Synthesis of carbamates from amines and N-tosylhydrazones under atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide without external base

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 화학부 무기화학전공, 2016. 2. 정영근.Methodology for the synthesis of carbamates via the base-promoted coupling of carbon dioxide, amines, and N-tosylhydrazones using K2CO3 as the base and the pressure of 4 MPa of carbon dioxide has published by Jiang et al. (2015). We demonstrated that this method provides the desired carbamates under just 1 atm of carbon dioxide without the addition of the base promoter. Thus, carbamates were successfully synthesized under mild reaction conditions in moderate to high yields.Introduction 3 Results and Discussion 3 Conclusion 12 Experimental Section 13 References 26 국문초록 28Maste

The role of EphA2 signaling in lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injury

의과대학/박사Purpose: Eph-Ephrin signaling mediates various cellular processes including vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, cell migration, axon guidance, fluid homeostasis and repair after injury. Although previous studies demonstrate that stimulation of EphA receptor induces increased vascular permeability and inflammatory response in lung injury, the detailed mechanisms of EphA2 signaling are unknown. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role and related signal pathways of EphA2 signaling in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury model. Materials and Methods: We studied three experimental mice groups. These were PBS + IgG (IgG instillation after PBS exposure), LPS + IgG group (IgG instillation after LPS exposure) and LPS+ EphA2 mAb group (EphA2 monoclonal antibody instillation postreatment after LPS exposure). The cell numbers and protein concentration in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), changes in histopathology and the expression of several signal pathway proteins including PI3K-Akt-NFkB,Src, Erk, E-cadherin and mTOR signaling were compared among three groups. Results: We report that acute LPS exposure significantly upregulated Epha2 and EphrinA1 expression. Inhibiting EphA2 receptor by intranasal EphA2 mAb instillation attenuated lung injury and reduced cell counts and protein concentration of BALF (all, P < 0.05). EphA2 mAb posttreatment downregulated the expression of PI3K 110γ, phospho-Akt, phosphor-NFkB, Erk1/Erk2, phospho-Src and phospho-S6K. In addition, inhibiting EphA2 receptor augmented the expression of E- cadherin protein related to cell-cell adhesions. Conclusion: The present data suggest that EphA2 receptor may be an unrecognized contributor modulating several signal pathways including PI3K-Akt-NFkB, Src-NFkB, E-cadherin in cell-cell adhesions and mTOR in LPS- induced lung injury. Further studies are needed to verify the potential of EphA2 receptor inhibitor as a novel therapeutic agent in LPS-induced lung injury.ope

Efficacy of inducible protein 10 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of tuberculosis.

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated inducible protein 10 (IP-10) as a diagnostic biomarker for specific tuberculosis (TB) infection and evaluated the ability of IP-10 to distinguish between active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI). METHODS: Forty-six patients with active pulmonary TB, 22 participants with LTBI, and 32 non-TB controls were enrolled separately. We measured IP-10 in serum and in supernatants from whole blood stimulated with TB-specific antigens. RESULTS: TB antigen-dependent IP-10 secretion was significantly increased in the active TB patients and LTBI subjects compared with controls, but did not differ significantly between the active TB patients and LTBI subjects. Serum IP-10 levels were higher in active TB than in LTBI (174.9 vs. 102.7pg/ml, p=0.002). The respective rates of positive responders of TB antigen-dependent IP-10 were 97.8%, 90.9%, and 12.5% in active TB, LTBI, and non-TB controls, respectively. For serum IP-10, 87.5%, 45.5%, and 9.5% of responders were positive in the respective groups. CONCLUSIONS: The IP-10 response to TB antigen may constitute a specific biomarker for TB infection, but does not by itself distinguish between active TB and LTBI. Serum IP-10 may enhance the diagnostic performance when used in combination with another marker.ope

Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients

Background/Aims: Human immunodeficiency virus-associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (HIV-PAH) is a complication of HIV infection. Due to improvements in HIV survival rates following the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, HIV-PAH has become an important cause of HIV-related morbidity. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the prevalence and characteristics of HIV-PAH. Methods: Ninety-two patients were enrolled in the study from March to August 2010. We investigated clinical characteristics and performed echocardiography. HIV-PAH was defined as having a mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP)≥25 mmHg based on Mahan`s equation, without lung disease or heart disease. The HIV-PAH-possible group was defined as having a tricuspid regurgitation velocity (TRV) of 2.9-3.4 m/s and a pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (PASP) of 37-50 mmHg. Results: Fifteen patients (16.3%) met the criteria of HIV-PAH based on mPAP. With respect to TRV, six patients met the criteria of the HIV-PAH-possible group. Based on the criteria of mPAP, the duration of HIV infection was not different with or without HIV-PAH. HIV RNA titers and CD4 T cell counts tended to be higher in HIV-PAH patients (8,607±11 vs. 1,067±64 copies/mL, p=0.371; 471±148 vs. 499±252 cells/mm3, p=0.680, respectively). Echocardiographic indices of the right ventricle were significantly deteriorated in the HIV-PAH group as compared with the non-HIV-PAH group (TASPE: 20.52 vs. 23.2, p=0.001; Tei index: 0.42 vs. 0.39, p=0.037). In a multivariate regression analysis, HIV activity factors (HIV duration, HIV RNA titer, and CD4 cell count) were not associated with echocardiographic indices of PAH (mPAP, PASP, and pulmonary vascular resistance). Conclusions: In this study, the prevalence of HIV-PAH was comparable to that of previous studies.ope

Utility of Routine Culture for Tuberculosis from Endobronchial Ultrasound-Guided Transbronchial Needle Aspiration in a Tuberculosis Endemic Country

BACKGROUND: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a technique developed to allow mediastinal staging of lung cancer and also to evaluate intrathoracic lymphadenopathy. In a tuberculosis-endemic area, tuberculosis should be considered as an etiology of mediastinal lymphadenopathy. The aim of this study was to investigate the utility of the routine culture for tuberculosis from specimens of EBUS-TBNA. METHODS: We prospectively performed routine culture for tuberculosis from aspiration or core biopsy specimens got from 86 patients who had undergone EBUS-TBNA due to mediastinal lymphadenopathy between March 2010 and March 2011. RESULTS: A total of 135 lymph node aspiration and 118 core biopsy specimens were included in this analysis. We confirmed the malignancy in 62 (72.9%), tuberculosis in 7 (8.1%), sarcoidosis in 7 (8.1%), asperogillosis in 2 (2.3%) and pneumoconiosis in 2 (2.3%) patients. One lung cancer patient had pulmonary tuberculosis coincidentally and 5 patients had unknown lymphadenopathy. The number of positive culture for Mycobacterium tuberculsosis by EBUS-TBNA is 2 (1.5%) from 135 lymph node aspiration specimens and 2 (1.7%) from 118 core biopsy specimens. Out of eight patients confirmed with tuberculosis, only one patient had positive mycobacterial culture of aspiration specimen from EBUS-TBNA without histopathologic diagnosis. CONCLUSION: These results propose that routine culture for tuberculosis from EBUS-TBNA may not provide additional information for the diagnosis of coincident tuberculous lymphadenitis. However, if there is any possibility of tuberculous lymphadenopathy or pulmonary tuberculosis, it should be considered to perform EBUS-TBNA in patients who have negative sputum AFB smears or no sputum production.ope

한국인의 철도소음에 의한 수면방해의 정량적 평가를 위한 기법 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :기계항공공학부,2006.Maste

