31 research outputs found

    The usefulness of C-reactive protein and procalcitonin to predict prognosis in septic shock patients: A multicenter prospective registry-based observational study

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    The objective of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), and their combination for mortality in patients with septic shock. This multicenter, prospective, observational study was conducted between November 2015 and December 2017. A total of 1,772 septic shock patients were included, and the overall 28-day mortality was 20.7%. Although both CRP and PCT were elevated in the non-survivor group, only CRP had statistical significance (11.9 mg/dL vs. 14.7 mg/dL, p = 0.003, 6.4 ng/mL vs. 8.2 ng/mL, p = 0.508). Multivariate analysis showed that CRP and PCT were not independent prognostic markers. In the subgroup analysis of the CRP and PCT combination matrix using their optimal cut-off values (CRP 14.0 mg/dL, PCT 17.0 ng/dL), both CRP and PCT elevated showed significantly higher mortality (Odds ratio 1.552 [95% Confidence intervals 1.184-2.035]) than both CRP and PCT not elevated (p = 0.001) and only PCT elevated (p = 0.007). However, both CRP and PCT elevated was also not an independent predictor in multivariate analysis. Initial levels of CRP and PCT alone and their combinations in septic shock patients had a limitation to predict 28-day mortality. Future research is needed to determine new biomarkers for early prognostication in patients with septic shock.ope

    A quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment-negative result at triage is associated with low compliance with sepsis bundles: a retrospective analysis of a multicenter prospective registry

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    Objective: We investigated the effects of a quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA)-negative result (qSOFA score <2 points) at triage on the compliance with sepsis bundles among patients with sepsis who presented to the emergency department (ED). Methods: Prospective sepsis registry data from 11 urban tertiary hospital EDs between October 2015 and April 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who met the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock criteria were included. Primary exposure was defined as a qSOFA score β‰₯2 points at ED triage. The primary outcome was defined as 3-hour bundle compliance, including lactate measurement, blood culture, broad-spectrum antibiotics administration, and 30 mL/kg crystalloid administration. Multivariate logistic regression analysis to predict 3-hour bundle compliance was performed. Results: Among the 2,250 patients enrolled in the registry, 2,087 fulfilled the sepsis criteria. Only 31.4% (656/2,087) of the sepsis patients had qSOFA scores β‰₯2 points at triage. Patients with qSOFA scores <2 points had lower lactate levels, lower SOFA scores, and a lower 28-day mortality rate. Rates of compliance with lactate measurement (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.29-0.75), antibiotics administration (aOR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52-0.78), and 30 mL/kg crystalloid administration (aOR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49-0.77) within 3 hours from triage were significantly lower in patients with qSOFA scores <2 points. However, the rate of compliance with blood culture within 3 hours from triage (aOR, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.33-2.08) was higher in patients with qSOFA scores <2 points. Conclusion: A qSOFA-negative result at ED triage is associated with low compliance with lactate measurement, broad-spectrum antibiotics administration, and 30 mL/kg crystalloid administration within 3 hours in sepsis patients.ope

    μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 ꡐ윑 연ꡬ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ κ΅­μ–΄κ΅μœ‘κ³Ό, 2017. 8. κΉ€μ’…μ² .λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ(η₯žθ©±η΄ , mythmes)λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ 섀화에 λŒ€ν•œ λͺ…λ£Œν•˜κ³  λŠ₯동적이며 전이적인 이해λ₯Ό μ΄λŒμ–΄λ‚΄λŠ” ꡐ윑 λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό 방법을 λͺ¨μƒ‰ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λͺ©μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλž€ μ‹ ν™”λ₯Ό κ΅¬μ„±ν•˜λŠ” μ΅œμ†Œμ˜ λ‹¨μœ„λ‘œ, 이것이 κ²°ν•©ν•˜μ—¬ λ§€κ°œν•­(εͺ’δ»‹ι …) μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰(對立構造)λ₯Ό κ°–μΆ”κ³  μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό κ³΅μœ ν•˜λŠ” κ΅¬λΉ„μ„œμ‚¬(口璑敍事)에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹ ν™”μ˜ μ›ν˜•μ  의미λ₯Ό λ°œν˜„ν•œλ‹€. λ³Έκ³ μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μ°½μ„Έμ‹ ν™”λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 세계창쑰(δΈ–η•Œε‰΅ι€ ) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ, 인λ₯˜νƒ„생(人鑞θͺ•η”Ÿ) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ, 인세(δΊΊδΈ–)μ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그리고 각각의 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 관계(ι—œδΏ‚)λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” 섀화듀을 νƒμƒ‰ν•˜μ—¬ 거인(ε·¨δΊΊ) μ„€ν™”, ν™μˆ˜(ζ΄ͺζ°΄) μ„€ν™”, νŠΈλ¦­μŠ€ν„°λ‹΄(譚)으둜 κ·Έ λ²”μ£Όλ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜κ³ , 이 κ°€μš΄λ° μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ κ΄€κ³„μ˜ μ „ν˜•μ„ 보여쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” μ„€ν™”λ₯Ό 각각 μ„ μ •ν•˜μ—¬ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μ§„ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ μ„€ν™”λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜λŠ” 첫 번째 과정은 μ„€ν™”λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰, λ§€κ°œν•­, μ›ν˜•μ  의미λ₯Ό νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. λ‹€μŒμ€ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ μ„€ν™” κ°„μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό μ κ²€ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μœΌλ‘œ, μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™”μ˜ μ›ν˜•μ  의미 κ°„ 연관성을 κ²€ν† ν•˜κ³ , λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ 신화적 ν‘œμ§€(ζ¨™θ­˜)둜의 μ „ν™˜μ„ κ²€ν† ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™”λ₯Ό μ‚΄ν•„ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ·Όκ±°λ₯Ό λ§ˆλ ¨ν•œλ‹€. μ΄μ–΄μ„œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™”μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 λŒ€μ‘ μ—¬λΆ€λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ μ„€ν™”μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό ν™•μ •ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰ 과정은 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ μ„€ν™” κ°„μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰, λ§€κ°œν•­, μ›ν˜•μ  의미의 변이λ₯Ό μ‚΄ν”ΌλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 과정을 톡해 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ μ„€ν™”κ°€ ꡬ체적으둜 μ–΄λ– ν•œ 의미 관계에 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄λŠ” 것이 κ°€λŠ₯해진닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ 방법을 ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ 각 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œκ°€ λ³€μ΄λœ μ „ν˜•μ μΈ λ©΄λͺ¨λ₯Ό λ³΄μ΄λŠ” , , λ₯Ό λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό 톡해 μ„€ν™”λŠ” 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ 혼돈과 μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό 반볡적으둜 κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λ©΄μ„œλ„ κ±°μΈμ‹ μ˜ 여신적 λ©΄λͺ¨λ₯Ό λΆ€κ°ν•˜μ—¬ μ§€ν˜• μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž‘μ— λŒ€ν•΄ ν˜•μƒν™”ν•¨μ„ μ‚΄ν•„ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 은 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ 비범성을 ν™•μž₯ν•˜μ—¬ μ‹ κ³Ό μΈκ°„μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μž¬ν˜„ν•˜κ³ , 이둜써 인λ₯˜μ˜ μž¬νƒ„μƒμ„ ν˜•μƒν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λŠ” μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ μžμ—°κ³Ό λ¬Έλͺ…μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰λ₯Ό μƒμ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬ν˜„ν•˜λ˜, μ§€λž΅μ„ μΈλ¬Όν™”ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έλͺ…적 쑴재의 세계에 λŒ€ν•œ 피상적 차지λ₯Ό μ˜λ―Έν™”ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‚˜μ•„κ°€ 각 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ 과정을 거인 μ„€ν™”, ν™μˆ˜ μ„€ν™”, νŠΈλ¦­μŠ€ν„°λ‹΄μ— μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해λ₯Ό μ„€ν™”κ΅°(ηΎ€)으둜 ν™•μž₯ν•΄ λ‚˜κ°ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” κ°€λŠ₯성에 λŒ€ν•΄ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 이와 같은 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 κ΅μœ‘μ€ μ„€ν™”κ°€ λ‹΄μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” 논리적 체계λ₯Ό μ‚΄ν•„ 수 있게 ν•˜μ—¬ ν•™μŠ΅μžλ“€μ˜ 섀화에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해λ₯Ό μ‹ μž₯μ‹œν‚¬ 수 있으며, μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 관련을 κ°–λŠ” 섀화듀을 λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³  μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€μ˜ 관계 μ†μ—μ„œ κ·Έ 의미λ₯Ό νƒκ΅¬ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ 갈래 κ°„ μž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ„ 견지할 수 있게 ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ μ‹ ν™”μ˜ μž‘μš©μ΄ 섀화에 κ·ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  ν˜„λŒ€ 문화에도 μ—¬μ „νžˆ κΈ°λŠ₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŒμ„ λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ , ν•™μŠ΅μžμ˜ ν˜„μž¬μ  μ‚Άμ—μ„œ λ¬Έν•™μƒν™œν™”λ₯Ό μ‹€μ²œν•  수 있게 ν•œλ‹€. