Synthesis of Tetrahydro Pentagavunon-0

Curcumin,  tetrahydrocurcumin,  and  monoketone  curcumin  analogue, pentagamavunone-0  (PGV-0),   have  been  investigated  as  antioxidant,  antiinflammatory  and  anticancer.  This  research  was  aimed  to  synthesise  the Tetrahydropentagamavunone-0  (THPGV-0)  compound  which  assumed  as  an active  metabolite  of  PGV-0.  The  hydrogenation  reaction  was  applied  to  the synthesis  of  THPGV-0  from  PGV-0  using  Pd/C  10  %  as  catalyst  at  room temperature.  The structure elucidation  was  analysed by  using  spectroscophy method. The synthetic result showed that THPGV-0 asa white crystalline powder in 25 % with melting point about 122-123 oC.Key words: pentagamavunone-0, Tetrahydropentagamavunone-0, hydrogenatio

GENERAL ASPECTS OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY TO HUMAN

Photochemistry, the study of chemical reaction initiated by light plays an important role to human lifes. Photochemical reaction is intiated by the absorption of light giving excited molecules. The excited molecules, depending upon their structures and environment, may undergo various chemical reactions. Some very important and beneficial photochemical reactions occur in human body such as photochemical reaction of vision, the formation of vitamin D, and psoriasis medication. On the other hand, some photochemical reactions result in harmful effect to human, for examples, skin ageing, skin cancer, and cornea damage. Photosynthesis and photodegradation of pesticides are examples of photochemical reaction in the environment which are beneficial to human ienterset. In addition photochemical concept has been employed to synthesise drugs, nylon, and alkane-sulphates (detergents). However, some photochemical reactions create problem in the environment, i.e., formation of photochemical smogs, ozon layer depletion, and photodegaradion of drugs All those aspects of photochemistry are illustrated in this article.Key words: photochemistry, excited molecule, photodegradation, photooxidation, photosynthesis

Synthesis of 4 Phenyl 3,4 Dihydr Indeno[2′,1′]Pyrimidine 2 One on Different Amount of Catalysts

Dihydropirimidine is a heterocyclic compound which has important pharmacologic and therapeutic activities. This compound can be synthesised by using Biginelli reaction which involve three type of starting materials and also have been developed into different method of reaction condition and starting material. LR1 (4phenyl3,4dihydroindeno[2′,1′]pyrimidine2one) is a derivative of dihydropirimidine. This research was aimed to study the effect of catalyst amount in the synthesis of LR1 in order to reach the optimal yield. LR1 can be synthesised form benzaldehyde, urea adn 2indanone in ethanol and concentrated chloric acid as catalyst for five hours under reflux. The product mixture was then extracted and isolated by column chromatography preparative. The melting point was checked to determine the purity of the product. The structure elucidation was carried out by using spectroscopic method (uvvis, IR, 1HNMR and MS) The result showed that the highest yield of LR1 was obtained around 15 % when 0.25 % of chloric acid used as catalyst. The higher the condition of acid in the reaction, the lower the tield of LR1 obtained

ATTEMPTED SYNTHESIS OF BIS-SPIROEPOXIDE DITHIANEDIOXIDE

The  bis-spiroepoxide  dithiane  dioxide  has  been attempted  to  be  synthesised  as  its  role  as  an  intermediate  in the  synthesis  of  diaminopimelic  acid  (DAP).  The  first  method was  carried  out  by  reacting  the  3-dithiane-2-diethylphosphonate  4  with  an  aqueous  solution  of  the commercially  available  glutaraldehide  resulting  the  bis-ketene dithiane  dioxide  5.  The  second  alternative  method  was involving  the  ozonolysis  of  cyclopentene   7  in  the  synthesis  of bis-ketene dithiane dioxide  5 in  four step reactions  which gave moderate to good yield. Unfortunately, epoxidation process  for the bis-ketene dithiane dioxide 5 was still unsuccess yet.Key  words:  synthesis,  diaminopimelic  acid,  bis-spiroepoxide  dithiane dioxid

Synthesis of Phenethyl-aza-ß-Lactam (1,2-Dimethyl4(R,S)-Phenethyl-[1,2]Diazetidin-3-One)

Racemic spiro-epoxide, (7RS, 1RS, 3RS)-phenethyl-10-oxa-1,3-dithiaspiro[6,7]octane 1,3-dioxide 12, can be synthesised in four step reactions, sequences starting from the commercially available 1,3-dithiane 8. The synthesis of aza ß-lactam, 1,2-dimethyl-4(R,S)-phenethyl-[1,2]diazetidin-3one 13, was successfully carried out by opening the epoxide by 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine salt in moderate yield. Keywords : epoxide, aza-ß-lacta

Antituberculosis Activity of Brotowali (Tinospora Crispa) Extract and Fractions Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Using Microplate Alamar Blue Assay Method

