help when spin-adapted unrestricted approach is employed. We analyze the electron spin densities using Natural Bond Orbital population analysis and find that simple description of 3d electrons as non-bonding in character is rarely correct. Unrestricted formalism results in appreciable spin-contamination for some of the systems at equilibrium, which motivated us to investigate it further in details. In order to correct the spin contamination effect on the energies, we propose a new scheme to correct for spin contamination arising in broken-symmetry DFT approach. Unlike conventional schemes, our spin correction is introduced for each spin-polarized electron pair individually and therefore is expected to yield more accurate energy values. We derive an expression to extract the energy of the pure singlet state from the energy of the broken-symmetry DFT description of the low spin state and the energies of the high spin states (pentuplet and two spin-contaminated triplets in the case of two spin-polarized electron pairs). We validate our spin-contamination correction approach by a simple example of H2 and applied to more complex MnH system. Ensemble KS formalism is also applied to investigate the dissociation of C2 molecule. We find that high fraction of HF exchange is essential to reproduce the results of EKS treatment with exact exchange-correlation functional. We analyze the geometry and energetics of small nickel clusters (Ni2-Ni5) for several lowest energy isomers. We also study all possible spin states of small nickel cluster isomers and report observed trends in energetics. Finally we determine the geometry and energetics of ten lowest energy isomers of four small gold clusters (Au2, Au4, Au6, and Au8). We have also investigated the influence of cluster geometry, ligation, solvation and relativistic effects on electronic structure of these gold clusters. The effect of one-by-one ligand attachment in vacuum and solvent environment is also studied. Performance of five DFT functionals are tested as well; Local Spin Density Approximation (SVWN5), Generalized Gradient Approximation (PBE), kinetic energy density-dependent functional (TPSS), hybrid DFT (B3LYP), and CAM-B3LYP which accounts for long-range exchange effects believed to be important in the analysis of metal bonding in gold complexes and clusters. Our results exhibit the ligand induced stability enhancement of otherwise less stable isomers of Au4, Au6 and Au8. Ligands are found to play a crucial role in determining the 2D to 3D transition realized in small gold clusters. In order to select an appropriate theory level to use in this study, we investigate the effect of attachment of four different ligands (NH3, NMe3, PH3, PMe3) on cluster geometry and energetics of Au2 and Au4 in vacuum and in solution. Our results benchmark the applicability of DFT functional model and polarization functions in the basis set for calculations of ligated gold cluster systems. We employ five different basis sets with increasing amount of polarization and diffuse functions; LANL2DZ, LANL2DZ-P, def2-SVP, def2-TZVP, and def2-QZVP. We obtain NMe3 = NH3 \u3e PH3 \u3e PMe3 order of ligand binding energies and observe shallow potential energy surfaces in all molecules. Our results suggest appropriate quantum-chemical methodologies to model small noble metal clusters in realistic ligand environment to provide reliable theoretical analysis in order to complement experiments

A REVIEW: STATUS OF GENETIC MODULATED NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER TARGETS AND TREATMENT (CURRENT UPDATES IN DRUGS FOR NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER TREATMENT)

Genetic modifications or mutations has been a bottleneck for the treatment of cancer; it is widely known to play a vital role in the progression of metastatic level/stage within the nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The NSCLC of cancer is responsible for lung cancer lawsuits. In the various genetic mutations related study has been concluded with the various genes findings, which are named as the epidermal growth factor receptor, anaplastic lymphoma kinase, Kristen rat sarcoma virus, ROS proto-oncogene 1, human epidermal growth factor, B-RAF proto-oncogene, rearranged during Transfection, MET, Phosphatidyl 3-kinases CA, IGF-1R, NTRK1, FGFR1, and DDR2. The various research data supported this study. The involvement of the gene in the NSCLC patients made a paradigm shift in the drug discovery. The presence of one mutation in connection with some other could have an impact on NSCLC remedy.Utilizing this genotype-directed therapy for an advanced NSCLC has to turn out to be an appealing and efficacious treatment strategy. Here in the advancement of research, related genetic modulated targets and treatment have been discussed, particular genetic mutations help to find new updated interventions or medicinal drugs for the treatment of NSCLC. In there view, we have comprehensively arranged the mutation type and treatment with the status of NSCLC