단위학교의 적정교육비 분석

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 교육학과(교육행정전공), 2012. 8. 정동욱.본 연구는 현재 단위학교 예산액 배분의 기준으로 쓰이고 있는 표준교육비의 문제를 제기하고, 최소한의 절대적 수준의 교육결과에 도달하기 위해 소요되는 교육비용을 산출하고자 하였다. 표준교육비는 학교와 학생 특성별로 다른 교육적 수요를 합리적으로 고려하지 못할 뿐만 아니라, 학생들이 절대적으로 도달해야 하는 교육성과의 개념에 기반한 비용을 추정하지 못한다. 모든 학생이 반드시 보장받아야 할 기초교육 수준의 중요성은 강조되고 있으나, 그러한 교육성과를 이루기 위해 필요한 교육비용에 대해서는 심도있게 논의된 바가 거의 없다. 교육재정의 충분성은, 교육성과를 사회가 합의한 최소한의 수준에 동등하게 도달하게 하기 위해 필요한 교육비용이 학생 특성별로 다른 교육적 필요에 근거하여 차등적으로 투입되어야 한다는 개념이다. 적정교육비는 절대적 수준의 교육성과에 도달하기 위해 학교에서 반드시 지출해야 하는 최소한의 비용을 뜻한다. 충분성에 근거한 적정교육비의 산출은 수직적 형평성과 충분성 측면에서 한계를 지닌 종래의 표준교육비의 한계를 보완할 수 있다. 또한 학교 및 학생들의 차이를 고려하여 절대적 수준의 교육성과에 달성할 수 있는 여건을 보장하기 위한 시도인 점에서 의의를 지닌다. 본 연구는 교육활동의 가장 직접적인 산출물이라 판단되는 학업성취도와 단위학교의 특성 변수, 결산자료를 활용하여 서울시 국·공립 초등학교의 적정교육비를 추정하고, 그 결과를 현재의 표준교육비, 그리고 실제 단위학교의 교육비와 비교하여 분석하였다. 또한, 동일한 교육성과를 달성하는데 소요되는 비용이 학생 특성에 따라 얼마만큼의 차이가 있는지 추정하여 학생 1인당 가중치로 도출하였다. 적정교육비 산출결과를 교육재정 배분 포뮬러에 활용할 수 있는 가능성을 모색하고, 이와 관련된 정책적 시사점을 제공하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서 설정한 연구문제와 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 수직적 형평성과 충분성에 근거하여 산출된 서울시 국·공립 초등학교 적정교육비의 규모는 어떠한가? 종속변수인 교육비용과, 교육비용에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 독립변수인 교육결과, 학교특성 등의 관계를 함수식으로 나타낸 교육비용함수를 활용하여 단위학교의 적정교육비를 산출하였다. 보통학력이상 학생비율 90%를 목표하는 교육성과로 설정하였을 때, 2011년의 학생 1인당 적정교육비는 약 221만원으로 추정되었다. 서울시 국·공립 초등학교의 적정 학교교육예산은 약 9,700억원으로 2011년 학교교육비 총 지출의 0.3% 만큼 추가 교육예산확보가 요구된다. 학업성취수준 향상에 따른 교육비용 소요를 분석한 결과, 서울시내 평균의 특성을 가진 학교에서 보통학력이상 학생비율을 1% 포인트 증가시키는데 소요되는 비용은 학생 1인당 약 7,448원으로 도출되었다. 둘째, 적정교육비와 비교하여 표준교육비, 실제교육비는 어떠한 차이가 있는가? 학생 1인당 적정교육비와 표준교육비, 실제교육비를 비교한 결과, 적정교육비가 학생 1명에 소요되는 교육비용의 편차를 가장 크게 추정하고 있었다. 또한 학업성취도에 따른 학생 1인당 적정교육비 추정결과를 학생 1인당 표준교육비 수준과 비교했을 때, 표준교육비만큼의 교육재정 투입은 어떤 수준의 보통학력이상 학생비율도 담보할 수 없음이 확인되었다. 셋째, 동일한 교육성과를 달성하는데 소요되는 교육비용이 학생 특성에 따라 얼마만큼 다르게 추정되는가? 동일한 교육성과에 도달하기 위해 무료급식학생의 경우 일반 학생의 1.12배의 교육비용을 더 필요로 하는 것으로 나타났다. 연구결과는 표준교육비를 근거로 한 현재의 교육재정배분이 기초교육수준에서의 결과의 평등을 추구하기에 적절치 않음을 시사한다. 최소한의 절대적 수준의 교육결과에 도달하기 위해 필요한 비용은 학생의 특성에 따라 다를 수 있으나 표준교육비는 학생의 교육적 필요를 모두 동등하게 간주하고 있고, 표준교육비에 근거한 재정배분은 중앙정부(교육과학기술부)가 단위학교 예산을 일괄적으로 제공하기에 편리한 공급자 중심의 방식인 것이다. 적정교육비의 산출은 동일한 교육성과를 달성하는데 소요되는 비용이 학생 특성에 따라 얼마만큼 다른지 분석하여 교육재정 배분에 반영하기 위한 것이다. 추후연구를 통해 다양한 학생 특성에 따른 적정교육비 차이도를 교육재정 배분 포뮬러에 활용하려는 노력이 후속되어야 할 것이다. 점차 증가하고 있는 다문화 가정 학생 등과 같은 학생 특성에 따른 가중치를 산출하여 학생단위의 교육수요 산정 시 가중학생으로 투입하는 방안을 제시할 수 있겠다. 추가적 교육예산 확보 방안과 재정지원 방식에 대한 세부적인 고민 또한 필요할 것으로 보인다.This research raises the problem of the standard cost of education and estimates the cost of an adequate education. The standard cost of education can neither consider students' respective needs nor presume the cost based on educational outcomes. Despite the importance of the National Minimum in primary education, few studies treated the cost to achieve an absolute educational goal deeply. An adequacy in education is a system of school finance that links resources to outcomes to ensure all students receive an adequate level of education. The cost of an adequate education means the minimal amount of money that