Tuberculosis (TB), in which caused by pathogenic bacteria, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, has become the major causes of death among all of infectious diseases. The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) has created a need to discover a new antituberculosis drug candidate. The aim of this study was to screen extract and fractions of Tinospora crispa for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the Microplate Alamar Blue Assay (MABA) method. T. crispa extract was prepared by maceration in ethanol (96%) and antituberculosis activity was carried out using MABA method. The result of this study showed that ethanolic extract of T. crispa exhibit antituberculosis activity with minimum inhibition concentration of 12.5 mg/ml

SYNTHESIS OF TETRAHYDROHEXAGAMAVUNON-5 AND TETRAHYDROHEXAGAMAVUNON-7

Synthesis of Tetrahydrohexagamavunon-5 (THHGV-5) and Tetrahydrohexagamavunone-7 (THHGV-7) were prepared by catalytic hydrogenation reaction on Hexagamvunon-5 (HGV-5) and Hexagamavunone-7 (HGV-7) by using gas H2 as source of hydrogen gas, Pd/C 10 % as metal catalyst and methanol as solvent at room temperature. The products were characterized by IR Spectroscopy, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GCMS), 1D-NMR (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and 2D-NMR (1H-13C HMQC) Spectroscopy to determine the product structure molecules. According to the data of IR, GC-MS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and 1H-13C HMQC spectra, the products are THHGV-5 and THHGV-7 as white crystalline powders. Key words:Tetrahydrohexagamavunon-5, Tetrahydrohexagamavunone-7, Hexagamvunon-5, Hexagamavunone-

Inhibitory effect of THPGV-0 on the histamine release from antigen-induced RBL-2H3 cells

Tetrahydropentagamavunon-0  (THPGV-0)  is  assumed  to  be  main metabolite  product  of  biotransformation  process  of  PGV-0.  THPGV-0  was synthesized  by  converting  PGV-0  to  the  compound  by  hydrogenation  with  Pd/C as a catalyst. PGV-0 potently inhibited the histamine release from  rat mast cells in  vitro  and  in  vivo,  however,  ironically  only  traces  amount  of  compound  was found in the blood. THPGV-0 is assumed to have important roles in the biological effects of PGV-0 in vivo. In present study, we investigated the antiallergy effect of  THPGV-0  in  compare  to  this  of  PGV-0  in  vitro.  The  study  was  performed  by using  rat  basophilic  leukemia  (RBL-2H3)  cell  line,  a  tumor  analog  of  mucosal mast  cells.  DNP-BSA,  an  antigen,  was  used  as  an  inducer  for  stimulating  the histamine  release  from  mast  cells.  In  present  study,  THPGV-0  at  low concentration  did  not  succeed  to  inhibit  the  histamine  release,  but  at  higher concentration (30 and 100  M) showed strong effects. THPGV-0 at concentration of  100  M  depleted  the  histamine  release  by  96.10  0.51%.  In  compare  to PGV-0,  THPGV-0  has  higher  efficacy  but  less  potent.  In  the  study,  the possibilities  of  the  spontaneous  release  from  RBL-2H3  cells  by  the  compounds were also observed. All concentrations of THPGV-0 as well as PGV-0 showed low spontaneous histamine release, less than 10 % of the total histamine contained in RBL-2H3 cells.Key words: tetrahydropentagamavunon-0, allergy, histamine, RBL-2H3 cell

EFFECT OF BENZALDEHYDE EXCESS IN THE SYNTHESIS OF LR-2 AND CYTOTOXIC ACTIVITY OF LR-2 AGAINTS HeLa CELL

LR-2(4-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-indeno[2’,1’]pyramidine-2(1H)- thione;  Leni  Ritmaleni  2),  which  designed  and  assumed  to  have biologically  activity  as  anticancer,  has  been  successfully synthesized  by  using  the  Biginelli  reaction.  This  research  was aimed  to  investigate  the  effect  of  benzaldehyde  excess  in  the synthesis  of  LR-2  and  to  evaluate  the  cytotoxic  activity  of  LR-2against HeLa cancer cell lines. The synthesis was done by reacting benzaldehyde, 2-indanone and together  with thiourea at one time as  said  as  one  pot  reaction  synthetic  methodology  and  the reaction was acid catalysed. The mole equivalent of benzaldehyde was  in  excess  compare  to  others.  The  effect  of  benzaldehyde  in excess is the higher the mole of benzaldehyde, the lower the yield of  LR-2.  The  cytotoxicity  of  LR-2  was  done  by  using  MTT  method and the LC50 was 268.15 μM.Key words : LR-2, benzaldehyde, cytotoxic, HeLa

Formation of Bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane From the Reduction of 3,5-Dicholo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid

This research was aimed to reduce 3,5-dicholo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid to 3,5-dicholo-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol by using LiAlH4 as catalyst. Unfortunately, the main product found was different from the normal reduction of carboxylic acid. The obtained product is bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane  which formed from the cross-linking of the acid. The structure elucidation was carried out based on the spectroscopic analysis method (H-NMR, C-NMR IR, GC-MS). The product, bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, identified as a brown crystaline solid in 52 % yield. Keywords: bis(3,5-dichloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)methane, 3,5-dicholo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, LiAlH