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ„€ν™” 이해 ꡐ윑의 λ‚΄μš©μ€ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰가 섀화에 반볡적으둜 μž¬ν˜„(再現)λ˜λŠ” 것, μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ λ§€κ°œν•­μ΄ 섀화에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ λ³€μ΄λœ ν˜•μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬ν˜„λ˜λŠ” 것, μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ μ›ν˜•μ μΈ μ˜λ―Έκ°€ κ°œλ³„ μ„€ν™”λ§ˆλ‹€ λ§₯락에 맞게 λ³€μš©λ˜μ–΄ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 의미λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 쑰직될 ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 이와 같은 ꡐ윑 λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ‹€ν˜„ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” κ΅μˆ˜Β·ν•™μŠ΅ 방법을 μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫째, μƒν˜Έν…μŠ€νŠΈμ  읽기λ₯Ό 톡해 μ„€ν™”λ‘œλΆ€ν„° 신화적 ν‘œμ§€λ₯Ό λ°œκ²¬ν•˜κ³ , λ‘˜μ§Έ, 탐ꡬ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ 톡해 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해λ₯Ό μˆ˜ν–‰ν•œλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν˜‘λ™ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ 톡해 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€κ³„λœ μ„€ν™”κ΅°μœΌλ‘œ μ΄ν•΄μ˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό ν™•μž₯ν•œλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν˜„λŒ€ 문화에 λŒ€ν•œ 이해가 κ°€λŠ₯함을 ꡬ체적인 사둀λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 각 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ 이해할 수 μžˆλŠ” ν˜„λŒ€ λ¬Έν™”μ˜ μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ 상업 κ΄‘κ³ , μž¬λ‚œ μ˜ν™”, 슀포츠λ₯Ό λ“€μ–΄ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν˜„λŒ€ 문화에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ μž‘μš©μ„ μ΄ν•΄ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ ν•™μŠ΅μžλŠ” ν˜„λŒ€ λ¬Έν™”μ—μ„œμ˜ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ μž‘μš©(δ½œη”¨)κ³Ό μ—­μš©(逆用)을 κ°μ§€ν•˜κ³  λŒ€μƒμ˜ λ³Έμ§ˆμ— ν•œμΈ΅ μ ‘κ·Όν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.β… . μ„œλ‘  1 1. 문제 제기 및 연ꡬ λͺ©μ  1 2. 연ꡬ사 κ²€ν†  5 3. 연ꡬ λŒ€μƒ 및 연ꡬ 방법 17 β…‘. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해λ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ 이둠적 κ³ μ°° 30 1. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ κ°œλ… 및 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ 쀑심 μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ λ²”μœ„ 30 1) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ κ°œλ… 및 νŠΉμ„± 30 β‘  μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ κ°œλ… 30 β‘‘ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ ꡬ쑰 36 β‘’ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ μ—­ν•  42 2) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ μΆ”μΆœκ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™”μ˜ μ„ μ • 46 β‘  μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ μ°½μ„Έμ‹ ν™” 46 β‘‘ μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™” 49 γ‰  세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 58 ㉑ 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 62 γ‰’ μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 65 2. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ κ³Όμ • 70 1) κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™” 탐색을 μœ„ν•œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ νŒŒμ•… 70 β‘  λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 νŒŒμ•… 70 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ νŒŒμ•… 73 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  의미의 νŒŒμ•… 76 2) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™”μ˜ 관계 점검 79 β‘  μ›ν˜•μ  의미의 μ—°κ΄€μ„± κ²€ν†  79 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ 신화적 ν‘œμ§€λ‘œμ˜ μ „ν™˜ κ²€ν†  80 β‘’ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 λŒ€μ‘ μ—¬λΆ€ 확인 82 3) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ 변이 뢄석에 μ˜ν•œ κ΄€λ ¨ μ„€ν™”μ˜ 의미 이해 85 β‘  λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 변이 μΈ‘λ©΄ 87 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ 변이 μΈ‘λ©΄ 89 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  의미의 변이 μΈ‘λ©΄ 90 β…’. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ μ‹€μ œ 93 1. 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 93 1) 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ νŒŒμ•… 93 β‘  혼돈 λŒ€ μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰 93 β‘‘ λŒ€λ¦½μ˜ λ§€κ°œν•­μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 거인신 99 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ 우주 μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž‘ 102 2) 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 의 관계 점검 106 β‘  μ—μ„œμ˜ μ›ν˜•μ  의미 탐색 106 β‘‘ 거인신 μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 탐색 109 β‘’ 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ°„ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 λŒ€μ‘ 111 3) 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 의 이해 115 β‘  혼돈/μ§ˆμ„œ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 κΈ΄μž₯ κ°•ν™” 115 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­ κ±°μΈμ‹ μ˜ μ°½μ‘°μ—¬μ‹ μ„± 뢀각 119 β‘’ μ§€ν˜• μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ μ‹œμž‘μœΌλ‘œμ„œ 의 이해 125 4) 세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 거인 μ„€ν™” 이해 129 β‘  μ •μΉ˜μ  혼돈/μ •μΉ˜μ  μ§ˆμ„œμ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰둜 변이 129 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ 'μ™•'으둜의 λŒ€μ‘ 131 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ 'μ§ˆμ„œ'의 규λͺ¨ μΆ•μ†Œ 132 2. 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 136 1) 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ νŒŒμ•… 136 β‘  μ‹  λŒ€ μΈκ°„μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰 136 β‘‘ λŒ€λ¦½μ˜ λ§€κ°œν•­μœΌλ‘œμ„œ λΉ„λ²”μ„± 139 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ 인λ₯˜μ˜ μ‹œμž‘ 142 2) 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 의 관계 점검 144 β‘  μ—μ„œμ˜ μ›ν˜•μ  의미 탐색 144 β‘‘ λΉ„λ²”μ„± μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 탐색 147 β‘’ 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ°„ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 λŒ€μ‘ 151 3) 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 의 이해 155 β‘  μ‹ /인간 λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 극단적 κ΅¬ν˜„ 155 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­ λΉ„λ²”μ„±μ˜ μž‘μš© ν™•μž₯ 159 β‘’ 인λ₯˜ μž¬νƒ„μƒμœΌλ‘œμ„œ 의 이해 166 4) 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ ν™μˆ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 171 β‘  μˆ¨μ€ μ‹ /λ“œλŸ¬λ‚œ μΈκ°„μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰둜 변이 171 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ 'λ‚¨λ§€ν˜Ό'으둜의 λŒ€μ‘ 173 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ 'μ‹œμž‘'의 양면적 κ΅¬ν˜„ 175 3. μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 178 1) μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ νŒŒμ•… 178 β‘  μžμ—° λŒ€ λ¬Έλͺ…μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰 178 β‘‘ λŒ€λ¦½μ˜ λ§€κ°œν•­μœΌλ‘œμ„œ μ§€λž΅ 185 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ μ„κ°€μ˜ 인세 차지 187 2) μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ 의 관계 점검 194 β‘  μ—μ„œμ˜ μ›ν˜•μ  의미 탐색 194 β‘‘ μ§€λž΅ ν–‰μœ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 의 탐색 198 β‘’ μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ™€ κ°„ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 λŒ€μ‘ 201 3) μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 의 이해 205 β‘  μžμ—°/λ¬Έλͺ… λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 상응적 κ΅¬ν˜„ 205 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­ μ§€λž΅μ˜ 인물화 211 β‘’ μ„Έκ³„μ˜ λΆˆμ™„μ „ν•œ μ°¨μ§€λ‘œμ„œ 의 이해 215 4) μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ νŠΈλ¦­μŠ€ν„°λ‹΄ 이해 220 β‘  ν† μ°© μ„Έλ ₯/λ„λž˜ λ¬Έλͺ…μ˜ λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰둜 변이 220 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ '거짓말'둜의 λŒ€μ‘ 222 β‘’ μ›ν˜•μ  μ˜λ―Έλ‘œμ„œ '차지'의 λŒ€μƒ λ‹€μ–‘ν™” 225 β…£. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 ꡐ윑의 섀계 228 1. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ μ„€ν™” μ΄ν•΄μ˜ ꡐ윑적 λͺ©ν‘œ 228 1) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μ„€ν™” 이해 λŠ₯λ ₯의 μ‹ μž₯ 228 2) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œμ˜ 갈래 κ°„ μž‘μš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ˜ 견지 230 3) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ λ¬Έν™” 이해λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ λ¬Έν•™μƒν™œν™”μ˜ μ‹€μ²œ 232 2. μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 ꡐ윑의 μ‹€μ œ 236 1) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 ꡐ윑의 λ‚΄μš© 236 β‘  λŒ€λ¦½ ꡬ쑰의 반볡적 μž¬ν˜„ 236 β‘‘ λ§€κ°œν•­μ˜ 변이 238 β‘’ λ§₯락에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ›ν˜•μ  의미의 λ³€μš© 242 2) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 ꡐ윑의 방법 246 β‘  μƒν˜Έν…μŠ€νŠΈμ  읽기λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 신화적 ν‘œμ§€μ˜ 발견 246 β‘‘ 탐ꡬ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μ„€ν™” 이해 248 β‘’ μ†Œμ§‘λ‹¨ ν˜‘λ™ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μ„€ν™”κ΅° μ΄ν•΄λ‘œμ˜ ν™•μž₯ 252 3) μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ ν˜„λŒ€ λ¬Έν™” μ΄ν•΄λ‘œμ˜ 적용 255 β‘  세계창쑰 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 상업 κ΄‘κ³  이해 255 β‘‘ 인λ₯˜νƒ„생 μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ μž¬λ‚œ μ˜ν™” 이해 259 β‘’ μΈμ„Έμ°¨μ§€κ²½μŸ μ‹ ν™”μ†Œ μ€‘μ‹¬μ˜ 슀포츠 이해 263 β…€. κ²°λ‘  268 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 273 Abstract 285Docto

    λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ 쀑등학ꡐ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œμ˜ ICT ν™œμš©μ„ μœ„ν•œ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬ κ°œλ°œμ—°κ΅¬

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(박사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬λ²”λŒ€ν•™ ν˜‘λ™κ³Όμ • κΈ€λ‘œλ²Œκ΅μœ‘ν˜‘λ ₯전곡, 2021.8. μ •μŠΉμ€.Since early 2000, there have been an increasing amount of ODA projects and academic discussions regarding β€œInformation and Communications Technology (ICT) in education” particularly in developing countries. Indeed, integration of ICT into education has been one of the significant issues in the field of educational development and cooperation. This is a crucial discourse to understand as many developing countries have been trying to reform their educational systems using ICT. In the case of Bangladesh, the integration of ICT into education related to an important policy agenda to achieve a β€œDigital Bangladesh,” in order to improve their education system with the use of ICT. However, a lack of teachers’ pedagogical use of ICT in the classroom has been raised as one of the challenges that impede the successful integration of ICT in education in Bangladesh. Although the current government of Bangladesh has committed to providing teachers’ professional development for using digital content, teachers’ use of technology in the classroom remains basic, with PPT presentations and teacher-led learning without instructional strategies. Under these circumstances, this research aims to develop an instructional design principle for using ICT in the context of secondary schools in Bangladesh. By employing the β€œdevelopment research” method from the field of educational technology, this research developed a first version of instructional design principles based on conducting a literature review and field research in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The first version of instructional design principles was verified three times via internal validation tests by expert reviews. Then the instructional design principles were consistently elaborated on by modifying them based on the feedback from the experts. The revised version from the internal validation results was again re-verified to determine if it could work in the research context of secondary school in Bangladesh through conducting a usability test with the help of Bangladesh secondary school teachers. Through an individual in-depth interview with secondary school teachers in Bangladesh via ZOOM, teachers commented on the applicability and usability of the principles in a real classroom environment in Bangladesh. As a result of the usability test, strengths, weaknesses, and improvement of each principle and specific guideline were confirmed, and teachers made several suggestions for improving the final version of the principles. While most of the principles and specific guidelines were applicable in the actual classroom in Bangladesh, some principles such as β€œorganizing an appropriate environment for multimedia class,” β€œprovision of guideline to the learner before starting the class with digital content,” and β€œfacilitating participatory approach with digital content” were noted as difficult to apply in the context of Bangladesh and needed more improvement. Based on the usability test result, the final instructional design principles were made up of five components, ten principles, and 22 specific guidelines. The final principles constitute mainly two parts: (1) teacher’s preparation for using ICT in the classroom (principle 1 - 5) and (2) teacher’s use of ICT during the teaching and learning activities (principle 6 - 10). Also, two distinctive factors were noted to be critically considered for developing the instructional design principles in the context of developing countries: (1) the role of ICT expert teachers and (2) students’ participation in utilizing ICT for learning. Lastly, based on the results of this research, some implications were raised for the discussion on developing and applying the instructional design principles in the context of developing countries from two aspects: β€œeducational technology” and β€œeducational development and cooperation.” First, from the perspective of educational technology, it was discussed how the instructional design principles of this research had been developed in order to enhance the ICT capacity for Bangladeshi teachers. Also, this research provided a practical implication for applying the instructional design principles in the context of developing countries; (1) the system of teachers’ professional development for ICT integration in education should be changed to a more flexible and collaborative teacher training programs by utilizing a teacher community led by expert teachers, and (2) the concept of β€œICT in education” should be further extended by encouraging students’ use of ICT for their learning. Second, in the discussion from the perspective of educational development and cooperation, it emphasized that teachers’ pedagogy should be more prioritized than the technology itself. Thus, it addressed a structural contradiction of the government policy for multimedia classroom establishment that has influenced to prioritize more teachers’ technology than pedagogy due to the lack of practical guidelines for β€œhow to use ICT” in the classroom. Lastly, this research contends that providing practical instructional design principles