29 research outputs found
Effects of Dietary Cashew Nut Testa as an Alternative to Wheat Bran in Swine Diet
ํ์๋
ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ์ฌ)-- ์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ : ๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2017. 2. ๊น์ ์ฉ.Effects of Dietary Cashew Nut Testa
as an Alternative to Wheat Bran in Swine Diet
These experiments were conducted to evaluate the 1) effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) as an alternative ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs, 2) effects of dietary CNT levels as an alternative of wheat bran in gestating sow and 3) effect of dietary CNT supplementation levels on nutrient digestibility in gestating sows.
Experiments I. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa as an alternative ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs.
This experiment was performed to assess the effect of different level of CNT in growing-finishing pig diets on growth performance, blood profile and carcass characteristics. A total of 160 crossbred pigs ([Landrace X Yorkshire] X Duroc) with an average body weight of 28.05 ยฑ 8.47kg were used for 12 weeks feeding trial for grower and finisher in Seoul National University Experimental Farm. Pigs were allotted to one of four treatments with 4 replicates and 10 pigs per pen in randomized completely block (RCB) design based on sex and initial body weight. Treatments were: 1] CON: corn and SBM based diets which met requirements of NRC (1998) + 0% CNT, 2] C2: CON + 2% CNT, 3] C4: CON + 4% CNT, and 4] C6: CON + 6% CNT. There was no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) among treatments, but ADFI showed linear response in growingโ
(P=0.02) and finishingโ
phase (P=0.04), respectively. Feed efficiency in growingโ
phase showed significant linear difference and quadratic response as the amount of CNT increased (linear, P<0.01quadratic, P=0.02). Total cholesterol concentration was decreased by addition of CNT during the whole experimental period. There were no significant differences in BUN, creatinine, insulin and glucose concentration during 12 weeks of experiment. No significant differences were observed in WHC, cooking loss and shear force of pork as the level of CNT supplementation. In economic efficiency, feed costs per gain during whole experiment (0-12 week) were lower in the order of C6, C2, CON and C4. Consequently, this experiment demonstrated that addition of 6% CNT can be supplemented in growing-finishing pig diet without any negative effects on growth performance, pork quality and feed cost.
Experiments II. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa levels as an alternative of wheat bran in gestating sow
This experiment was performed to determine the effects of dietary cashew nut testa (CNT) instead of wheat bran as an ingredient on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk composition, and blood profiles of sows in gestation. The experiment was started when sows were on their 35 days of pregnancy with an initial average body weight (BW) of 211.53 ยฑ 3.52 kg. 40 multiparous sows (Yorkshire ร Landrace) were allotted to one of four treatments based on BW, backfat thickness and parity in 10 replicates. Treatments were as followed: 1] C0: corn-SBM based diet, 2] C2: basal diet with 2% CNT, 3] C4: basal diet with 4% CNT, and 4] C6: basal diet with 6% CNT. Experimental diet (gestating diet) contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 12.90% crude protein, 0.74% lysine, 0.20% methionine, 0.90% calcium, and 0.70% total phosphorus, respectively. Other nutrients were met or exceeded NRC requirement (1998). There were no significant differences in body weight, body weight change, backfat thickness, and backfat thickness changes of gestating sows at 35 day, 70 day, and 110 day, 24 hour after parturition and 21day of lactation among treatments. But the body weight change of lactating sows tended to decrease linearly (P=0.09) and the daily feed intake of sows tended to increase (P=0.09) during lactation. The quadratic response was observed in weaning to estrus interval (WEI) after weaning (P=0.02), and the treatment added 2% of CNT (C2) showed the shortest WEI among treatments. Total born alive piglets were 10% higher in C2 and 12.5% higher in C4 treatment, respectively compared to control treatment. Litter birth weight (P = 0.04) and piglet weight (P = 0.01) after cross-fostering were reduced by addition of CNT in diet. However, litter weight gain and piglet weight gain had no significant differences in 21 day of lactation. In milk composition, the percentage of fat (p = 0.03), lactose (p = 0.02) and total solid (p = 0.03) in 24 h postpartum showed a quadratic correlation with the increasing CNT level during gestation while lactation progressed showed no correlation. Along with the increasing CNT level in diets, insulin concentration at 70 d of gestation was reduced linearly (p = 0.03). Consequently, there were no negative effects of addition of 4% CNT instead of wheat bran in gestating sow. Consequently, 4% of CNT supplementation instead of wheat bran in gestating sows diet could be acceptable as an alternative ingredient.
