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    ์ ˆ์—ฐ์ธต ์ธก๋ฒฝ์„ ๊ธˆ์† ๋ฐ•๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•œ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ฝ˜ ํ‰๋ฉด ์ด์˜จํŠธ๋žฉ ์นฉ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2017. 8. ์กฐ๋™์ผ.An ion trap is a device to confine charged particles by utilizing electromagnetic fields. Since the trapped ions have a feasibility of the individual state manipulation, a long coherence time, and an ideal isolation from the surroundings, the ion-trap technology becomes one of the leading candidates for the physical implementation of quantum information processing. In order to build a large-scale integrated ion-trap system for realizing complex quantum algorithms, microfabrication technologies have been applied to construct ion traps. The use of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) ion-trap chip allows a scalable architecture of ion-trap arrays and integration of functional components to the trap chip, but a few side effects also arise. One of the most particular problems is stray fields generated by the charges accumulated on the sidewalls of thick dielectric pillars or the native oxide grown on metal surfaces, since the stray fields lead to ion micromotions which can cause heating and escape of the trapped ions. This dissertation presents a silicon surface ion-trap chip with dielectric sidewalls shielded by metal films. The oxide pillars supporting the top electrodes are fabricated to have overhang structures, and the upper and lower part of the pillars are coated by separate aluminum layers which are electrically isolated from each other. In order to evaluate the effects of the native metal oxide on the electrode surface to the charging phenomenon, a trap chip with an additional gold layer on the aluminum electrodes is also fabricated. An ultra-high vacuum (UHV) chamber, electrical connections, and an optical setup are prepared to trap 174Yb+ ions, and the ions are successfully trapped by using the experimental setup including the fabricated ion-trap chip. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed electrode structures, charging is intentionally induced on the chip surface by injecting a 355-nm pulse laser with 40-ฮผW power perpendicularly to the chip surface. The intensity of the stray field is estimated by measuring the displacement of ion position after charging is induced. When the Al-based chips with exposed and Al-coated dielectric sidewalls are used, the standard deviation of the intensities of stray fields are 3.53, and 5.63 V/m, respectively. However, the standard deviation of the intensity of stray fields in the case of using Au-coated chip is 1.56 V/m, and any stray field is measured when the laser was injected on the surface or sidewalls of the gold-coated electrodes. These experimental results indicate that the gold coating on the surface of the aluminum electrodes and the sidewalls of dielectric pillars is effective for eliminating the generation of stray fields induced by static charges.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Quantum Information Processing and Qubit 1 1.2 Ion Trap as a Qubit Platform 3 1.3 Development of Surface Ion Trap 5 1.4 State-of-the-Art of Surface Ion Trap 8 1.4.1 Advanced Technologies 8 1.4.2 Current Challenges 13 1.5 Document Overview 17 Chapter 2. Design 20 2.1 Structural Design 20 2.1.1 General Considerations for Structural Design 20 2.1.2 Proposed Structure 24 2.2 Layout Design 27 2.2.1 Considered Parameters 27 2.2.2 Simulation of Electric Potential 33 2.2.3 Electrode Dimensions and Chip Shape 39 Chapter 3. Fabrication 50 3.1 Material and Equipment 50 3.2 Aluminum Trap 54 3.2.1 Fabrication Process 54 3.2.2 Fabrication Result 63 3.3 Gold Coating on the Aluimnum Trap 71 3.3.1 Fabrication Process 71 3.3.2 Fabrication Result 75 3.4 Chip Packaging 79 Chapter 4. Experiments 83 4.1 Trapping Ions 83 4.1.1 Vacuum Chamber and In-Vacuum Components 83 4.1.2 Electrical and Optical Setup 88 4.1.3 Trapping ions 94 4.2 Dielectric Charging 96 4.2.1 Experimental Setup 96 4.2.2 Experimental Result 104 Chapter 5. Conclusion and Future Works 109 5.1 Conclusion 109 5.2 Future Works 112 Bibliography 114 Abstract in Korean 126Docto

    Drug delivery system for maintenance of drug therapeutic level

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2011.8. ์กฐ๋™์ผ.Maste

    (A) changing trend in surgical treatment of the breast cancer

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์œ ๋ฐฉ์•”์˜ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์  ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ˆ ์‹์ด ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ตœ๊ทผ ์™ธ๊ณผ์˜๋“ค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณด์กด์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์„ ํ˜ธ๋˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ 1960๋…„๋Œ€๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์•”์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์—์„œ ์‹œํ–‰๋˜๋˜ ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์ด ๊ทธํ›„ ์ ์ฐจ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋Œ€์น˜๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ €์ž๋Š” ์œ ์•”์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ˆ ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜์–ด๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž 1976๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ์—ฐ์„ธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์™ธ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์‹ค์—์„œ ์œ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›์€ 206์˜ˆ์˜ ์œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜๊ณ  1956๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1975๋…„๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต๊ด€์ฐฐํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์„ ์•Œ ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๋กœ์จ ์ ์ถœ๋œ ์•ก์™€๋ถ€์ž„ํŒŒ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ํ•œ ๋‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ์ด์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค. 1) ์œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ์ถ”์„ธ๋Š” 1955๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1965๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 129์˜ˆ, 1966๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1975๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 214์˜ˆ, 1976๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งŒ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ 206์˜ˆ์˜ ํ•œ์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ 2๋ฐฐ์”ฉ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด ์ž…์›ํ™˜์ž์ˆ˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋‚˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. 2) ์œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์—ฐ๋ น๋ถ„ํฌ๋Š” 40๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์œ ์•”์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฐœ์—ฐ๋ น์ž„์—๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ 1976๋…„ ์ดํ›„ ์ตœ๊ทผ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ 50๋Œ€์™€ 60๋Œ€์˜ ๋…ธ๋…„์ธต์˜ ์ดํ™˜์œจ์ด ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 3) 1976๋…„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 1980๋…„๊นŒ์ง€ 350์˜ˆ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ดฌ์˜์„ ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค ์ค‘ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌ์ ์ง„๋‹จ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋œ 80์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ฐฐ์˜์˜ ํŒ๋…๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, 39๋ช…์˜ ์œ ์•”ํ™˜์ž์ค‘ 33์˜ˆ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ „ ์œ ๋ฐฉ์ฐฐ์˜์—์„œ ์œ ์•”์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋…๋˜์–ด 84.6%์˜ ์ง„๋‹จ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 4) ์œ ์•”์˜ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋Š” 1975๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” Manchester์™€ PortmaNN์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ 1976๋…„ ์ดํ›„๋Š” TNM ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ํƒํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ตœ๊ทผ 5๋…„๊ฐ„ ๋ณ‘๊ธฐโ…ข, โ…ฃ์˜ ํ™˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์†Œ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค 5) ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ˆ ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” 1975๋…„๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์ด ์ „์ฒด์œ ์•”์ˆ˜์ˆ ์˜ 72.9%๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ 1976๋…„์ดํ›„ 5๋…„๊ฐ„์€ 24.3%๋กœ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ , ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์€ 7.9%์—์„œ 71.4%๋กœ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 6) ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ณ„์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ˆ ์‹์„ ํƒ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ โ… , โ…ก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์†Œ ์ถ•์†Œ๋œ ์ˆ ์‹์ธ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณ‘๊ธฐโ…ข, โ…ฃ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 7) ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ˆ ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜์—ญ์ž„ํŒŒ์ ˆ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, Patey ์‹์˜ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์ด 15๊ฐœ, ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์ด 17๊ฐœ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ค‘์•™๊ฐ’์ด 16๊ฐœ, ํ‰๊ท ๊ฐ’์ด 17๊ฐœ๋กœ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์•ก์™€๋ถ€ ์ž„ํŒŒ์ ˆํŒ์ฒญ๋ฒ”์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. 8) ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์ˆ ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์›๊ฒฉ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ 5๋…„์ƒ์กด์œจ์€ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ตฐ์ด 63%, ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ตฐ์ด 49%๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋†’์€ 5๋…„์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์œผ๋‚˜ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ตฐ์— ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ โ…ข, โ…ฃ์˜ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ๋ณ„๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ 5๋…„์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ณ‘๊ธฐ โ… , โ…ก์—์„œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ ์ œ์ˆ ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 91.8%, 56.7%. ๊ทผ์น˜์œ ๋ฐฉ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ๊ตฐ์€ ๊ฐ๊ฐ 91.7%, 49.1%์˜ 5๋…„์ƒ์กด์œจ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ํฐ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. A changing trend in surgical treatment of the breast cancer Suck Joon Hong, M.D. Department of Medical Science The Graduate School Yonsei University (Directed by Prof. Choon Kyu Klm, M.D.) Although the surgical treatment of the breast cancer remains controversial, the trend among the surgeons is toward more conservative procedures. This retrospective study was undertaken to examine the changing trend and the relative efficacy of the modified radical mastectomy versus standard redical mastectomy in the treatment of breast cancer. It represents md analysis of 206 patients who were treated for breast cancer between the veals 1976 and 1980, at the Yonsei University Medical Center comparing to the results of the past 20 years experiences until 1975. Standard radical mastectomy had been a major operation modality in the past 20 years. 72.9% of breast cancer cases were undergone this type of procedure. However, modified radical mastectomy had teen gradually increasing in recent 5 years, comprising 71.4% of breast cancer patients. The effectiveness of axillary dissection between two types of surgical procedure was assessed by a comparison of the number of the total axillary lymph nodes removed by modified radical mastectomy to that by standard radical mastectomy. In 50 patients treated by standard radical mastectomy, the number of axillary lymph nodes removed ranged with a median of 16 and a mean of 17 per patient. Contrarilly, among the 41 patients undergoing Patey's modified radical mastectomy, total number of axillary lymph nodes removed ranged with a median of 17 and a mean of 15 in each mastectomy specimen. In 106 patients operated by Auchincloss modified radical mastectomy, mean numbers, of lymph nodes removed were 13, and also 13 of median number. The efficacy of the modified radical mastectomy was assessed by a comparison of the survival rates between the two procedures. The 5 year cumulative survival rate of modified radical mastectomy group was somewhat higher than the standard radical mastectomy group, but this difference might be due to the high proportion of stage โ…ข and โ…ฃ patients inm standard radical mastectomy group. After modified radical mastectomy, 91.8% of stage I patients and 56.7% of stage โ…กl patients survived at 5 years, while 91.7% of stage โ…ก patients survived at 5 years, while 91.7% of stage I patients and 49.1% of stage โ…ก patients did survive at 5 years after standard radical mastectomy. Therefore there was no significant difference in the survival rates between the two procedures. [์˜๋ฌธ] Although the surgical treatment of the breast cancer remains controversial, the trend among the surgeons is toward more conservative procedures. This retrospective study was undertaken to examine the changing trend and the relative efficacy of the modified radical mastectomy versus standard redical mastectomy in the treatment of breast cancer. It represents md analysis of 206 patients who were treated for breast cancer between the veals 1976 and 1980, at the Yonsei University Medical Center comparing to the results of the past 20 years experiences until 1975. Standard radical mastectomy had been a major operation modality in the past 20 years. 72.9% of breast cancer cases were undergone this type of procedure. However, modified radical mastectomy had teen gradually increasing in recent 5 years, comprising 71.4% of breast cancer patients. The effectiveness of axillary dissection between two types of surgical procedure was assessed by a comparison of the number of the total axillary lymph nodes removed by modified radical mastectomy to that by standard radical mastectomy. In 50 patients treated by standard radical mastectomy, the number of axillary lymph nodes removed ranged with a median of 16 and a mean of 17 per patient. Contrarilly, among the 41 patients undergoing Patey's modified radical mastectomy, total number of axillary lymph nodes removed ranged with a median of 17 and a mean of 15 in each mastectomy specimen. In 106 patients operated by Auchincloss modified radical mastectomy, mean numbers, of lymph nodes removed were 13, and also 13 of median number. The efficacy of the modified radical mastectomy was assessed by a comparison of the survival rates between the two procedures. The 5 year cumulative survival rate of modified radical mastectomy group was somewhat higher than the standard radical mastectomy group, but this difference might be due to the high proportion of stage โ…ข and โ…ฃ patients inm standard radical mastectomy group. After modified radical mastectomy, 91.8% of stage I patients and 56.7% of stage โ…กl patients survived at 5 years, while 91.7% of stage โ…ก patients survived at 5 years, while 91.7% of stage I patients and 49.1% of stage โ…ก patients did survive at 5 years after standard radical mastectomy. Therefore there was no significant difference in the survival rates between the two procedures.restrictio