Potential energy curves and electronic structure of 3d transition metal hydrides and their cations

We investigate gas-phase neutral and cationic hydrides formed by 3d transition metals from Sc to Cu with density functional theory (DFT) methods. The performance of two exchange-correlation functionals, Boese-Martin for kinetics (BMK) and Tao-Perdew-Staroverov-Scuseria (TPSS), in predicting bond lengths and energetics, electronic structures, dipole moments, and ionization potentials is evaluated in comparison with available experimental data. To ensure a unique self-consistent field (SCF) solution, we use stability analysis, Fermi smearing, and continuity analysis of the potential energy curves. Broken-symmetry approach was adapted in order to get the qualitatively correct description of the bond dissociation. We found that on average BMK predicted values of dissociation energies and ionization potentials are closer to experiment than those obtained with high level wave function theory methods. This agreement deteriorates quickly when the fraction of the Hartree-Fock exchange in DFT functional is decreased. Natural bond orbital (NBO) population analysis was used to describe the details of chemical bonding in the systems studied. The multireference character in the wave function description of the hydrides is reproduced in broken-symmetry DFT description, as evidenced by NBO analysis. We also propose a new scheme to correct for spin contamination arising in broken-symmetry DFT approach. Unlike conventional schemes, our spin correction is introduced for each spin-polarized electron pair individually and therefore is expected to yield more accurate energy values. We derive an expression to extract the energy of the pure singlet state from the energy of the broken-symmetry DFT description of the low spin state and the energies of the high spin states (pentuplet and two spin-contaminated triplets in the case of two spin-polarized electron pairs). The high spin states are build with canonical natural orbitals and do not require SCF convergence

The Building Blocks of Interoperability. A Multisite Analysis of Patient Demographic Attributes Available for Matching.

BackgroundPatient matching is a key barrier to achieving interoperability. Patient demographic elements must be consistently collected over time and region to be valuable elements for patient matching.ObjectivesWe sought to determine what patient demographic attributes are collected at multiple institutions in the United States and see how their availability changes over time and across clinical sites.MethodsWe compiled a list of 36 demographic elements that stakeholders previously identified as essential patient demographic attributes that should be collected for the purpose of linking patient records. We studied a convenience sample of 9 health care systems from geographically distinct sites around the country. We identified changes in the availability of individual patient demographic attributes over time and across clinical sites.ResultsSeveral attributes were consistently available over the study period (2005-2014) including last name (99.96%), first name (99.95%), date of birth (98.82%), gender/sex (99.73%), postal code (94.71%), and full street address (94.65%). Other attributes changed significantly from 2005-2014: Social security number (SSN) availability declined from 83.3% to 50.44% (p<0.0001). Email address availability increased from 8.94% up to 54% availability (p<0.0001). Work phone number increased from 20.61% to 52.33% (p<0.0001).ConclusionsOverall, first name, last name, date of birth, gender/sex and address were widely collected across institutional sites and over time. Availability of emerging attributes such as email and phone numbers are increasing while SSN use is declining. Understanding the relative availability of patient attributes can inform strategies for optimal matching in healthcare

Thermal performance assessment of recyclic double-pass flat and V-corrugated plate solar air heaters

Double-pass solar air heaters occupy an important place among solar air heating systems, because of minimal heat loss and maximum thermal efficiency with marginal heater size and cost. In the present work, investigations related to the thermal performance predictions have been carried out for double-pass flat and V-corrugated absorber plate solar air heaters under recycle operation. The mathematical models proposed herein are solved using an analytical approach that uses an iterative solution procedure. Furthermore, based on simulation results obtained from the analytical study, the optimum value of the recycle ratio, the mass flow rate, the absorptivity and the emissivity at which the heaters yield the maximum value of the thermal efficiency have been identified and presented using response surface methodology (RSM). The results of RSM revealed that the mathematical models are significant. In addition, results of the present study are validated and compared with previous studies. A reasonable agreement and significant improvement have been achieved