Experiments III. Effect of dietary cashew nut testa supplementation levels on nutrient digestibility in gestating sows
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of cashew nut testa (CNT) supplementation levels on nutrient digestibility and its availability in gestating sows. A total of 20 gestating sows (Yorkshire ร Landrace, at d 90 of gestation) with initial BW of 252.61 ยฑ 24.69 kg, BF thickness (P2 position) of 23.4 mm and average parity 6.5 was used in a digestibility trial. Sows were allotted to one of four treatments in a completely randomized design (CRD) by their body weight, backfat thickness and their parity. Treatments were: 1] C0: corn-SBM based diet, 2] C2: basal diet with 2% CNT, 3] C4: basal diet with 4% CNT, and 4] C6: basal diet with 6% CNT. Experimental diet (gestating diet) contained 3,265 kcal of ME/kg, 12.90% crude protein, 0.74% lysine, 0.20% methionine, 0.90% calcium, and 0.70% total phosphorus, respectively. Other nutrients were met or exceeded NRC requirement (1998). There were no significant differences in BW and BF thickness at initial and final days of trial by dietary CNT level. Increasing the supplementation of CNT level decreased digestibility of dry matter (linear, P=0.03), crude protein (linear, P=0.04), ether extract (linear, P=0.05) in gestating sows. Also, crude fiber, ADF and NDF digestibility tended to decease linearly by increase of dietary CNT level (linear, P=0.07linear, P=0.06, linear, P=0.02, respectively). These results indicated that nutrients digestibility was lowered as dietary CNT level was increased, but body weight and backfat thickness of sows were not affected by dietary CNT during gestation.Chapter I. General Introduction 1
Chapter II. Literature Review 4
1. Alternative feed sources in swine diet 4
1.1 Anti-nutritional factor 5
1.2 Palatability 5
1.3 Nutrient variability 6
2. The fibrous source as an alternative ingredient 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Wheat bran 8
2.3 Soy hull 9
2.4 Rice bran 10
2.5 Distillers dried grains with soluble 11
2.6 Palm kennel meal 13
2.7 Copra meal 15
3. General information of Cashew 16
3.1 Cashew nut 16
3.2 Global perspective 17
3.3 Cashew products and by-products: uses and processing 19
3.3.1 Cashew nut processing 20
3.3.2 Cashew kennel 22
3.3.3 Cashew apple 24
3.3.4 Cashew nut shell liquid 25
3.3.5 Cashew nut testa (skin extract) 26
3.3.6 Cashew shell cake 27
3.3.7 Cashew bark 28
3.4 Inclusion of cashew products in animal diet 28
3.4.1 Introduction 28
3.4.2 Evaluation of nutritional quality of dried cashew products 28
3.4.3 Cashew by-products in ruminant diet 29
3.4.4 Cashew by-products in swine diet 30
3.4.5 Tannin effects in animal diet 31
4. Literature Cited 33
Chapter โ
ข. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa as alternative ingredient on growth performance and carcass quality of growing-finishing pigs 50
Abstract 50
Introduction 51
Material and Methods 52
Results and Discussion 55
Conclusion 60
References 61
Chapter โ
ฃ. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa levels as an alternative of wheat bran in gestating sow 74
Abstract 74
Introduction 75
Material and Methods 76
Results and Discussion 78
Conclusion 81
References 83
Chapter โ
ค. Effects of dietary cashew nut testa levels on nutrient digestibility in gestating sow 93
Abstract 93
Introduction 94
Material and Methods 95
Results and Discussion 98
Conclusion 100
References 101
Chapter โ
ฅ. Overall Conclusion 110
Chapter โ
ฆ. Summary in Korean 113Docto
Improved Write-back Scheme in the Page Cache Layer to Improve I/O Performance in Linux
Maste
Mannanase๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐํ ์ผ์๋ฐ ์์ค๋ณ ๊ธ์ฌ๊ฐ ์ก์ฑ, ๋น์ก๋์ ์ฑ์ฅ, ์์์ ์ํ์จ, ๋์ก ํ์ง์ ๋ฏธ์น๋ ์ํฅ
