(A) Study on the Dance Education Reflected to Platon's Educational Ideology

본 연구는 철학자이자 사상가인 Platon 의 철학에서 교육사상과 존재론에 대해 고찰해 보고 그 사상을 바탕으로 무용교육과 관련하여 현 무용교육의 문제점에 대하여 연구하고 Platon 의 교육사상이 오늘날의 무용교육에 주는 의미를 연구하였다. Platon 의 사상과 무용교육의 고찰에 있어서 전개는 다음과 같다. 1. 그리이스를 배경으로 한 Platon의 생애에 관해 고찰하였다. 2. Platon 의 철학을 근거로 교육의 의미, 교육의 기능 및 목적에 대해 고찰하였다. 3. Platon 의 존재론에서는 Orpheus교적 신체사상과 Idea론적 신체사상 그리고 무용에 있어서 중요한 심신관을 고찰하였다. 심신관은 사물과 이데아의 관계를 중심으로 고찰되어졌다. 4. Platon 의 교육사상과 관련하여 무용교육의 의미와 목표를 고찰해보고, 그에 따른 현 무용교육의 문제점과 Platon 의 철학이 현 무용교육에 어떤 의미를 부여했는지에 대해 연구하였다. Platon 의 영혼과 신체관, 이데아론적 심신관을 포함해서 그의 사상의 핵심이라 할 수 있는 존재론을 중심으로 Platon 이 인간의 신체와 정신에 대해서 어떻게 생각하였으며, 나아가 이러한 그의 사상을 바탕으로 무용교육에 어떤 의미를 부여하였는가를 연구 조사하였다. 연구결과, Platon 의 교육사상과 존재론을 통해서 논리적이고 합리적인 이데아와 사물의 관계로 보았을 때, 신체는 사물로, 영혼은 이데아에 비유 하므로써 삶을 영위하고 있는 인간에게 있어서 심신은 결코 분리될 수 없으며 인간의 심신을 나누려 하지 않는 심신일체 혹은 심신통일체로 보았다는 결과를 얻었다. 그러므로 Platon 의 철학 사상에 근거한 무용교육은 무조건 아름다움만을 추구하려는 작품을 배제하고 삶에 있어서 가치를 부여하고, 감동을 받을 수 있고 교훈을 얻을 수 있는 작품을 유도한다. 또한 무용교육에 있어서 도덕성을 강조한다고 볼 수 있다. 훌륭한 작품을 만들어내기 위해서는 마음가짐이 첫째로 중요하기 때문에 도덕성을 잃은 채 어떠한 훌륭한 작품을 만든다해도 인정받을 수 없다. 오늘날의 무용교육은 도덕성을 교육시키는 데 있어서 매우 부족하다. 훌륭한 작품을 만드는 안무가, 훌륭한 무용수에게 있어서 올바른 자세와 마음가짐은 우선이라 생각된다. 그렇기 때문에 도덕심을 강조한 Platon 의 철학사상이 현 무용교육에 주는 의미는 크다고 볼 수 있다.;The purpose of the present study is to study on the educational ideology and ontology expressed in the philosophy of Platon, the philospher and sage, then based on his ideology and relating it to dance education, study on the problems of dance education at present and study the meanings that Platon's educational ideology reflect to nowadays' dance education. The following are the stages of development in studying Platon's ideology and dance education; 1. Platon's life with special reference to its most background in Greece was studied on. 2. Based on Platon's philosphy , the meaning of education, function of education, and its purpose were studied on. 3. In Platon's ontology, his Orphean, physical notion, ideological,50 induces the works which bestow value on human life and give some precepts by which the value of life can be bestowed on human life ancl impressive precepts can be obtained. Also, it can be regarded that the dance education based on his idelogy empasizes morality in dance education at present. Since the posture of mind is so important, in the first place, in order to a splendid work, if anyone makes a good work losing morlity in itself, no recognition of it can be expected. In fact, nowadays' dance education lacks a considerable amount of the education of morality. The sound posture of mind is considered to be prior to others to the dance directors who intend to create a splendid work or to dancers. In conclusion, for such reasons, it is consideredl that the meanings that Platon's philosopical ideology bestows on dance education at present are so significant.목차 = ⅰ 논문개요 = ⅱ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 1. 연구의 목적 및 필요성 = 1 2. 연구의 문제점 = 4 3. 연구 방법 = 4 Ⅱ. Platon의 생애 = 6 Ⅲ. Platon의 교육 사상 = 12 1. 교육의 의미 = 12 2. Platon이 본 교육의 기능과 목적 = 13 Ⅳ. Platon의 존재론 = 17 1. Orpheus교의 신체 사상 = 17 2. Idea론적 신체 사상 = 19 3. Platon의 심신관 = 24 Ⅴ. Platon의 교육 사상과 무용 교육 = 31 1. 무용교육의 의미 = 31 2. 무용 교육의 목표 = 32 3. Platon의 교육 사상에 비춰본 현 무용 교육의 문제점 = 36 4. Platon 철학이 현 무용교육에 주는 의미 = 39 Ⅵ. 결론 = 43 참고문헌 = 45 ABSTRACT = 4