for teachers' capacity development is highly necessary to successfully implement ICT in education developing countries.2000λ…„λŒ€ μ΄ˆλ°˜λΆ€ν„° ICT의 κ΅μœ‘μ ν™œμš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ νš¨κ³Όμ„± 및 μ€‘μš”μ„±μ΄ μ£Όλͺ©μ„ λ°›μœΌλ©΄μ„œ, κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μ„ λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ ICT ν™œμš©κ΅μœ‘ κ΄€λ ¨ ODA 사업 및 연ꡬ듀이 ν™œλ°œνžˆ 이루어지고 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 사둀ꡭ가인 λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ λ˜ν•œ β€œDigital Bangladesh” λΌλŠ” μ •μ±… μ•„μ  λ‹€λ₯Ό 기반으둜 ICTλ₯Ό κ΅μœ‘μ— 적극 λ„μž…μ‹œν‚€κ³  ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 적극적인 참여와 μ–‘μ§ˆμ˜ κ΅μœ‘μ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ, ICT의 κ΅μœ‘μ ν™œμš©μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ…Όμ˜κ°€ 이루어지고 μžˆμŒμ—λ„ λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³ , ꡐ사가 ICTλ₯Ό 효율적으둜 ν™œμš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ§€ λͺ»ν•˜λŠ” λ¬Έμ œλŠ” μ—¬μ „νžˆ ν•΄κ²°λ˜μ§€ μ•Šκ³  μžˆλ‹€. 특히 μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ κ°œλ„κ΅­μ—μ„œμ˜ ICT ν™œμš©κ΅μœ‘μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λŠ” ICT의 μ—­ν•  및 κ·Έ μ€‘μš”μ„± μžμ²΄μ—λ§Œ 초점이 맞좰져 μ™”μœΌλ©°, μ‹€μ œ ICTλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜κ²Œ 될 ꡐ사듀을 μœ„ν•œ μ‹€μ²œμ μΈ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„ 및 κ΅μˆ˜λ²•μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ…Όμ˜λŠ” 거의 이루어지지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ˜ κ²½μš°μ—λ„ μ •λΆ€λŠ” κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ λ””μ§€ν„Έμ½˜ν…μΈ  ν™œμš©μ„ μœ„ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬μ—°μˆ˜μ— λ§Žμ€ λ…Έλ ₯을 기울이고 μžˆμ§€λ§Œ, λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ ꡐ사듀은 PPTλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ‚΄μš©μ„ μ „λ‹¬ν•˜λŠ” ꡐ사 주도적인 μˆ˜μ—…λ°©μ‹μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ°°κ²½ν•˜μ— λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ˜ μ€‘λ“±κ΅μœ‘μ˜ λ§₯락을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ ICT ν™œμš©μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μœ„ν•œ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ β€œκ°œλ°œμ—°κ΅¬λ°©λ²•β€μ„ μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 절차둜 μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ¨Όμ € ν˜„μ§€μ—°κ΅¬μ™€ λ¬Έν—Œμ—°κ΅¬λ₯Ό 기반으둜 ν•˜μ—¬ 1μ°¨ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³ , μ΄ˆκΈ°μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬μ˜ 타당성을 κ²€μ¦ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œκ΅μœ‘, κ΅­μ œκ°œλ°œν˜‘λ ₯ μ „λ¬Έκ°€, κ΅μœ‘κ³΅ν•™ μ „λ¬Έκ°€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 총 3차둀에 걸쳐 전문가타당화 κ²€ν† λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이후 전문가타당화 κ²€ν† μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μˆ˜μ •λœ 섀계원리에 λŒ€ν•œ μ‚¬μš©μ„±ν‰κ°€λ₯Ό μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‚¬μš©μ„±ν‰κ°€λŠ” ν˜„μž¬ μ½”λ‘œλ‚˜μ‚¬νƒœλ‘œ μΈν•˜μ—¬ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ 학ꡐ에 λ°©λ¬Έν•  수 μ—†λŠ” 점을 κ°μ•ˆν•˜μ—¬ 쀌회의λ₯Ό 톡해 λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ 쀑등ꡐ사듀을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μˆ˜μ •λœ 섀계원리와 상세지침듀이 μ‹€μ œ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ ꡐ싀에 μ μš©κ°€λŠ₯ν•œμ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 심측면담을 μ‹€μ‹œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‚¬μš©μ„±ν‰κ°€ κ²°κ³Ό 개발된 μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬μ˜ 강점, 약점, κ°œμ„ μ μ„ 확인할 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λŒ€μ²΄λ‘œ λŒ€λΆ€λΆ„μ˜ μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λŠ” ICT ν™œμš©κ΅μœ‘μ„ μœ„ν•΄ μ‹€μ œ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ κ΅μœ‘ν˜„μž₯에 ν™œμš©κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ μœ μš©ν•œ μ›λ¦¬λ“€μž„μ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ‚˜, β€œλ©€ν‹°λ―Έλ””μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ μœ„ν•œ μ μ ˆν•œ ν™˜κ²½ μ‘°μ„±,β€β€œλ””μ§€ν„Έμ½˜ν…μΈ  μˆ˜μ—… μ „ ν•™μŠ΅μž κ°€μ΄λ“œλΌμΈ 제곡,β€β€œλ””μ§€ν„Έ μ½˜ν…μΈ λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ 참여적 μˆ˜μ—… μ΄‰μ§„β€μ˜ 원리듀은 λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ˜ λ§₯락을 λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ μΆ”κ°€ κ°œμ„ μ΄ ν•„μš”ν•˜κ³ , 일뢀 상세지침듀은 μ μš©ν•˜κΈ° μ–΄λ ΅λ‹€λŠ” 점을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‚¬μš©μ„±ν‰κ°€μ—μ„œ λ„μΆœλœ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ ν”Όλ“œλ°±μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 결과적으둜 총 5개의 κ΅¬μ„±μš”μ†Œ, 10개의 섀계원리, 그리고 22개의 상세지침을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ μ΅œμ’… κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΅œμ’… μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λŠ” 크게 β€œICTλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ κ³„νšν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ 쀀비”와 κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ 원리듀 (섀계원리 1-5번)κ³Ό, β€œICTλ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•œ κ΅μˆ˜ν•™μŠ΅ν™œλ™β€κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ 원리듀 (섀계원리 6-10)둜 κ΅¬μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ (1) ICT μ„ λ„κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ 역할을 ν™œμš©ν•˜λŠ” 것과 (2) 학생듀이 ICTλ₯Ό ν•™μŠ΅μ— ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλ„λ‘ 기회λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 것이 κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­μ˜ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ κ³ λ €ν•΄μ•Ό ν•  νŠΉμ§•μ μΈ μš”μ†Œλ‘œ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό 기반으둜 κ΅μœ‘κ³΅ν•™ 및 κ΅μœ‘κ°œλ°œν˜‘λ ₯의 두 가지 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œλ„μƒκ΅­ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œμ˜ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  μ μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•œ μ˜λ―Έμ™€ μ€‘μš”μ„±μ— λŒ€ν•΄ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫째, κ΅μœ‘κ³΅ν•™ 츑면의 λ…Όμ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œ κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ ICT ν™œμš©μ—­λŸ‰ κ°•ν™”λ₯Ό λͺ©ν‘œλ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬λ₯Ό κ°œλ°œν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” ν•΄λ‹Ή κ΅­κ°€μ˜ λ§₯락적 이해가 κ°€μž₯ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ©°, κ΅μ‹€ν™˜κ²½ 및 κ΅μ‚¬μ—°μˆ˜μ²΄μ œ λ“±κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨ν•œ λ…νŠΉν•œ νŠΉμ§•λ“€μ΄ 섀계원리에 잘 λ“œλŸ¬λ‚˜λ„λ‘ λ°˜μ˜ν•  수 μžˆμ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ—μ„œ 개발된 섀계원리λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” (1) ICT κ΅μ‚¬μ—°μˆ˜ μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ΄ 선도ꡐ사λ₯Ό μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ ν•œ ꡐ사곡동체λ₯Ό ν™œμš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” λ”μš± μœ μ—°ν•˜κ³  ν˜‘λ ₯적인 μ—°μˆ˜ μ²΄μ œκ°€ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ„λ‘ λ³€ν™”ν•΄μ•Ό ν•˜λ©°, (2) κ°œλ„κ΅­μ—μ„œμ˜ β€œICT in education” μ΄λΌλŠ” κ°œλ…μ΄ ν•™μƒλ“€μ˜ ICTν™œμš©λ„ 포함할 수 μžˆλŠ” λ°©ν–₯으둜 λ”μš± ν™•μž₯λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό ν•œλ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, κ΅μœ‘κ°œλ°œν˜‘λ ₯ 츑면의 λ…Όμ˜μ—μ„œλŠ” ICT ν™œμš©κ΅μœ‘μ— μžˆμ–΄ ν…Œν¬λ†€λ‘œμ§€ 자체 보닀 κ΅μ‚¬μ˜ νŽ˜λ‹€κ³ μ§€μ— λ”μš± 쀑점을 두어야 ν•  것을 κ°•μ‘°ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μ„€λͺ…ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ ν˜„μž¬ λ°©κΈ€λΌλ°μ‹œμ—μ„œ ICTν™œμš©κ΅μœ‘μ— ν•„μš”ν•œ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μ§€μΉ¨μ˜ λΆ€μ‘±μœΌλ‘œ 인해 λ°œμƒν•˜λŠ” λ©€ν‹°λ―Έλ””μ–΄ ꡐ싀 ꡬ좕정책과 μ‹€ν–‰μ˜ ꡬ쑰적 간극을 λΉ„νŒν•˜κ³ , κ°œλ„κ΅­μ—μ„œ ICTλ₯Ό κ΅μœ‘μ— 효과적으둜 ν™œμš©ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄μ„œλŠ” κ΅μ‚¬λ“€μ˜ μ‹€μ§ˆμ μΈ μ—­λŸ‰κ°œλ°œμ„ μœ„ν•œ μ‹€μ²œμ μ΄κ³  μ μš©κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ κ΅μˆ˜μ„€κ³„μ›λ¦¬κ°€ μ œκ³΅λ˜μ–΄μ•Ό 함을 μ£Όμž₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Research Purpose and Questions 4 1.3 Significance of the Study 5 1.4 Terminology 8 CHAPTER II. LITERATURE REVIEW 10 2.1 Contextual Background: ICT in Education in Bangladesh 10 2.1.1 Policies and Initiatives for ICT Integration in Education in Bangladesh 12 2.1.2 Teacher Training for ICT in Education in Bangladesh 16 2.1.3 Challenges and Opportunity of ICT in Education in Bangladesh 21 2.2 Instructional Design Theory and Model 28 2.2.1 Instructional Design (ID) Theory 28 2.2.2 Instructional Design (ID) Model for Using ICT: The ASSURE Model 33 2.3 Application of Instructional Design Principles in Developing Countries 35 2.3.1 Changing Pedagogy with ICT in Education in Developing Countries 36 2.3.2 Instructional Design Principles in Developing Countries 40 2.4 Summary of the Literature Review 46 CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY 49 3.1 Methodological Consideration 50 3.2 Development of the First Version of the Principles 52 3.2.1 Field Research at Dhaka 52 3.2.2 Review of the Previous Research 55 3.3 Internal Validation 56 3.3.1 Participants in the Internal Validation 57 3.3.2 Tools and Procedure for Internal Validation 59 3.4 Usability Test 62 3.4.1 Participants in the Usability Test 63 3.4.2 Tools and Procedure for Usability Test 65 CHAPTER IV. RESEARCH FINDINGS 68 4.1 The First Version of Instructional Design Principle 68 4.1.1 Development of Initial Components through Fieldwork 68 4.1.2 Development of Initial Principles and Specific Guidelines through the Literature Review and Field Research 71 4.2 Results of the Internal Validation 72 4.2.1 Results of the First Internal Validation 73 4.2.2 Procedure to Develop the Revised Version of Principles 74 4.3 Result of the Usability Test 75 4.3.1 Strength of the Principles 76 4.3.2 Weakness of the principles 87 4.3.3 Suggestion by Teachers for Improving the Principles 92 4.3.4 Revision of the Final Principles 95 4.4. Final Instructional Design Principles and Specific Guidelines 97 4.4.1 Conditions and Characteristic of the Final Principles 98 4.4.2 Overview of the Final Principles and Specific Guidelines 100 4.5. Factors to be Considered for Developing Instructional Design Principles in Developing Countries 105 4.5.1 The Role of ICT Expert Teachers 105 4.5.2 Students’ Participation in Utilizing ICT for Learning 114 CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION 121 5.1 Instructional Design Principles for Using ICT in Developing Countries 121 5.1.1 Developing the Instructional Design Principles from the Perspective of Developing Countries 122 5.1.2 Implications for Applying the Instructional Design Principles in Developing Countries 125 5.2 Teachers’ Pedagogy before Technology 130 5.2.1 Structural Contradiction of ICT in Education: A Gap between Policy and Implementation 130 5.2.2 Provision of Practical Guidelines for Teachers’ Capacity Development 137 CHAPTER VI. CONCLUSION 140 6.1 Summary of the Research 140 6.2 Limitations and Suggestion for Further Studies 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY 145 APPENDIX 154 ꡭ문초둝 220λ°•

