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    ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท  ์œ ๋ž˜ ์‹ ๊ทœ ์ž๊ฐ€ํฌ์‹ ์กฐ์ ˆ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ Tripartilactam ๋ฐ Lydiamycin A์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์žฌํ•ด์„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์•ฝํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ, 2021. 2. ์˜ค๋™์ฐฌ.์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ ์‹ ์•ฝ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์„ ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณค์ถฉ ์œ ๋ž˜ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ฒฐ์ • ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (ํŒŒํŠธ A)์™€ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ (ํŒŒํŠธ B)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŒŒํŠธ A. ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ. 5๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ acidiphilamides A-E (1-5) ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ L-isoleucinamide์™€ L-valinamide์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ํ† ์–‘ ์œ ๋ž˜ ํ˜ธ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท  Streptacidiphilus rugosus AM-16์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1-5 ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” phenylalaninol ํ˜น์€ methioninol์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋ฉฐ C3~C5 acyl chain์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•๋œ ์„ธ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ•ต์ž๊ธฐ๊ณต๋ช…์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ถ„์„ (NMR) ๋ฐ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์  ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” advanced Marfeyโ€™s method ์™€ GITC (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-ฮฒ-D-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate) ์œ ๋„์ฒดํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘๊ณผ LC/MS ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. Acidiphilamide A์™€ B๋Š” ํฌ๊ท€ ๋ฐฉ์„ ๊ท ์ธ Streptacidiphilus ์†์— ์†ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ท ์ฃผ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ตœ์ดˆ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ์ด์ฐจ๋Œ€์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์ด HeLa ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ autophagy flux๋ฅผ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์‹œ์— proteasome activity๋ฅผ ์–ต์ œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ์˜ autophagy ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๊ณผ์ •์˜ autophagosome-lysosome์˜ ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์–ต์ œํ•˜๋Š” ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. Pentaminomycins C-E (6-8)๋Š” ๊ฐˆ์ƒ‰๊ฑฐ์ €๋ฆฌ (Tenebrio molitor) ์ƒ˜ํ”Œ์˜ ๋‚ด์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ Streptomyces ์ข…์˜ GG23 ๊ท ์ฃผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. Pentaminomycin ๋ฌผ์งˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ถ„๊ด‘ํ•™์  1D์™€ 2D NMR ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ N5-hydroxyarginine์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ˜• ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์•„๋ฏธ๋…ธ์‚ฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” Marfeyโ€™s method์™€ ๋น„๋ฆฌ๋ณด์†œ ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ (NRP) ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž (BGC) ์ •๋ณด๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“ˆ 1์˜ NRPS adenylation domain ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ํŠน์ด์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ฌผ์งˆ 6-8์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ™” ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ํšจ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ํŠน์ดํ•œ ํŽ˜๋‹ˆ์‹ค๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ํƒ€์ž…์˜ thioesterase (TE) ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ pentaminomycin C ์™€ D (6 ๊ณผ 7) ๋Š” autophagy๋ฅผ ์œ ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐํ™”์  ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์ด ์„ธํฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŒŒํŠธ B. ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ๊ธฐ์ง€๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ •. Tripartilactam (9) ์€ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฝํƒ๊ณ„์—ด ์ฒœ์—ฐ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์›๋ž˜ ํฌ๊ท€ํ•œ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ธ [18,8,4]-์‚ผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ [18,6,6]-์‚ผ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ niizalactam C (10) ๊ฐ€ tripartilactam์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ 2015๋…„ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ทœ๋ช…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  NMR ๋ถ„๊ด‘๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ์žฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ์™€ 13C-13C COSY NMR ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•œ 13C-13C ์ง์ ‘ ์ปคํ”Œ๋ง์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์—ฌ tripartilactam ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ niizalactam C ์™€ ๋™์ผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ช…๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ง๋ถ™์—ฌ์„œ tripartilactam ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ท ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „์žฅ์œ ์ „์ฒด ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ์œ ์ „์ž ์ •๋ณด ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ๋Œ์—ฐ๋ณ€์ดํ™” ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฌผ์งˆ์˜ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์€ type I polyketide synthase ๋ชจ๋“ˆ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋ฉฐ PKS ํ›„๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฐœ์ ์ธ [4+2] ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „๊ตฌ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ sceliphrolactam์—์„œ tripartilactam์œผ๋กœ ์ƒํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. Lydiamycin A (11) ๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ Streptomyces ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋œ piperazic acid ๋ชจํ•ต์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฌํ˜• ํŽฉํƒ€์ด๋“œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ด๋‹ค. Lydiamycin A์˜ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ฐจ๋ก€ ์œ ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์„ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ lydiamycin A (11) ์˜ ์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ advanced Marfeyโ€™s method, ํ™”ํ•™์  ์œ ๋„์ฒดํ™” ๋ฐ˜์‘ ๋ฐ ์–‘์ž์—ญํ•™ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ๋ถ„์„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •๊ณผ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ž…์ฒด๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์™„๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ Lydiamycin A (11) ๋Š” ์„ธํฌ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ์•ฝํ•œ ํ•ญ๊ฒฐํ•ตํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ๋„ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.During my doctoral course, my research works were concentrated to the structure determination of secondary metabolites derived from insect associated actinomycetes for drug discovery. Especially, my study was divided into discovery of new peptide type compounds from actinomycetes (Part A) and reinvestigation of inaccurate structures of already reported compounds (Part B). Part A. New Peptides Modulating Autophagy from Actinomycetes Five new tripeptides, acidiphilamides A-E (1-5), were discovered along with two previously reported compounds, L-isoleucinamide and L-valinamide, from Streptacidiphilus rugosus AM-16, an acidophilic actinobacterium isolated from acidic forest soil. The structures of 1-5 were elucidated as modified tripeptides bearing phenylalaninol or methioninol fragments with C3~C5 acyl chains based mainly on NMR and mass spectroscopic data. The absolute configurations of the amino units were established by advanced Marfeyโ€™s method and GITC (2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-ฮฒ-d-glucopyranosyl isothiocyanate) derivatization followed by LC/MS analysis. Acidiphilamides A and B (1-2), the first secondary metabolites isolated from the rare actinobacterial genus Streptacidiphilus, significantly inhibited autophagic flux but not proteasome activity in HeLa cells. These compounds appeared to block mainly the autophagosome-lysosome fusion step in the late stage of cellular autophagy. Pentaminomycins Cโ€“E (6โ€“8) were isolated from the culture of the Streptomyces sp. GG23 strain from the guts of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. The structures of the pentaminomycins were determined to be cyclic pentapeptides containing a modified amino acid, N5-hydroxyarginine, based on 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic analyses. The absolute configurations of the amino acid residues were assigned using Marfeyโ€™s method and bioinformatics analysis of their nonribosomal peptide biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC). Detailed analysis of the BGC enabled us to propose that the structural variations in 6โ€“8 originate from the low specificity of the adenylation domain in the nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) module 1, and indicate that macrocyclization can be catalyzed noncanonically by penicillin binding protein type thioesterase (PBP-type TE). Furthermore, pentaminomycins C and D (6 and 7) showed significant autophagy-inducing activities and were cytoprotective against oxidative stress in vitro. Part B. Reinvestigation of the Structures of Tripartilactam and Lydiamycin A Tripartilactam (9) is a natural macrocyclic lactam originally reported to have a unique [18,8,4]-tricyclic framework. However, the validity of this structure has been contested since niizalactam C (10) bearing a [18,6,6]-tricyclic skeleton was proposed as an alternative structure in 2015. In this study, a comprehensive reinvestigation of NMR spectroscopic data and a 13C-13C COSY NMR experiment identified direct 13C-13C coupling, thus leading to the unequivocal revision of the structure of tripartilactam as niizalactam C (10). In addition, whole-genome sequencing analysis of the tripartilactam-producing bacterial strain and subsequent bioinformatics and mutagenesis analyses identified its biosynthetic pathway, which probably utilizes one of the type I polyketide synthase (PKS) modules iteratively during its biosynthesis and exhibits spontaneous [4+2] cycloaddition from the precursor compound, sceliphrolactam, in the post-PKS process. Lydiamycin A (11) is a previously reported piperazic acid-bearing cyclic peptide from Streptomyces. The absolute configuration of lydiamycin A has not been fully determined despite multiple total syntheses being reported. The absolute configuration of 11 was reinvestigated by the advanced Marfeyโ€™s method, chemical derivatization, and quantum