Thesis(masters) --์์ธ๋ํ๊ต ๋ํ์ :๋์๋ช
๊ณตํ๋ถ, 2009.2.Maste
Efficacy of portal vein embolization in patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma
์ํ๊ณผ/์์ฌ[ํ๊ธ]
๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋ถ์ ํ์์์๋ ์์กด์จ์ ๋์ด๊ธฐ ์ํ ๊ทผ์น์ ์์ ์ ์ํด ๋๋ก๋ ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ (5๊ฐ์ ๊ฐ์ฝ (segment) ์ด์์ ์ ์ )์ด ํ์ํ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋ก ์ธํด ํฉ๋ณ์ฆ์ด ๋ฐ์ํ๊ณ ์์ ํ ํ๋ณต์ด ๋ฆ์ด์ ธ ๋น๊ต์ ์
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์ด ๊ธธ์ด์ง๋ ๊ฒฝ์ฐ๊ฐ ์๋ค. ์ด๋ฌํ ๋ฌธ์ ์ ์ ๋ณด์ํ๊ธฐ ์ํด ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ด ์๊ฐ๋์์ผ๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ์ฐ๊ตฌ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์์ ์ฑ ๋ฐ ํจ์ฉ์ฑ์ ๋ํด ์กฐ์ฌํ๊ณ ์ ํ์๋ค. 2001๋
1์๋ถํฐ 2007๋
12์๊น์ง ์ฐ์ธ๋ํ๊ต ์๊ณผ๋ํ ์ธ๊ณผํ ๊ต์ค ์ธ๋ธ๋์ค ๋ณ์์ ์
์ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋ถ์์ผ๋ก ์ง๋จ ๋ฐ๊ณ ๊ฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ ์ด๋ฃจ์ด์ง 77์์ ํ์ ์ค ์ฐ์ธก ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ด ์ํ๋ 32์์ ํ์๋ฅผ ๋์์ผ๋ก ํ์ฌ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํํ ํ์(N=13), ์ํํ์ง ์์ ํ์(N=19)๋ก ๊ตฌ๋ถํ์ฌ ํํฅ์ ์ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์งํํ์๋ค. ์์ ๊ณํ์ ๋ฐ๋ฅธ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ(future liver remnant)์ ๋ถํผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ๊ณผ ํ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ํ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ํฉ๋ณ์ฆ, ์์ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์์กด์จ์ ๋น๊ตํ์๋ค. ๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ ๋น์จ 25%๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ๋ก ์ธ๋ถํํ์ฌ ๋ค ๊ตฐ์ผ๋ก ๋น๊ตํ์์ ๋ ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ์ ์ฑ๋ณ, ๋์ด, ์์ ์๊ฐ, ์ถํ์, ์ํ์, ์์ ํ ๋น๋ฆฌ๋ฃจ๋น ์์น, ์คํ์์ค ์
์ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ์๋ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๊ณ ์์ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ๋ก ์ธํด ๋ฐ์ด, ๋ณตํต ๋ฐ ์ค์ฌ, ๋ด์ฆ์ข
(biloma)๋ฑ์ ํฉ๋ณ์ฆ์ด ์์์ผ๋ ๋๋ถ๋ถ ๋์ฆ์ ์น๋ฃ๋ก ํ๋ณต๋์๊ณ ์ด๋ก ์ธํ ์ฌ๋ง์ ์์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํํ ํ์์์ ์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ๋น์จ์ 20.4%(16-35%)์๊ณ , ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํํ์ง ์์ ํ์์์๋ 25.8%(15-47%)๋ก ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํํ ํ์๋ค์ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ๋น์จ์ด ํต๊ณ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ ์ํ๊ฒ ๋ฎ์๋ค (P=0.02). ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ฒด ๊ฐ ๋ถํผ์ ๋ํ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ๋ถํผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ํ 27.8%(23-42%)๋ก ์ฆ๊ฐํ์๋ค (P=0.001). ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํํ์ง ์์ ํ์์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ๋ถํผ๋ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ํ๊ตฐ์์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ํ์ ๋ถํผ์ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ ์์๋ค (P=0.74). ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์ํํ ํ์์์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ๊ณผ ํ๋ฅผ ๋น๊ตํ์์ ๋ 7.2%(2-11%)์ ๋ถํผ ์ฆ๊ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ฌ์ฃผ์๋ค. ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ๋ฏธ์ํ๊ตฐ์์ ์ ๊ฐ์ ๋ํ ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ๋ถํผ ๋น์จ์ด 15%, 19%์๋ ํ์๊ฐ ๊ฐ๋ถ์ ์ผ๋ก ์ฌ๋งํ์๋ค. ๋ ๊ตฐ์ ์์กด์จ ๋ฐ ๋ฌด๋ณ ์์กด์จ์ ์ฐจ์ด๋ ์์๋ค. ์์ ์์กด๊ฐ์ ๋ถํผ๊ฐ ์์ ๋๋ ๊ฐ์ ์ ์ ์ ์ํํ๊ธฐ ์ด๋ ค์ด ํ์์์ ์ ์ ๊ฐ๋ฌธ๋งฅ ์์ ์ ์ ์์ ํ๊ณ ํจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ์ด๋ค.
