Effects of Dietary Cashew Nut Testa as an Alternative to Wheat Bran in Swine Diet

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농생명공학부, 2017. 2. 김유용.Effects of Dietary Cashew Nut Testa as an Alternative to Wheat Bran in Swine Diet These experiments were conducted to evaluate the 1) effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) as an alternative ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs, 2) effects of dietary CNT levels as an alternative of wheat bran in gestating sow and 3) effect of dietary CNT supplementation levels on nutrient digestibility in gestating sows. Experiments I. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa as an alternative ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs. This experiment was performed to assess the effect of different level of CNT in growing-finishing pig diets on growth performance, blood profile and carcass characteristics. A total of 160 crossbred pigs ([Landrace X Yorkshire] X Duroc) with an average body weight of 28.05 ± 8.47kg were used for 12 weeks feeding trial for grower and finisher in Seoul National University Experimental Farm. Pigs were allotted to one of four treatments with 4 replicates and 10 pigs per pen in randomized completely block (RCB) design based on sex and initial body weight. Treatments were: 1] CON: corn and SBM based diets which met requirements of NRC (1998) + 0% CNT, 2] C2: CON + 2% CNT, 3] C4: CON + 4% CNT, and 4] C6: CON + 6% CNT. There was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) among treatments, but ADFI showed linear response in growingⅠ(P=0.02) and finishingⅠphase (P=0.04), respectively. Feed efficiency in growingⅠphase showed significant linear difference and quadratic response as the amount of CNT increased (linear, P<0.01quadratic, P=0.02). Total cholesterol concentration was decreased by addition of CNT during the whole experimental period. There were no significant differences in BUN, creatinine, insulin and glucose concentration during 12 weeks of experiment. No significant differences were observed in WHC, cooking loss and shear force of pork as the level of CNT supplementation. In economic efficiency, feed costs per gain during whole experiment (0-12 week) were lower in the order of C6, C2, CON and C4. Consequently, this experiment demonstrated that addition of 6% CNT can be supplemented in growing-finishing pig diet without any negative effects on growth performance, pork quality and feed cost. Experiments II. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa levels as an alternative of wheat bran in gestating sow This experiment was performed to determine the effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) instead of wheat bran as an ingredient on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk composition, and blood profiles of sows in gestation. The experiment was started when sows were on their 35 days of pregnancy with an initial average body weight (BW) of 211.53 ± 3.52 kg. 40 multiparous sows (Yorkshire × Landrace) were allotted to one of four treatments based on BW, backfat thickness and parity in 10 replicates. Treatments were as followed: 1] C0: corn-SBM based diet, 2] C2: basal diet with 2% CNT, 3] C4: basal diet with 4% CNT, and 4] C6: basal diet with 6% CNT. Experimental diet (gestating diet) contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 12.90% crude protein, 0.74% lysine, 0.20% methionine, 0.90% calcium, and 0.70% total phosphorus, respectively. Other nutrients were met or exceeded NRC requirement (1998). There were no significant differences in body weight, body weight change, backfat thickness, and backfat thickness changes of gestating sows at 35 day, 70 day, and 110 day, 24 hour after parturition and 21day of lactation among treatments. But the body weight change of lactating sows tended to decrease linearly (P=0.09) and the daily feed intake of sows tended to increase (P=0.09) during lactation. The quadratic response was observed in weaning to estrus interval (WEI) after weaning (P=0.02), and the treatment added 2% of CNT (C2) showed the shortest WEI among treatments. Total born alive piglets were 10% higher in C2 and 12.5% higher in C4 treatment, respectively compared to control treatment. Litter birth weight (P = 0.04) and piglet weight (P = 0.01) after cross-fostering were reduced by addition of CNT in diet. However, litter weight gain and piglet weight gain had no significant differences in 21 day of lactation. In milk composition, the percentage of fat (p = 0.03), lactose (p = 0.02) and total solid (p = 0.03) in 24 h postpartum showed a quadratic correlation with the increasing CNT level during gestation while lactation progressed showed no correlation. Along with the increasing CNT level in diets, insulin concentration at 70 d of gestation was reduced linearly (p = 0.03). Consequently, there were no negative effects of addition of 4% CNT instead of wheat bran in gestating sow. Consequently, 4% of CNT supplementation instead of wheat bran in gestating sows diet could be acceptable as an alternative ingredient. Experiments III. Effect of dietary cashew nut testa supplementation levels on nutrient digestibility in gestating sows This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of cashew nut testa (CNT) supplementation levels on nutrient digestibility and its availability in gestating sows. A total of 20 gestating sows (Yorkshire × Landrace, at d 90 of gestation) with initial BW of 252.61 ± 24.69 kg, BF thickness (P2 position) of 23.4 mm and average parity 6.5 was used in a digestibility trial. Sows were allotted to one of four treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) by their body weight, backfat thickness and their parity. Treatments were: 1] C0: corn-SBM based diet, 2] C2: basal diet with 2% CNT, 3] C4: basal diet with 4% CNT, and 4] C6: basal diet with 6% CNT. Experimental diet (gestating diet) contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 12.90% crude protein, 0.74% lysine, 0.20% methionine, 0.90% calcium, and 0.70% total phosphorus, respectively. Other nutrients were met or exceeded NRC requirement (1998). There were no significant differences in BW and BF thickness at initial and final days of trial by dietary CNT level. Increasing the supplementation of CNT level decreased digestibility of dry matter (linear, P=0.03), crude protein (linear, P=0.04), ether extract (linear, P=0.05) in gestating sows. Also, crude fiber, ADF and NDF digestibility tended to decease linearly by increase of dietary CNT level (linear, P=0.07linear, P=0.06, linear, P=0.02, respectively). These results indicated that nutrients digestibility was lowered as dietary CNT level was increased, but body weight and backfat thickness of sows were not affected by dietary CNT during gestation.Chapter I. General Introduction 1 Chapter II. Literature Review 4 1. Alternative feed sources in swine diet 4 1.1 Anti-nutritional factor 5 1.2 Palatability 5 1.3 Nutrient variability 6 2. The fibrous source as an alternative ingredient 7 2.1 Introduction 7 2.2 Wheat bran 8 2.3 Soy hull 9 2.4 Rice bran 10 2.5 Distillers dried grains with soluble 11 2.6 Palm kennel meal 13 2.7 Copra meal 15 3. General information of Cashew 16 3.1 Cashew nut 16 3.2 Global perspective 17 3.3 Cashew products and by-products: uses and processing 19 3.3.1 Cashew nut processing 20 3.3.2 Cashew kennel 22 3.3.3 Cashew apple 24 3.3.4 Cashew nut shell liquid 25 3.3.5 Cashew nut testa (skin extract) 26 3.3.6 Cashew shell cake 27 3.3.7 Cashew bark 28 3.4 Inclusion of cashew products in animal diet 28 3.4.1 Introduction 28 3.4.2 Evaluation of nutritional quality of dried cashew products 28 3.4.3 Cashew by-products in ruminant diet 29 3.4.4 Cashew by-products in swine diet 30 3.4.5 Tannin effects in animal diet 31 4. Literature Cited 33 Chapter Ⅲ. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa as alternative ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs 50 Abstract 50 Introduction 51 Material and Methods 52 Results and Discussion 55 Conclusion 60 References 61 Chapter Ⅳ. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa levels as an alternative of wheat bran in gestating sow 74 Abstract 74 Introduction 75 Material and Methods 76 Results and Discussion 78 Conclusion 81 References 83 Chapter Ⅴ. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa levels on nutrient digestibility in gestating sow 93 Abstract 93 Introduction 94 Material and Methods 95 Results and Discussion 98 Conclusion 100 References 101 Chapter Ⅵ. Overall Conclusion 110 Chapter Ⅶ. Summary in Korean 113Docto