mechanics-based computational analysis, eventually resulting in a structural revision and establishment of the complete configuration. Lydiamycin A (11) displayed weak antituberculosis activity in vitro.Abstract in English I List of Contents V Part A. New Peptides Modulating Autophagy from Actinomycetes I. Introduction 2 II. Acidiphilamides A-E, Modified Peptides as Autophagy Inhibitors from an Acidophilic Actinobacterium, Streptacidiphilus rugosus 4 III. Pentaminomycins Cโ€“E: Cyclic pentapeptides as autophagy inducers from a mealworm beetle gut bacterium 28 Part B. Reinvestigation of the Structures of Tripartilactam and Lydiamycin A I. Introduction 56 II. Structure Revision and the Biosynthetic Pathway of Tripartilactam 60 III. Structural Revision of Lydiamycin A by Reinvestigation of the Stereo-chemistry 79 Summary 103 References 107 Appendix: NMR Spectroscopic Data 119 Abstract in Korean 134 Publication List 140 Permissions for Republication of the Published Papers in Thesis 144 Acknowledgements 148Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ,2007.Docto

    ๋ฌผ ์ง์ ‘๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ทน ๊ฐ€์Šต ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2016. 2. ๊น€๋ฏผ์ˆ˜.์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ฒด์˜ ์ด์˜จ์ „๋„๋„๋Š” ์•ก์ฒด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ทนํžˆ ์ž‘์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰์€ ์ˆ ํฐํ™”(sulfonation)์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ง‰์ด ์Šต์œค ์ƒํƒœ์— ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์–‘์„ฑ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฌผ๋ถ„์ž์™€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋œ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์›ํ™œํžˆ ์ด๋™ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๋ง‰์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋„๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋†’๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€์Šต์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์›Œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋งŽ์€ ์ œ์ž‘ ๋น„์šฉ์ด ์†Œ๋ชจ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ์Šต๋„ ์กฐ์ ˆ์ด ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๋™๋ ฅ ์†์‹ค์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹จ์ ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์—ด๋ฐฉ์ถœ์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์— ๋งค์šฐ ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นœ๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ๊ฐ–์ง€๋งŒ ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šด์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ์ถœ๋ ฅ์— ๋ฒ„๊ธˆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ์—ด์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์˜จ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ด‰๋งค์ธต์˜ ์—ดํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ง„๋˜์–ด ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ถœ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์Šคํƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์—ด์„ ๋ง‰๊ณ  60ยฐC~80ยฐC์˜ ์ ์ • ์šด์ „์˜จ๋„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ์—ด์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์—ด์ „๋‹ฌ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์™ธ์— ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋Œ€์•ˆ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์— ์ œ์•ฝ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๊ธฐ์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ œํ•œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰ ์—ญ์‹œ ์ œํ•œ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ฐฉ์—ด๊ธฐ์—์„œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์Šคํƒ์˜ ๊ณผ์—ด์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ ฅ์„ ์ œํ•œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜„ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šต ๋ฐ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๋Œ€์ฒด ํ˜น์€ ๋ณด์กฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹œ๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ˆ์‹คํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šต ๋ฐ ์—ด๋ฐฉ์ถœ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ ๋ฌผ ์ง์ ‘๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šต ๋ฐ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋จผ์ € ๋ฌผ ์ง์ ‘๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์—์„œ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ„๋„ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์•ก์ ์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœํŠน์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๊ด€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ด์„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ฌผ์˜ ์ฆ๋ฐœ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ์ฒด์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์Šต๋„ ์ƒ์Šน๊ณผ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ํ›„, ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ณด์กฐ์‹ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฝํ™” ๋…ธ์ฆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๋ฌผ ์ง์ ‘๋ถ„์‚ฌ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ํƒ‘์žฌํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์žฅ์น˜๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ทน ์ž…๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋ถ„์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ฆ‰์‹œ ์Šคํƒ์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ƒ์Šนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ทน ํ›„๋‹จ์˜ ๋…ธ์ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋œ ๋ฌผ์ด ์ฆ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค ๋˜ํ•œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•œ ํ›„์—๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šด์ „์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋Ÿ‰, ๋ฌผ ๋ถ„์‚ฌ์˜จ๋„, ์Šคํƒ ์šด์ „์˜จ๋„, ๊ณต๊ธฐ์œ ๋Ÿ‰, ์šด์ „์••๋ ฅ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ์šด์ „ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์„œ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•œ ์šด์ „ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ ๊ท ํ˜•, ๊ฐ„ํ—์  ๋ถ„์‚ฌ, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์‹œ๋™ ํŠน์„ฑ์— ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์šด์ „์ „๋žต์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฌผ ์ง์ ‘๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ ๋Œ€๋น„ ์ž‘์€ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋กœ๋„ ๋™๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์Šต ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ฐœ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ ํšจ๊ณผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์Šคํƒ ์—ด๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ธก๋ฉด์—์„œ์˜ ์žฅ์ ๋„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•ด ๋ดค์„ ๋•Œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ณผ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์— ๋ฌผ ์ง์ ‘๋ถ„์‚ฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์ ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ฐ€์Šต๊ธฐ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ”ผ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ์†Œํ˜•ํ™”์— ๊ธฐ์—ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ณ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์šด์ „๊ตฌ๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ƒ‰๊ฐ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์„ ํ™•๋ณด ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šคํƒ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Literature survey 3 1.3 Objectives and scopes 10 Chapter 2. Numerical analysis on the cathode humidification of direct water injection method 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Numerical model of cathode humidification 13 2.2.1 Selection of atomizer and its model 13 2.2.2 Humidification model of injected water 21 2.2.3 PEM fuel cell model 28 2.3 Simulation results 32 2.3.1 Atomization performace 32 2.3.2 Humidifiaction performance 34 2.4 Summary 38 Chapter 3. Fundamentals of direct water injection system and feasibility test 39 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Development of water injection system 40 3.2.1 Application of the atomizer to air-providing part 40 3.2.2 Performance evaluation method 42 3.3 Feasibility test 46 3.3.1 Water atomization performance 46 3.3.2 Experimental setup and test procedure 52 3.3.3 The effects of direct water injection method 58 3.4 Summary 69 Chapter 4. Operating characteristics of PEMFCs with a direct water injection system 70 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Humidification performance 70 4.2.1 Experimental apparatus and test procedure 70 4.2.2 Water injection flow rate 77 4.2.3 Water injection temperature 79 4.2.4 Stack operating temperature 81 4.2.5 Stack operating pressure 83 4.2.6 Cathode stoichiometric ratio 83 4.3 Evaporative cooling performance 86 4.3.1 Experimental apparatus and test procedure 86 4.3.2 Water injection flow rate and stack operating temperature 87 4.3.3 Water injection temperature 91 4.3.4 Stack operating pressure 93 4.3.5 Cathode stoichiometric ratio 95 4.4 Development of an operating strategy for PEMFCs with a direct water injection system and verification 99 4.4.1 The effects of intermittent water injection 99 4.4.2 Start-up with a direct water injection system 111 4.5 Summary 113 Chapter 5. Concluding remarks 114 References 117 Abstract (in Korean) 123Docto

    Process Development of Diphenyl-carbonate(DPC) Process by using Reactive Distillation

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    MasterDemand of poly-carbonate is increasing by excellent mechanical and optical properties. In the past, Poly-carbonate was produced using phosgene. But, DPC production without using phosgene have been proposed and developed by environmentally friendly process' necessity. In this study, Synthesis of DPC has been selected by using trans-esterification of DMC and phenol. Disadvantage of this synthesis is difficult to attain high conversion by small equilibrium constant. To advance the synthesis reaction, it is necessary to remove product from the reaction system. In the reactive distillation method, reaction and distillation are done at the same time and reaction products are separated. This method can attain high conversion even if the equilibrium constant of the reaction is extremely small. Mostly, DPC Process is consisted of Separation Columns. For these reasons, physical properties are very important. So, Binary parameter is corrected after completing regression by using experiment data. Reactive distillations are modeled on optimum operation conditions by using sensitivity analysis, and distillations are decided optimum Stage Number and Reflux ratio to design economic separation column. After simulation of DPC is completed, equipment sizing is performed and purchased equipment cost is determined for economic evaluation. Finally, this study is decided product's price that have return on investment (ROI) that satisfy Minimum Attractive Rate of Return
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