    The experience of remote videoconferencing to enhance emergency resident education using Google Hangouts

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    Objective: It is difficult for emergency residents to attend all the lectures that are required because of the limited labor time. The Google Hangouts program for has been used as a remote videoconference to overcome the limit to provide equal opportunities and reduce the time and costs since 2015. This article reports the authors’ experiences of running a residency education program using Google Hangouts. Methods: From 2015, topics on the emergency radiology were lectured to emergency residents in three different hospitals connected by Google Hangouts. From 2017, electrocardiography analysis, emergency radiology, ventilator application, and journal review were selected for the remote videoconference. The residents' self-assessment score, and a posteducation satisfaction questionnaire were surveyed. Results: Twenty-nine emergency residents responded to the questionnaire after using the Google Hangouts. The number of participants before and after Hangout increased significantly in other two hospitals. All the residents answered that the score on achieving the learning goal increased before and after the videoconference lectures. All the residents answered that the training program is more satisfactory after using the Google Hangouts than before. Conclusion: All emergency residents were satisfied and were more confident after the remote videoconference education using the Google Hangouts than before.ope

    Lactate/albumin ratio for the prediction of the development of sepsis-induced acute kidney injury in the emergency department

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    Objective: The early prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) in sepsis and the provision of prompt treatment may improve the outcomes. This study investigated the efficacy of the lactate/albumin ratio (LAR) in predicting severe AKI in cases of septic shock. Method: This retrospective, observational cohort study was performed on patients integrated prospectively in a critical pathway of early-goal-directed therapy (EGDT)/SEPSIS. Adult patients with septic shock, who were admitted to the emergency department with a normal kidney function or stage 1 disease based on the Acute Kidney Injury Network classification between January 1, 2014 and September 30, 2017, were analyzed. The outcomes were the development of sepsis-induced severe AKI within 7 days. Results: A total of 343 patients were enrolled. An increase in the LAR value at admission (odds ratio [OR], 1.85; P=0.001) was a strong independent predictor of the development of severe AKI. The increasing predictability of AKI was closely associated with a L/A ratioβ‰₯0.794 at admission (OR, 14.66; P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve value of the L/A ratio (0.821; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.774-0.861; P<0.01) was higher than that of lactate (0.795; 95% CI, 0.747-0.838; P<0.01) for predicting severe AKI (P=0.032). Conclusion: L/A ratio was found to be an independent predictor of the development of severe AKI in septic shock. The prognostic performance of the L/A ratio for predicting AKI of critically ill sepsis patients was superior to that of lactate measurements.ope

    Usefulness of serial measurement of the mean platelet volume to predict multiple organ dysfunction syndrome in patients with severe trauma

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    Objective: The early prediction of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) in trauma patients and provision of prompt treatment may improve their outcomes. We investigated the efficacy of the mean platelet volume (MPV) for predicting MODS in cases of severe trauma. Methods: This retrospective, observational cohort study was performed with patients prospectively integrated in a critical pathway of TRAUMA. We analyzed the severe trauma patients admitted to the emergency department (ED), based on the Advanced Trauma Life Support guideline, between January 1, 2011 and May 31, 2017. The outcomes were developed from MODS at least 48 hours after ED admission. Results: A total of 348 patients were enrolled. An increase in the MPV at 12 hours (odds ratio [OR], 2.611; P8.6 fL (OR, 4.831; P<0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) value of the MPV at 12 hours (0.751; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.687-0.818; P<0.01) was not inferior than that of Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, injury severity score, lactate, and total CO2 for predicting MODS. Conclusion: MPV was an independent predictor of MODS development in severe trauma patients. Emergency physicians can use the MPV as an ancillary biomarker for predicting MODS.ope

    Usefulness of Serial Measurement of the Platelet Volume Indices to Predict 30-day Mortality in Patients with ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction

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    Purpose: Among the survivors of a ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), higher platelet volume indices (mean platelet volume, MPV; platelet distribution width, PDW) are associated with impaired reperfusion and ventricular dysfunction. This study examined the relationship between the platelet volume indices and 30-day mortality with STEMI patients who underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: This retrospective cohort study included patients presenting to the emergency department with STEMI between January 2011 and May 2016. The platelet volume indices were measured serially, using an automatic hematology analyzer, from admission to 24 hours after admission. The prognostic value of MPV, PDW for the 30-day mortality was determined by Cox proportional hazards model analysis. Results: A total of 608 STEMI patients, who underwent reperfusion, were enrolled in this study. According to the multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, higher MPV (hazard ratio [HR], 1.414; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.024-1.953; p=0.035) and PDW (HR, 1.043; 95% CI, 1.006-1.083; p=0.024) values at time-24 (24 hours after admission) were significant risk factors for the 30-day mortality. A MPV value >8.6 fL (HR, 5.953; 95% CI, 2.973-11.918; p56.1% (HR, 5.117; 95% CI, 2.640-9.918; p<0.001) at time-24 were associated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality. Conclusion: The platelet volume indices without an additional burden of cost or time, can be measured rapidly and simply. Higher MPV and PDW levels predict independently the 30-day mortality in patients with STEMI after PCI.ope

    The usefulness of lactate as an early predictor of the severity of emergency department patients with postpartum hemorrhage

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    Objective: Only a few studies have examined the role of lactate reflecting on tissue hypoperfusion determining the severity of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) patients in the emergency department (ED). This study evaluated the utility of the arterial lactate level as a prognostic marker of severity in PPH patients admitted to an ED. Method: This retrospective, observational cohort study was conducted on patients integrated prospectively in a critical pathway of SPEED (Severance Protocol to save postpartum bleeding through Expeditious care Delivery). Adult primary PPH patients admitted to the ED between July 1, 2010 and March 31, 2017 were analyzed. The outcomes were the development of severe PPH including death, hysterectomy, surgical treatment, and massive transfusion. Results: A total of 112 patients were enrolled in this study. An increase in the arterial lactate value was a strong independent predictor of severe PPH. The increasing predictability of severe PPH was closely associated with an arterial lactate β‰₯3.15 mL/L at admission (odds ratio, 13.870; P<0.001). Conclusion: Lactate is an independent predictor of severe PPH and is suitable for a rapid and simple estimation of the severity of PPH. Emergency physicians can use lactate to determine the initial treatment strategies more precisely.ope

    Deliberative democracy and the internet public sphere

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