schools should expend to accomplish an absolute educational object. Estimating the cost of an adequate education complements the limit of the standard cost of education and has a significance in providing students with conditions to ensure an unconditional educational achievement. By using national test scores, schools' characteristics and settlement of accounts, this research calculate the cost of adequacy of national and public elementary schools in Seoul. In addition, estimating the cost of difference according to students' characteristics, this research attempt to weight some students more heavily than others in the distribution of aid and to include an adjustment for student needs in aid formulas. The research questions and results are as follows. To start with, how much is the cost of an adequate education in Seoul national and public schools? Using cost function approach, in this research, the cost of adequacy is calculated. The result indicates that per pupil cost is about 22 ten thousand won. It is needed to ensure the finance as much as 0.3% point of Seoul national and public elementary schools' expenditure in 2011. The result of analyzing the marginal cost of improving 1% point above-average level, 74 hundred won per pupil is needed. Second, what is the result of comparing the cost of adequacy with the standard cost of education and per pupil expenditure? The variance of the cost of adequacy is the largest among three kinds of educational cost. Especially, comparing the cost of adequacy with the standard cost of education, educational input as much as the standard cost of education doesn't ensure any percentage of above-average level achievement. Lastly, how is the cost of adequacy different to according to students' characteristic? To accomplish the equal outcomes to the performance of general students, free lunch students require the cost as much as 1.12 times. This study suggests that the present formula funding in education based on the standard cost of education is not appropriate for pursuing the equity of outcomes, because certain students will need to pay more to achieve any given students performance. However, distribution based on the standard cost of education is just convenient to allocate educational budget collectively. The objective of this study is to reflect cost differentials to achieve any given outcomes according to students in education finance distribution. For further studies, it is needed to research for additional cost of variant students such as increasing multi-cultural family students. Studies on plan to secure budget and methods to allocate resources are also in demand.Ⅰ. 서론 6 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 연구 문제 4 3. 연구의 제한점 5 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 6 1. 교육재정의 충분성 7 2. 적정교육비 산출 연구 10 3. 표준교육비 15 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 25 1. 자료수집 방법 및 분석 대상 26 2. 변수선정 27 3. 연구모형 및 분석방법 31 Ⅳ. 결과 35 1. 적정교육비 산출 35 2. 적정교육비, 표준교육비, 실제교육비 간의 비교 46 3. 무료급식학생 1인당 가중치 산출 48 Ⅴ. 결론 및 논의 52 참 고 문 헌 56 Abstract 63Maste

