노래 신호의 자동 전사

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 융합과학기술대학원 융합과학부, 2017. 8. 이교구.Automatic music transcription refers to an automatic extraction of musical attributes such as notes from an audio signal to a symbolic level. The symbolized music data are applicable for various purposes such as music education and production by providing higher-level information to both consumers and creators. Although the singing voice is the easiest one to listen and play among various music signals, traditional transcription methods for musical instruments are not suitable due to the acoustic complexity in the human voice. The main goal of this thesis is to develop a fully-automatic singing transcription system that exceeds existing methods. We first take a look at some typical approaches for pitch tracking and onset detection, which are two fundamental tasks of music transcription, and then propose several methods for each task. In terms of pitch tracking, we examine the effect of data sampling on the performance of periodicity analysis of music signals. For onset detection, the local homogeneity in the harmonic structure is exploited through the cepstral analysis and unsupervised classification. The final transcription system includes feature extraction and probabilistic model of the harmonic structure, and note transition based on the hidden Markov model. It achieved the best performance (an F-measure of 82%) in the note-level evaluation including the state-of-the-art systems.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Definitions 5 1.2.1 Musical keywords 5 1.2.2 Scientific keywords 7 1.2.3 Representations 7 1.3 Problems in singing transcription 9 1.4 Topics of interest 10 1.5 Outline of the thesis 13 Chapter 2 Background 16 2.1 Pitch estimation 17 2.1.1 Time-domain methods 17 2.1.2 Frequency-domain methods 18 2.2 Note segmentation 20 2.2.1 Onset detection 20 2.2.2 Offset detection 23 2.3 Singing transcription 24 2.4 Evaluation methodology 26 2.4.1 Pitch estimation 26 2.4.2 Note segmentation 27 2.4.3 Dataset 28 2.5 Summary 31 Chapter 3 Periodicity Analysis by Sampling in the Time/Frequency Domain for Pitch Tracking 32 3.1 Introduction 32 3.2 Data sampling 34 3.3 Sampled ACF/DF in the time domain 37 3.4 Sampled ACF/DF in the frequency domain 38 3.5 Iterative F0 estimation 40 3.6 Experimental setup 42 3.7 Result 46 3.8 Summary 49 Chapter 4 Note Onset Detection based on Harmonic Cepstrum regularity 50 4.1 Introduction 50 4.2 Cepstral analysis 52 4.3 Harmonic cepstrum regularity 56 4.3.1 Harmonic quefrency selection 57 4.3.2 Sub-harmonic regularity function 58 4.3.3 Adaptive thresholding 59 4.3.4 Picking onsets 59 4.4 Experiments 61 4.4.1 Dataset description 61 4.4.2 Evaluation results 62 4.5 Summary 64 Chapter 5 Robust Singing Transcription System using Local Homogeneity in the Harmonic Structure 66 5.1 Introduction 66 5.2 F0 tracking 71 5.3 Feature extraction 72 5.4 Mixture model 76 5.5 Note detection 80 5.5.1 Transition boundary detection 81 5.5.2 Note boundary selection 83 5.5.3 Note pitch decision 84 5.6 Evaluation 86 5.6.1 Dataset 86 5.6.2 Criteria and measures 87 5.6.3 Experimental setup 89 5.7 Results and discussions 90 5.7.1 Failure analysis 95 5.8 Summary 97 Chapter 6 Conclusion and Future Work 99 6.1 Contributions 99 6.2 Future work 103 6.2.1 Precise partial tracking using instantaneous frequency 103 6.2.2 Linguistic model for note segmentation 105 Appendix 108 Derivation of the instantaneous frequency 108 Bibliography 110 초 록 124Docto

(SILENCER FOR PRESSURE TYPE RICE COOKER)

본 발명은 압력밥솥내의 고압의 증기가 압력밥솥의 외부로 배출될 때 발생하는 소음을 저감시키는 소음기로서, 압력밥솥내의 고압증기가 유입되는 증기유입구; 상기 증기유입구로 유입된 고압증기 중 일부를 안내하는 제1 배출로; 상기 증기유입구로 유입된 고압증기 중 제1 배출로로 안내되는 고압증기를 제외한 나머지 고압증기를 안내하는 제2 배출로; 및 상기 제1배출로 및 제2 배출로와 연결되어 제1 배출로와 제2 배출로에서 빠져 나오는 증기를 병합하여 외부로 방출시키는 증기 배출구를 포함한다. 이 전기압력밥솥의 증기배기구용 소음기는 다른 위상을 갖는 소음을 하나의 출구로 배출되게 하여 서로 상쇄시킴으로써 고압증기에서 발생되는 소음을 효과적으로 저감시킬 수 있는 효과가 있다