Improved Write-back Scheme in the Page Cache Layer to Improve I/O Performance in Linux

Maste

Mannanase를 첨가한 야자박 수준별 급여가 육성, 비육돈의 성장, 영양소 소화율, 돈육 품질에 미치는 영향

Thesis(masters) --서울대학교 대학원 :농생명공학부, 2009.2.Maste

Efficacy of portal vein embolization in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma

의학과/석사[한글] 간문부암 환자에서는 생존율을 높이기 위한 근치적 수술을 위해 때로는 대량 간절제술(5개의 간엽 (segment) 이상의 절제)이 필요하며 이로 인해 합병증이 발생하고 수술 후 회복이 늦어져 비교적 입원 기간이 길어지는 경우가 있다. 이러한 문제점을 보완하기 위해 간문맥 색전술이 소개되었으며 본 연구에서 간문맥 색전술의 안정성 및 효용성에 대해 조사하고자 하였다. 2001년 1월부터 2007년 12월까지 연세대학교 의과대학 외과학 교실 세브란스 병원에 입원하여 간문부암으로 진단 받고 간절제가 이루어진 77예의 환자 중 우측 대량 간절제술이 시행된 32예의 환자를 대상으로 하여 간문맥 색전술을 시행한 환자(N=13), 시행하지 않은 환자(N=19)로 구분하여 후향적 연구를 진행하였다. 수술 계획에 따른 예상 잔존간(future liver remnant)의 부피를 간문맥 색전술 전과 후, 그리고 간문맥 색전술 미시행군과 비교하였다. 간문맥 색전술의 합병증, 수술 결과, 생존율을 비교하였다. 두 군을 전간에 대한 예상 잔존간 비율 25%를 경계로 세분화하여 네 군으로 비교하였을 때 각 군의 성별, 나이, 수술 시간, 출혈양, 수혈양, 수술 후 빌리루빈 수치, 중환자실 입원 기간에는 차이가 없었고 수술 방법에서 차이를 보였다. 간문맥 색전술로 인해 발열, 복통 및 오심, 담즙종(biloma)등의 합병증이 있었으나 대부분 대증적 치료로 회복되었고 이로 인한 사망은 없었다. 간문맥 색전술을 시행한 환자에서 색전술 전의 전간에 대한 예상 잔존간의 비율은 20.4%(16-35%)였고, 간문맥 색전술을 시행하지 않은 환자에서는 25.8%(15-47%)로 간문맥 색전술을 시행한 환자들의 예상 잔존간의 비율이 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다 (P=0.02). 간문맥 색전술 전의 전체 간 부피에 대한 예상 잔존간의 부피는 간문맥 색전술 후 27.8%(23-42%)로 증가하였다 (P=0.001). 간문맥 색전술을 시행하지 않은 환자에서 전간에 대한 예상 잔존간의 부피는 간문맥 색전술 시행군에서 간문맥 색전술 후의 부피와 큰 차이가 없었다 (P=0.74). 간문맥 색전술을 시행한 환자에서 간문맥 색전술 전과 후를 비교하였을 때 7.2%(2-11%)의 부피 증가를 보여주었다. 간문맥 색전술 미시행군에서 전간에 대한 예상 잔존간의 부피 비율이 15%, 19%였던 환자가 간부전으로 사망하였다. 두 군의 생존율 및 무병 생존율의 차이는 없었다. 예상 잔존간의 부피가 작아 대량 간절제술을 시행하기 어려운 환자에서 술 전 간문맥 색전술은 안전하고 효과적인 방법이다. [영문]Introduction: Extend hepatectomy(resection of≥5 hepatic segments) is necessary for radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. But Complication contribute to an extended hospital stay and delayed recovery. Preoperative portal vein embolization(PVE) is used to prevent postoperative liver insufficiency. The current study examined the efficacy and safety of portal vein embolization Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 34 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated with extended hepatectomy from 2001 to 2007. Preoperative PVE was performed for 13 patients and 19 patients was operated without PVE. We calculated the volume of future liver remnant(FLR) before and after PVE. We compared with each other and FLR of patients without PVE. Complication of PVE, results of operation, survival rate was examined Results: There is no significant difference between PVE and non-PVE groups in terms of sex, age, operation time, blood loss, transfusion, postoperative bilirubin, prothrombin time, length of ICU stay. No major complications were observed afte resection. The FLR at presentation was significantly smaller in patients who underwent PVE than in patients who did not undergo PVE (20.4% (16-35%) vs 25.8% (15-47%); P=0.02). After PVE, FLR volumes increased significantly (20.4% (16-35%) to 27.8% (23-42%), P=0.001). Preoperative FLR volumes were similar in both groups (P=0.74). The median increase in ratio of FLR per total liver volume was 7.2% (2-11%). Two patients with small FLR (15% and 19%) died due to postoperative liver failure. Overall survival and disease-free survival were equivalent in the 2 groups Conclusion: PVE is a safe and effective method for patients who would be marginal candidates for extended hepatectomy based on a small FLR.ope