A Study on Voice User Interface for Domestic Appliance

This paper describes a Voice User Interface(VUI) method and a design guideline tool which supports the studies for domestic appliance. This issue covers specification of user requirement and selection of appropriate VUI to represent speech generation. The criteria for paper is interaction design to enhance user engagement. The studies were carried out to measure prototype of domestic appliance such as a refrigerator, a washing machine, a Gimchi refrigerator, an oven range, a dishwasher and an air conditioner. This paper is presented a study of user preferences and suitability. The results of these findings to voice interface design are discussed and it is suggested that VUI guideline and optimal prototyping can provide a useful application tools in the design process.ope

Korean Humanitarian Policy Governance Building Process and its Complex Factors

본 논문은 정부의 인도적 지원 활동의 확대와 동시에 민간단체들과의 공조체계 구축을 바탕으로 한 거버넌스가 형성된 점에 주목한다. 거버넌스는 학문마다 다르게 정의되지만 공통적으로 다양한 행위자들의 참여, 수평적 의사결정, 숙의를 통한 협치 등을 그 특징으로 한다. 반면 타국민을 대상으로 하는 일방적인 수혜정책이며 특히 신속한 의사결정을 필요로 하는 해외긴급구호 등 인도적 지원 정책은 참여와 숙의를 통한 정책결정 및 이행이 어려운 분야이다. 이를 배경으로 본 연구는 상대적으로 어려운 조건에도 불구하고 거버넌스가 확립되는 데에 어떤 요인들이 작용하였는지 설명하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 이를 위해 정책 변화에 초점을 맞춰 거버넌스 형성과정을 세 단계로 나누어 검토하고 이에 영향을 미친 복합요인들을 기능적 측면, 규범적 측면, 그리고 국가이익에 대한 아이디어 변화라는 촉매요인으로 구분하여 분석한다. 포괄적인 틀에서 복합요인을 동시에 고려하는 연구 방식은 특정 시점에서 정책적·제도적 변화를 현실에 가깝게 설명함으로써 거버넌스를 보다 정교하게 이해할 수 있도록 일조한다.This study focuses on participatory and deliberative governance which has been built and institutionalized in humanitarian assistance policy recent years. It is relatively more difficult to build governance in ODA polices, especially, in humanitarian policies as they are beneficent policies for foreign people and, moreover, rapid decision making is critical in overseas emergency relief. Nevertheless, governance based on public-private partnership has been emphasized and financial support for NGO has been institutionalized in this field. Within these contexts, the aim of this article is to empirically analyze what factors influence on governance building. This paper chronologically divides the governance building process into three parts and reviews whether governance has actually been constructed. Then, it explains the complex factors from three different aspects: functional aspect as pull factor, normative aspect as push factor and reinterpretation of national interest as a catalyst. This case analyzing hardly offers a theoretical model by itself. On the contrary, the thick explanation on political and institutional changes provided by this case study contributes to understand governance more comprehensively

결핵 감염 진단을 위한 IP-10의 유용성 고찰

Dept. of Medicine/석사Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate inducible protein 10 (IP-10) as an additional biomarker for specific tuberculosis (TB) infection in an area of intermediate TB burden and to evaluate the ability of IP-10 to distinguish between active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI).Method: Eighty individuals were prospectively enrolled: 25 with active pulmonary TB, 25 household contacts, and 30 healthy controls. We measured IP-10 in serum and in supernatants from whole blood stimulated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific antigen. Enrolled individuals were also tested using a QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube assay (QFT-GIT) and a tuberculin skin test.Results: TB antigen-dependent IP-10 secretion (IP-10 TB-Nil) was significantly increased in the active TB and LTBI groups compared with controls, but did not differ significantly between the active TB and the LTBI groups. Serum IP-10 levels were higher in the active TB group (174.9 pg/ml) than in the LTBI group (102.7 pg/ml, P=0.002). When the IP-10 response to TB antigen was scored based on receiver operating characteristic analysis, active TB was predicted with 88% sensitivity and 90.5% specificity. The QFT-GIT assay showed 96% sensitivity and 81% specificity for active TB. The combination of the TB antigen-dependent IP-10 response and serum IP-10 level resulted in 81.6% correct classification of active TB or LTBI.Conclusion: The IP-10 response to TB antigen stimulation may represent a specific biomarker for TB infection, but does not by itself distinguish between active TB and LTBI. Serum IP-10 may help to distinguish active TB from LTBI when used in combination with another marker.ope