차량 충돌 감지 모듈 및 이를 구비하는 차량 에어백 전개 시스템

Embodiments of the present invention may provide a module for detecting a vehicle crash. The module includes a housing mounted to a vehicular frame member at one end portion thereof. The module includes first and second rods housed in the housing. The first rod is contacted to the frame member at one end thereof through the one end portion of the housing. The second rod is contacted to the opposite end of the first rod and being disposed between the first rod and the opposite end portion of the housing. The module includes first and second sensors mounted to the first and second rods respectively for detecting a crash by sequentially measuring stress wave caused by the crash. The first sensor detects a stress wave propagating through the first rod and outputting a signal. The second sensor detects a stress wave propagating through the second rod and outputting a signal. The module includes a biasing member disposed between the second rod and the opposite end portion of the housing for biasing the first and second rods toward the frame member. A magnitude of impedance of the first rod is larger than that of the second rod and the magnitude of impedance of the second rod is larger than that of the biasing member. The module can remarkably reduce the elapsed time required for detecting a crash by measuring a stress wave, which propagates very rapidly through a vehicular frame member

간섭제거기법을 적용한 다중반송파 DSCDMA 시스템의 성능분석

Thesis (master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :전기공학부,1999.Maste

Finite Difference Limit Analysis of Circular Plates

극한해석은 탄,소성물체의 점근적 변형거동을 응력한계를 주어 연구하는 분야이다. 극한해석은 응력해석보다도 앞서서 개발되었으며 1950년대에는 화려한 전성기를 맞았었다. 수많은 이론과 정리가 수립되었으나 수학적 증명이 어려웠고 전산기가 개발되지 않아 실증예를 구하기가 어려워 극한해석의 필수성이 감소되었었다. 그러나, 1960,70년대에 유한요소법의 눈부신 발전과 응용수학분야, 특히 변분원리와 함수치해석의 발전으로 극학해석이 널리 응용될 수 있는 기반이 조성되었다. 특히 최근에는 많은 응용수학자들과 공학자들이 극한해석에 대한 연구를 활발히 전개하고 있다. 그 이유는, 탄소성물체의 복잡한 변형기구를 해석하기에는 우수한 전산기로도 엄청난 시간과 경비를 소비하여야 하기 때문이다. 본 연구에서는 현재까지 정립된 극한해석 이론을 바탕으로 새로운 해석방법을 도입하여 여러가지 균일 집중하중을 받을때의 원형평판을 축대칭 문제로 간주하여 해석하고자 한다. 모우멘트와 처짐을 집합이론에 의거 가용 집합요소로 보고 각 공간에서의 함수치의 극값이 결국 정해와 같아진다는 Duality theorem의 개념을 도입하여 계산치가 오차해석 없이 정해로 간주될 수 있도록 하며, 새로운 항복조건식의 도입으로 평판의 모우멘트와 굽힘, 처짐등에 대한 소성역에 서의 물성에 정확히 맞는 항보곶건을 부과 할 수 있도록 하고자 한다. 요약하면, 본 연구의 목적은 극한해석의 이론적 확립과 해석방법의 개발로 앞으로 많은 분야에 응용될 극한해석의 기초이론을 정리밯는데 있다

고온 유리 곱 성형 공정의 해석

Thesis (doctoral)--서울대학교 대학원 :기계항공공학부,2002.Docto

Development of multiband dynamic range compressor regarding noise characteristics

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 전기. 컴퓨터공학부, 2011.2. 성굉모.Maste

Finite Element Stress Analysis of Coil Springs using a Multi-level Substructuring Method I : Spring Super Element

This study is concerned with computerized multi-level substructuring methods and stress analysis of coil springs. The purpose of substructuring methods is to reduce computing time and capacity of computer memory by multiple level reduction of the degrees of freedom in large size problems which are modeled by three dimensional continuum finite elements. In this paper, a super element has been developed for stress analysis of coil springs. The spring super element developed has been examined with tension and torsion simulation of cylindrical bars for demonstrating its validity. The result shows that the super element enhances the computing efficiency while it does not affect the accuracy of the results and it is ready for application to the coil spring analysis

Modified Integration Algorithm on the Strain-Space for Rate and Temperature Dependent Elasto-Plastic Constitutive model

This paper is concerned with modified integration algorithm on the strain-space for rate and temperature dependent elasto-plastic constitutive relations in order to obtain more accurate results in numerical implementation. The proposed algorithm is integrated analytically using integration by part and chain rule and then is applied to the 2-stage Lobatto IIIA with second-order accuracy. It has advantage that is able to consider the convective stress rates on the yield surface of the strain-space. Also this paper is carried out the iteration procedure using the Newton-Raphson method to enforce consistency at the end of the step. And the performance of the proposed algorithm for rate and temperature dependent constitutive relation is illustrated by means of analysis of adiabatic shear bands