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    Functional and histological study of feline esophagus

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์‹๋„์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งŽ์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฌผ์€ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„์— ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ(smooth mus cle)์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ , ๋ณต๋ถ€์‹๋„(abdominal esophagus)๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์œ„์Šฌ๋ง์„ฌ์œ (gastric slingfiber)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฒด์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„์—์„œ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„๋ณด๋‹ค ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ์ด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„ํฌํ•˜๊ณ , ํšก๊ฒฉ๋ง‰์‹๋„๋ง‰(phreno-esophageal membrane)์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ธ์ฒด์™€ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ฐํ˜€์ง„ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด ์‹๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ์กฐ์งํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์™€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•„ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋ชจ๋ธ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ์ง€ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค. 15๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ์„œ ketamine ๊ทผ์œก์ฃผ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์ทจ(30ใŽŽ/ใŽ)ํ•˜์— ์‹๋„๋‚ด์••๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(esophageal manometry)๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ๋ถ€์‹๋„ ๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ(upper esophageal sphincter), ์‹๋„์ฒด๋ถ€(esophageal body), ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ(lower esophageal sphincter)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์— ์ด์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์นœ 4๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—์„œ ์‹๋„์กฐ์ง์˜ hematoxylin-eosin์—ผ์ƒ‰๊ณผ VIP(vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™ ์—ผ์ƒ‰์„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ์ด์™„๋Šฅ๋ ฅ(ํ‰๊ท  92.3์ดˆ3%), ์ธ๋‘์ˆ˜์ถ•๊ณผ ์ƒ๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ์กฐํ™”(15์˜ˆ์ค‘ 14์˜ˆ์—์„œ ์ •์ƒ๋ฒ”์œ„)์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐํ•˜์‹œ ์ƒ๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์••๋ ฅ์€ 25.5 ยฑ 1.6mmHg์ด๊ณ , ์ด์™„ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์••๋ ฅ (post deglutitive pressure)์€ 35.7 ยฑ 3.1 mmHg๋กœ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์˜ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์••๋ ฅ(35โˆผ45mmHg)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์‹๋„์ฒด๋ถ€์—์„œ์˜ ์—ฐ๋™์ˆ˜์ถ•(peristaltic contraction)์˜ ์ง„ํญ(amplitude) ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„(duration)์€ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ , ์—ฐ๋™์šด๋™ ๋ฐ ํŒŒ๋™์ง„ํ–‰(wave progression)์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋„ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์†Œ๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์—์„œ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์—์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋‚ด์••๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ƒ์˜ ๋ณต๋ถ€๊ธธ์ด(abdominal esophageal length)๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ , ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ณ ์••๋Œ€(high pressure zone)์˜ ์••๋ ฅ๋„ ๋šœ๋ ท์ด ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์—ฐํ•˜(wet swallow)์‹œ ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ์ด์™„์ •๋„(ํ‰๊ท  94.6ยฑ15%)๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์—์„œ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์™„์ „ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์••๋ ฅ(31.3ยฑ1.3mmHg)์€ ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์˜ ์ •์ƒ์น˜(6โˆผ25mmHg)๋ณด๋‹ค ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค. ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ์ƒ ์‹๋„๊ทผ์œก๋‚ด ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ ˆ์„ธํฌ์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ฌ์œ ์— ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” VIP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์‹๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ์ด์™„ํ›„ ์ˆ˜์ถ•์••๋ ฅ๊ณผ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ์••๋ ฅ, ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ํœด์ง€๊ธฐ ์••๋ ฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ์ฒด์‹๋„์™€ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์ƒ๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ, ์‹๋„์ฒด๋ถ€, ํ•˜๋ถ€์‹๋„๊ด„์•ฝ๊ทผ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ณ  VIP์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฉด์—ญ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•™์—ผ์ƒ‰์—์„œ๋„ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด์˜ ์‹๋„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ธ์ฒด์™€ ํก์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ์–‘์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์‹๋„์˜ ์šด๋™์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‹๋„์˜ ์ƒ๋ฆฌํ•™์ , ๋ณ‘๋ฆฌํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ฃŒ๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] The cat has been proposed as an appropriate model for investigation of human esophageal motility disorders because of anatomic similarities to the human esophagus. The anatomic similarities includes the fact that the feline distal esophagus is composed of smooth muscle, the abdominal esophagus is well difined, and the gastric sling fibers are very similar to those of the human. But differences also exist. The lower esophagus of the cat has less smooth muscle than that of human. The feline phrenoesophageal membrane differs from that of human as its descending limb attaches below the esophagogastric angle. So this study was performed to evaluate the functional similarity and difference of the feline esophagus to human esophagus by functional and histological study and appreciate the validity of the feline esophagus as an appropriate model for the investigations of human esophageal function and motility disorders. Fifteen healthy mongrel cats were manometrically evaluated under the ketamine anesthesia, given intramuscularly, to quantitate the function of upper esophageal sphincter, esophageal body, and lower esophageal sphincter. The manometric values were recorded and analyzed with the computer program that is used for human esophageal manometry to obtain more accurate and objective data. Four cats were sacrificed after manometry and the esophagus were histologically examined by hematoxylin eosin stain and immunohistochemistry of VIP(vasoactive intesinal ploypeptide). The results of esophageal manometry are as follows. The average relaxation of upper esophageal sphincter associated with deglutition was 92.3 ยฑ 3%, and the response to swallows when relaxation coincides with pharyngeal contraction(normal in 14cats of 15 cats) were very similar to those of humans. But the resting pressure(25.5 ยฑ 1.6 mmHg) and post degltitive pressure(35.7ยฑ3.1 mmHg) were lower than those of human, Presumably due to the influence of ketamine anesthesia. Contraction of esophageal body had similar amplitude and duration to those seen in the human esophagus, and the patterns of peristaltic contraction and wave progressien were similar to those of humans. The abdominal length of distal esophageal sphincter were well defined manometrically and the distal esophageal high pressure zone was clearly identifiable in all cats. Relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter in response to wet swallows(94.6 ยฑ 1.5%) was almost complete in all cats as does the human lower esophageal sphincter. The resting pressure(31.3ยฑ 1.3 mmHg) was somewhat higher than that of human, presumably because the cat, with a horizontal axis, requires a more competent sphincter to prevent castro-esophageal reflux. The immunogistochemical reactivity of VIP was similar to human esophagus. In conclusion the characteristics of feline upper and lower esophageal sphincter and esophageal body were found to be similar to human esophagus essentially and this study elucidates that the feline esophagus is an appropriate model for investigations of human esophageal physiology and pathophysilogy and established accurate normal manometric values for and feline esophagus.restrictio

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์–ด๊ตญ๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตญ์–ดํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2015. 8. ๊น€์ฐฝ์„ญ.์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๊ตญ์–ด์˜ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์–ดํœ˜ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ก ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜•ํƒœ?์˜๋ฏธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์„œ๋ก ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ๊ฒ€๋‹ค, ํฌ๋‹ค, ๋ถ‰๋‹ค, ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค, ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋‹ค์™€ ํ˜•ํƒœ?์˜๋ฏธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ฒ€๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด 139๊ฐœ, ํฌ๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด 95๊ฐœ, ๋ถ‰๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด 103๊ฐœ, ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด 67๊ฐœ, ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด 60๊ฐœ ๋“ฑ ์ด 429๊ฐœ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ๋…์ธ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์™€ ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๊ทผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ณด ๋ชฉ๋ก 36๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์™€ ์–ด๊ทผ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ์š”์†Œ์ด๋ฉด์„œ, ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์–ด๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ , ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ณตํ•ฉ์–ด๊ทผ์˜ ์•ž์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ œ์•ฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 33๊ฐœ๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋กœ, 3๊ฐœ๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋“ค ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์–ด๊ทผ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ๋ถ„์„๋˜๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ , ์˜๋ฏธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋ฌถ์–ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋Š” ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฒซ์งธ, ์ดˆ์„ฑ์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ชจ์Œ์ ‘์‚ฌ, ์ž์Œ์ ‘์‚ฌ, ๋ชจ์Œ์ ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ๋‘˜์งธ, ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ค‘์ฒฉ ํ˜•์‹ ์—ฌ๋ถ€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜•๊ณผ ๋น„์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜•์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, ์…‹์งธ, ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ง์Œ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ชจ์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ‘์‚ฌ์™€ ์ž์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ์ ‘์‚ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์˜๋ฏธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋ฌถ์–ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์œผ๋กœ -์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ ํ˜• ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ(๋งค๊ฐœ๋ชจ์Œ์ ‘์‚ฌ ์ค‘ 1์Œ์ ˆ ์ค‘์ฒฉํ˜•์ด ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ฒƒ)๊ฐ€ ํฌํ•จ๋œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ „ ๋œปํ’€์ด์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ X-์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค(X๋Š” ์–ด๊ฐ„)๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ทธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋“ค์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ํ•ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์ฑ„๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋†’์€ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์—ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด -์œผ๋ฌด๋ ˆ < -์œผ๋ ˆ, -์œผ๋ฃฉ < -์œผ๋„๋ฌด๋ ˆ, -์œผ๋ฆ„, -์Œ, -์, -์œผ์Šค๋ ˆ, -์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ < -์œผ๊ป˜, -์œผ๋„๋ ˆ, -์œผ๋„๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์–ด๊ทผ๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์Œ์ ˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋„ ์ผ์น˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ -์œผ๋ฆ„, -์œผ๋ฌด๋ ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณ„์—ด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์— -๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค, -๋ฌด๋ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋กœ ๋๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์— ์œ ์ถ”๋˜์–ด ๋ถ‰๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์— ๋ถˆ๊ทธ๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค, ๋ถˆ๊ทธ๋ฌด๋ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฅ˜ ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์„ ํ˜•์„ฑ์‹œ์ผฐ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฒ€๋‹ค, ํฌ๋‹ค, ๋ถ‰๋‹ค, ๋ˆ„๋ฅด๋‹ค, ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋‹ค ๊ณ„์—ด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์˜ ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„์ด ์• ๋งคํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋‹จ์ผ์–ด, ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด, ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์Œ์šด๊ต์ฒด ๊ด€๊ณ„, ๋‹จ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๊ณ„์—ด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์—์„œ ๋…ธ๋ฅด๊ป˜ํ•˜๋‹ค์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๊ทผ + -ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ˜• ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์œ ํ˜•๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋งŽ๊ณ , ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋‹จ์–ด ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์œ ํ˜•์—์„œ๋„ ์–ด๊ฐ„ + ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ + -ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ˜• ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์›”๋“ฑํžˆ ๋งŽ๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์Œ์šด๊ต์ฒด์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค๋„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์ด ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๊ทผ+ -ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ˜• ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๊ตญ์–ด ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ๋“ค์—์„œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๊ทผ์ด ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ์—์„œ์˜ ์ค‘์ถ”์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ฉ์„ฑ์–ด๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์–ด๊ทผ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์œ ํ˜•์€ ์‚ฌ์ „์˜ ๋œปํ’€์ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์˜๋ฏธ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ด ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ X(์ œ1์„ฑ๋ถ„)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, Y(์ œ2์„ฑ๋ถ„)์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ, X์™€ Y์— ๋Œ€๋“ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์–ด๊ทผ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ๋ถ„ Y์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ Y๋Š” ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์ด๊ณ  ์–ด๊ฐ„์ธ X์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ๊ฑฐ๋ฌด์ถ”๋ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด Y๊ฐ€ ์–ด๊ทผ์ผ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” X๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ, ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์ด ๋งค์šฐ ํฌ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ๋ก  ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํŒŒ์ƒ, ์Œ์šด๊ต์ฒด, ์œ ์ถ” ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ ์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ -์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค ํ˜• ๋‹จ์–ด๋‚˜ -๋ฌด๋ ˆํ•˜๋‹ค ํ˜• ๋‹จ์–ด์—์„œ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ”์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ํŒŒ์ƒ์–ด๊ทผ์˜ ์Œ์ ˆ์ˆ˜์™€ ๋‹จ์–ด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ผ์น˜ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์–ดํœ˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅ˜ ์ „๋ฐ˜์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ5์žฅ์€ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚จ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ „๋ง์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.1. ์„œ๋ก  1 1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 1 1.1.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ƒ 1 1.1.2. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ •์˜์™€ ๋ฒ”์œ„ 5 1.1.3. ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ชฉ๋ก 12 1.2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋… 14 1.2.1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 14 1.2.2. ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐœ๋… 15 1.3. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ 18 1.4. ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ 24 2. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 25 2.1. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ณด ๋ชฉ๋ก 25 2.2. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํŒ๋ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 32 2.3. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ ํ›„๋ณด์˜ ๋ถ„์„ 39 2.3.1. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜: ์–ด๊ทผ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ 40 2.3.2. ์–ด๊ทผ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ 42 2.3.2.1. -์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„๊ณผ -์œผ์Šค๋ ˆ 42 2.3.2.2. -๋„๋ฌด๋ ˆ 48 2.3.2.3. -์œผ๋ฐ๋ฐ 50 2.3.2.4. -์œผ๋Ž…๋Ž… 53 2.3.2.5. -์œผ์น™์น™ 56 2.3.2.6. -์œผ์ถฉ์ถฉ 59 2.3.2.7. -์œผํŠ€ํŠ€ 61 2.3.2.8. -ํ‰ํ‰ 63 2.3.3. ์–ด๊ทผ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ 66 2.3.3.1. -์œผ๋„๋ฆ„ 66 2.3.3.2. -๋„๋ ˆ 67 2.3.3.3. -์œผ์ฃฝ์ฃฝ 74 2.3.3.4. -์œผ์ ‘์ ‘ 75 2.3.3.5. -์œผ์ˆ™์ˆ™ 76 2.3.4. ์–ด๊ทผ๊ณผ์˜ ์œ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ 78 2.3.4.1. -์ 78 2.3.4.2. -์Œ 79 2.3.4.3. -์œผ๊ป˜ 80 2.3.4.4. -์œผ๋ ˆ 88 2.3.4.5. -์œผ๋ฃฉ 91 2.3.4.6. -์œผ๋ฆ„๊ณผ -์œผ๋ฌด๋ ˆ 91 2.3.4.7. -๋”, -๋—, -๋œฉ-์‚ฌ 93 2.3.4.8. -๋ฉด๊ณผ -์—‰ 95 2.3.4.9. -ํ™” 96 2.3.4.10. -์ˆญ, -์‹ค, -์  98 2.3.4.11. -์ธก๊ณผ -์ธก์ธก 100 2.3.5. ์–ด๊ทผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ 102 2.3.5.1. ์ถ•์ถ• 102 2.3.5.2. ๋ฌดํŠธ๋ฆ„ 104 2.3.5.3. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ 106 3. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 108 3.1. ์–ด๊ทผ ํŒŒ์ƒ ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 108 3.2. -์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ ํ˜• ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 112 3.2.1. -์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ ํ˜• ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 112 3.2.2. -์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ ํ˜• ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 125 3.2.2.1. X-์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค ์œ ํ˜• 125 3.2.2.2. ์กฐ๊ธˆ ์–ด๋‘ก๊ฒŒ X-์œผ์Šค๋ฆ„ํ•˜๋‹ค ์œ ํ˜• 138 3.3. -์œผ๋ฐ๋ฐ ํ˜• ์ ‘๋ฏธ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 146 3.4. ์ž์Œ์ ‘์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ชจ์Œ์ ‘์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ถ„ํฌ์™€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ 152 4. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์˜๋ฏธ 155 4.1. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 155 4.1.1. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์„ฑ๋ถ„ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ 155 4.1.2. ๋‹จ์–ด ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 162 4.1.3. ์Œ์šด๊ต์ฒด ๊ด€๊ณ„ 172 4.1.4. ๋‹จ์–ด์˜ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ ์œ ํ˜• 187 4.2. ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 195 4.2.1. ์˜๋ฏธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์œ ํ˜• 196 4.2.2. ๋ณตํ•ฉ์–ด๊ทผ์˜ ์ œ2์„ฑ๋ถ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์  ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ 215 5. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  228 5.1. ์š”์•ฝ 228 5.2. ๋‚จ์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์™€ ์ „๋ง 235 ์ฐธ๊ณ  ๋ฌธํ—Œ 237 ์ƒ‰์ฑ„ํ˜•์šฉ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋ชฉ๋ก 247 282Docto
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