Roles of mTOR and NAMPT in cancer metastasis

DoctorCancer cells adapt their metabolism to overcome the stressful microenvironment which causes the metabolic stress, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation and acidification. The alterations to cellular metabolism are important in cancer progression. The mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) link to the nutrient availability and cell growth. mTOR signaling is dysregulated in many cancer and promotes the destructive growth of cancer. Despite emerging targets in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway to treat cancer, using the mTOR pathway to treat cholangiocarcinoma (CC) has yet to be investigated. In this study, we investigate which CC cell types are susceptible to rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, and whether rapamycin could suppress effectively the growth and the metastatic properties in CC cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Here, we found that activation of the AKT/mTOR pathway was correlated with the different degrees of dedifferentiation in CC cell lines. In the sarcomatoid CC cell line, SCK, the Akt/mTOR pathway was more activated than in the well- or moderately-differentiated adenomatoid CC cells, such as the Cho-CK and Choi-CK cells. mTOR inhibition by rapamycin treatment caused cell cycle arrest through down-regulation of the expression of CDK2 and CDK4, which suppressed the proliferation of CC cells in vitro. In the xenograft tumor models used for the in vivo studies, rapamycin suppressed tumor growth in subcutaneous CCs, and especially in sarcomatoid SCK cells. Furthermore, inhibition of the mTOR pathway with rapamycin could suppress the motility and the peritoneal dissemination of sarcomatoid SCK cells. Rapamycin decreased significantly the number of tumor nodules and prolonged the survival rates of nude mice inoculated with sarcomatoid CC cells intraperitoneally. Prolonged treatments with rapamycin were found to disrupt the mTORC2 assembly and to reduce the phosphorylation of STAT3 at Ser 727 in SCK cells. Rapamycin decreased both mRNA and protein levels of MMP2 and Twist1, which are regulated by STAT3 and associated with cancer metastasis. The overexpression of STAT3 S727A lacking the phosphorylation site resulted in significantly less sensitivity to rapamycin than the overexpression of STAT3 WT. Taken together, our data suggest that rapamycin is a potential anticancer treatment for CCs and is especially effective in treating sarcomatoid CCs via the impairment of mTORC1 and mTORC2 assemblies. NAMPT is an enzyme of the rating-limiting step for NAD biosynthesis and is known to be induced by metabolic stress. However, the underlying mechanisms by which NAMPT alters metabolism in cancer cells are not fully established. In this study, we revealed that NAMPT induced the resistance to glucose deprivation in breast cancer cells. Breast cancer cells with high expression of NAMPT exhibited the resistance to glucose deprivation and the modulation of NAMPT expression affected the cell survival during glucose deprivation. NAMPT could not regulate the ATP depletion but the ROS generation upon glucose depletion. Glucose deprivation decreased the levels of NADPH via the impairment of pentose phosphate pathway. But NAMPT increased the levels of NADPH and prolonged cell survival by down-regulating the level of ROS during glucose deprivation. Sirt1 mediated the NAMPT-mediated the resistance to glucose deprivation. We further confirmed that 2-deoxy-D-glucose, glucose analogue, combined with FK866, NAMPT inhibitor, enhanced oxidative stress and promote cell death. Taken together, our data suggest that the roles of NAMPT in NADPH generation could be important in cancer cell survival under glucose deprivation

Roles of NAMPT in the regulation of oxidative stress for cancer cell survival under glucose deprivation.

1

NAMPT regulates metabolic stress in cancer progression by maintaining NADPH levels.

1

Rapamycin suppresses metastatic capability of sarcomatous cholangiocarcinoma by blocking STAT3

1

NAMPT regulates glucose starvation-induced oxidative stress via AMPK in the breast cancer

2

NAMPT regulates the glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress by increasing the levels of NADPH

2

NAMPT suppresses glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress by increasing NADPH levels.

1

Bnip3 is degraded by Beclin-1-independent autophagy

2