Estimation of the Finger Joint Center of Rotation Using a 3D Hand Model and Surface Landmarks

MasterIn digital human modeling, a finger joint center of rotation (CoR) which refers to the center of relative rotation between two adjacent bone segments needs to be estimated for shaping the link model. Joint CoR can be divided into two types: (1) fixed joint CoR, which has a fixed position regardless of hand posture, and (2) instantaneous joint CoR, whose position changes according to hand posture. Joint CoRs can be estimated from medical scan data (skeleton-based estimation) or motion capture data (surface-based estimation). The skeleton-based estimation provides accurate joint CoR compared to surface-based estimation. However, there’s a risk of exposure to radiation due to CT/MRI scanning. In addition, the process of aligning the bone segments takes a lot of time. On the other hand, the surface-based estimation is safe and fast in data acquisition. However, the joint CoR may not be estimated as accurate as the skeleton-based estimation because of the soft tissue deformation. The present study is intended to construct 3D hand models and develop regression models to estimate fixed and instantaneous joint CoRs using surface landmarks. The proposed study consists of three steps: (1) constructing 3D hand models including bone shape, fixed joint CoR location, instantaneous joint CoR location, and surface mesh, (2) developing regression models that can estimate the coordinates of joint CoR based on the coordinates of surface landmarks, (3) evaluating the performance of the model through the mean distance (MD) between the joint CoRs estimated through the developed regression model and the constructed reference joint CoRs. First, 3D hand models for 9 participants (male 6, female 3) with 10 postures per person were constructed through the CT scanning experiment. The bone shape of the template posture (posture 1) obtained from the CT scan image was divided into 29 bone segments and registered to the rest of the posture (posture 2 ~ 10). The joint CoR data were constructed for all the postures (posture 1 ~ 10) using joint CoR data estimated from the skeleton-based method by Lim et al. (2018). The surface mesh was obtained with the bone shape from the CT scan image and the bone was removed using RapidForm2006 (Inus Technology, Inc., Korea) which is 3D image processing software. The template mesh was aligned with the remaining target meshes through template registration and the number and positions of vertices of the surface mesh were standardized. Second, a novel regression model for joint CoR estimation was established using coordinates of 4 surface landmarks around the joint CoRs. Twelve joint CoRs (distal interphalangeal (DIP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger) were estimated. Three landmark sets (registered surrounding set, registered dorsal set, and manual dorsal set) were established according to the landmark locations (surrounding, dorsal), and landmarking method (manual, registration). The landmarks of the surrounding set are located in the dorsal, basal, radial and ulnar directions of each joint CoR, whereas the landmarks of the dorsal set are located on the dorsum of the finger to which the joint CoR belongs. Unlike manual landmarking, in which landmarks are manually inserted into the surface mesh by an analyst, the registration landmarking is a method of inserting landmarks into the template mesh only and registering the landmarks on the target mesh by template registration. The models for estimating fixed joint CoR and instantaneous joint CoR were developed separately. Third, the constructed hand models were divided into four sets and cross validation was performed to evaluate the performance of the established regression model. In the test set, the distances between the estimated joint CoRs and the reference joint CoRs were calculated, and the estimation performance of the regression model was evaluated based on the mean distance (MD). In both the fixed and instantaneous joint CoR estimation models, the MD of the registered surrounding set and that of the registered dorsal set showed no significant difference for 10 out of 12 joint CoRs. The manual dorsal set showed significantly lower MD for 8 out of 12 joint CoRs than the registered dorsal set. There was no significant difference between the fixed joint CoR estimation model and the instantaneous joint CoR estimation model except for the MCP of the little finger when the landmark set was same. The surface landmark-based fixed joint CoR estimation model developed in this study has improved overall performance compared to the surface-based fixed joint CoR estimation model of Lim et al. (2018). Especially, the MD of the manual dorsal landmark set-based estimation model was found to be 24.8% ~ 58.4% lower in DIP, 35.5% ~ 60.4% lower in PIP, and 43.3% ~ 73.1% lower in MCP compared to that of the estimation model of Lim et al. (2018)

SSD와 HDD에 대한 리눅스 I/O Subsystem의 성능평가

2

POSCFS+: 모바일 컴퓨팅 환경에서의 디바이스 연계 통합을 위한 분산 파일 서비스

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