[์๋ฌธ]Introduction: Extend hepatectomy(resection ofโฅ5 hepatic segments) is necessary for radical resection of hilar cholangiocarcinoma. But Complication contribute to an extended hospital stay and delayed recovery. Preoperative portal vein embolization(PVE) is used to prevent postoperative liver insufficiency. The current study examined the efficacy and safety of portal vein embolization
Materials and methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in 34 patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma treated with extended hepatectomy from 2001 to 2007. Preoperative PVE was performed for 13 patients and 19 patients was operated without PVE. We calculated the volume of future liver remnant(FLR) before and after PVE. We compared with each other and FLR of patients without PVE. Complication of PVE, results of operation, survival rate was examined
Results: There is no significant difference between PVE and non-PVE groups in terms of sex, age, operation time, blood loss, transfusion, postoperative bilirubin, prothrombin time, length of ICU stay. No major complications were observed afte resection. The FLR at presentation was significantly smaller in patients who underwent PVE than in patients who did not undergo PVE (20.4% (16-35%) vs 25.8% (15-47%); P=0.02). After PVE, FLR volumes increased significantly (20.4% (16-35%) to 27.8% (23-42%), P=0.001). Preoperative FLR volumes were similar in both groups (P=0.74). The median increase in ratio of FLR per total liver volume was 7.2% (2-11%). Two patients with small FLR (15% and 19%) died due to postoperative liver failure. Overall survival and disease-free survival were equivalent in the 2 groups
Conclusion: PVE is a safe and effective method for patients who would be marginal candidates for extended hepatectomy based on a small FLR.ope
Estimation of the Finger Joint Center of Rotation Using a 3D Hand Model and Surface Landmarks
MasterIn digital human modeling, a finger joint center of rotation (CoR) which refers to the center of relative rotation between two adjacent bone segments needs to be estimated for shaping the link model. Joint CoR can be divided into two types: (1) fixed joint CoR, which has a fixed position regardless of hand posture, and (2) instantaneous joint CoR, whose position changes according to hand posture. Joint CoRs can be estimated from medical scan data (skeleton-based estimation) or motion capture data (surface-based estimation). The skeleton-based estimation provides accurate joint CoR compared to surface-based estimation. However, thereโs a risk of exposure to radiation due to CT/MRI scanning. In addition, the process of aligning the bone segments takes a lot of time. On the other hand, the surface-based estimation is safe and fast in data acquisition. However, the joint CoR may not be estimated as accurate as the skeleton-based estimation because of the soft tissue deformation.
The present study is intended to construct 3D hand models and develop regression models to estimate fixed and instantaneous joint CoRs using surface landmarks. The proposed study consists of three steps: (1) constructing 3D hand models including bone shape, fixed joint CoR location, instantaneous joint CoR location, and surface mesh, (2) developing regression models that can estimate the coordinates of joint CoR based on the coordinates of surface landmarks, (3) evaluating the performance of the model through the mean distance (MD) between the joint CoRs estimated through the developed regression model and the constructed reference joint CoRs.