Investigating the antimicrobial effect of caprylic acid and its derivatives on Dermatophilus congolensis and developing a species specific PCR to detect Dermatophilus congolensis

Dermatophilus congolensis is a gram positive bacterium which causes a skin disease in a wide range of animals including man. This disease is called dermatophilosis, commonly known as rain rot. Dermatophilosis causes extensive damage within the animal industry, including loss of days at work, reduction in milk yield, and deterioriation of hide and meat quality. This disease requires quick diagnostic tools and sustainable treatment to avoid economic losses. ^ The 1029 bp DNA segment of the alkaline ceramidase gene of D. congolensis was targeted to develop a species-specific PCR to speed up the diagnostic and treatment process to minimize economic losses. The PCR is sensitive, specific and detects as low as 50 × 10-3µg of D. congolensis DNA within 4 hours. This PCR has potential clinical application for rapid diagnosis of dermatophilosis. ^ Caprylic acid is a medium chain fatty acid that contains 8 carbons in its structure. Caprylic acid and its derivatives, namely monocaprylin and sodium caprylate, are naturally occurring and proven to be potential alternatives for traditional antimicrobials. This research indicated that minimum inhibitory concentrations of caprylic acid, monocaprylin and sodium caprylate on D. congolensis were 7.5 mM, 2.5 mM, 15 mM respectively. The minimum bactericidal concentrations of caprylic acid, monocaprylin and sodium caprylate on D. congolensis were 15 mM, 5 mM and 70 mM respectively. Electron microscopy experiments indicated that caprylic acid disrupts the plasma membrane of the bacteria. These compounds could potentially be used to treat D. congolensis infection. ^ NMR experiments were conducted to study the interaction of the D. congolensis membrane with caprylic acid. These NMR experiments indicated that caprylic acid binds to aromatic amino acids on the surface membrane proteins of D. congolensis. However it was not clear how these compounds exert their antibacterial action on D. congolensis . Elucidation of the antimicrobial mechanisms was attempted through a proteomic approach. It was found that caprylic acid down-regulates RNA polymerase B, superoxide dismutase and heat shock proteins. Down regulation of RNA polymerase B disrupts the transcriptional mechanism, and down regulation of superoxide dismutase renders the cell vulnerable to oxidative damage. ^ Species specific PCR to detect D. congolensis is very sensitive, specific and could be potentially used to detect D. congolensis , however further research is needed to ascertain the sensitivity and specificity of this PCR with clinical samples from the infected animals. Caprylic acid exerts its antimicrobial action on D. congolensis by disrupting the plasma membrane and inhibiting various cellular pathway by inhibiting the production RNA polymerase B, super oxide dismutase and heat shock proteins. Results of this research indicate that caprylic acid and its derivatives have the potential as alternatives to antibiotics currently in use. In vivo efficacy of Caprylic acid and its derivatives needs to be studied in order to use these compounds to their full potential.

Thermal and thermo-hydraulic performance investigation of double-pass packed bed solar air heaters under external recycle

In the present investigation, two types (Type A and Type B) of the double-pass packed bed solar air heater under external recycle are investigated theoretically. In Type A, the porous media is considered in the upper channel, whereas in Type B, the porous media is considered in the lower channel. Iron scraps are used as a packed bed material (porous media) to strengthen the convective heat transfer coefficient for air flowing through the packed bed. The mathematical model for these two air heaters operating under forced convection mode is presented. The results revealed that the thermal and thermo-hydraulic efficiencies of Type A are higher as compared to Type B. In order to validate the models, the theoretical results obtained from the conventional model of Type B are compared with the theoretical results obtained from the previous investigation and showed that good agreement is achieved