First, 3D hand models for 9 participants (male 6, female 3) with 10 postures per person were constructed through the CT scanning experiment. The bone shape of the template posture (posture 1) obtained from the CT scan image was divided into 29 bone segments and registered to the rest of the posture (posture 2 ~ 10). The joint CoR data were constructed for all the postures (posture 1 ~ 10) using joint CoR data estimated from the skeleton-based method by Lim et al. (2018). The surface mesh was obtained with the bone shape from the CT scan image and the bone was removed using RapidForm2006 (Inus Technology, Inc., Korea) which is 3D image processing software. The template mesh was aligned with the remaining target meshes through template registration and the number and positions of vertices of the surface mesh were standardized.
Second, a novel regression model for joint CoR estimation was established using coordinates of 4 surface landmarks around the joint CoRs. Twelve joint CoRs (distal interphalangeal (DIP), proximal interphalangeal (PIP), and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) of the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger) were estimated. Three landmark sets (registered surrounding set, registered dorsal set, and manual dorsal set) were established according to the landmark locations (surrounding, dorsal), and landmarking method (manual, registration). The landmarks of the surrounding set are located in the dorsal, basal, radial and ulnar directions of each joint CoR, whereas the landmarks of the dorsal set are located on the dorsum of the finger to which the joint CoR belongs. Unlike manual landmarking, in which landmarks are manually inserted into the surface mesh by an analyst, the registration landmarking is a method of inserting landmarks into the template mesh only and registering the landmarks on the target mesh by template registration. The models for estimating fixed joint CoR and instantaneous joint CoR were developed separately.
Third, the constructed hand models were divided into four sets and cross validation was performed to evaluate the performance of the established regression model. In the test set, the distances between the estimated joint CoRs and the reference joint CoRs were calculated, and the estimation performance of the regression model was evaluated based on the mean distance (MD). In both the fixed and instantaneous joint CoR estimation models, the MD of the registered surrounding set and that of the registered dorsal set showed no significant difference for 10 out of 12 joint CoRs. The manual dorsal set showed significantly lower MD for 8 out of 12 joint CoRs than the registered dorsal set. There was no significant difference between the fixed joint CoR estimation model and the instantaneous joint CoR estimation model except for the MCP of the little finger when the landmark set was same. The surface landmark-based fixed joint CoR estimation model developed in this study has improved overall performance compared to the surface-based fixed joint CoR estimation model of Lim et al. (2018). Especially, the MD of the manual dorsal landmark set-based estimation model was found to be 24.8% ~ 58.4% lower in DIP, 35.5% ~ 60.4% lower in PIP, and 43.3% ~ 73.1% lower in MCP compared to that of the estimation model of Lim et al. (2018)
Criminal Responsibility Of the Man Who Jointly Stole Anotherโs Property On the Spot After Housebreaking At Night
POSCFS+: ๋ชจ๋ฐ์ผ ์ปดํจํ ํ๊ฒฝ์์์ ๋๋ฐ์ด์ค ์ฐ๊ณ ํตํฉ์ ์ํ ๋ถ์ฐ ํ์ผ ์๋น์ค
22kciothe
Single-site versus conventional laparoscopic appendectomy: comparison of short-term operative outcomes
BACKGROUND: Recent developments in minimally invasive surgery have introduced scarless surgeries such as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) and single-site laparoscopic surgery. Among surgical procedures, the appendectomy is one of those targeted for early adoption of new minimally invasive surgical techniques. To date, however, only a limited number of case series have been reported. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the safety and feasibility of single-site laparoscopic appendectomy (SSLA) compared with conventional laparoscopic appendectomy (CLA).
METHODS: The study enrolled 43 patients who consecutively received laparoscopic appendectomy and divided them into SSLA and CLA groups. The clinical characteristics and short-term operative outcomes of these patients were reviewed and compared.
RESULTS: The 23 patients receiving SSLA did not differ from the 20 patients receiving CLA in terms of clinical characteristics including gender, age, body mass index (BMI), location of appendix, and severity of inflammation. Likewise, operation times and postoperative complication rates did not differ between the two groups. Short-term operative outcomes such as visual analog pain score and hospital stay were not different. The incision was shorter for SSLA (22.9 ยฑ 3.9 mm) than for CLA (29.0 ยฑ 3.0 mm) (p < 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: The results of the current study suggest that SSLA is a feasible surgical alternative to CLA with an equivalent level of safety. The data also suggest that SSLA results in better cosmetic outcomes than CLA. Data from larger research studies are necessary to confirm these results and validate the use of SSLA over CLA.ope