도시림 생태계 서비스에 대한 베이징 시민의 선호도

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농업생명과학대학 산림과학부, 2018. 2. 윤여창.Rapid urbanization creates tremendous pressure on the natural environment. It also causes many ecological problems, especially in a city and its surrounding areas. Developing urban forest is considered an important strategy for promoting sustainable urban development. In other words, urban forests play a very significant role in urban ecosystems. They provide a variety of important ecosystem services (hereafter referred to as ESs) for people. These include carbon sequestration, air quality improvement, water storage, recreation and aesthetic services. Although the role of urban forests in ecological environment construction is of great significance, the urban forest per capita in Beijing is limited and cannot meet public needs. Policy options to meet various public needs, improve distribution and supply of ecosystem services, and minimize the conflict between policy makers and ecosystem beneficiaries by analyzing public preferences of urban forests in terms of various ecosystem services are necessary. This study aims to the Beijing citizens preferences over various options of urban forest management strategies. The literature review and expert Delphi method were employed to rank the importance of 18 ecosystem services and to classify the ecosystem services of urban forests into 6 categories: (1) fresh water, (2) noise reduction, (3) moderation of extreme events, (4) air quality regulation, (5) species diversity and wildlife habitat, and (6) recreation and spiritual experience. The main choice experiment survey was conducted in October 2017 and a total of 483 valid questionnaires were analyzed. The subjects of this experiment were citizens older than 19 years old, have lived in Beijing for more than 1 year and have visited any one of the urban forests located in Beijing more than once during 2016. The results are as follows: Firstly, the air quality regulation ES is considered as the most influential service for Beijing citizens in terms of their choice of urban forest. Beijing citizens were willing to pay 85 RMB/year and 264 RMB/year to invest in urban forest expansion for improving air quality from low to middle and from middle to high, respectively. In addition, Beijing citizens regarded the fresh water ES as the second-most important ES. Secondly, citizens with a high monthly household income are more willing to pay for urban forest ESs. Thirdly, apartment owners are willing to pay municipality tax as compared to non-apartment owners. Fourthly, citizens emotionally connected to Beijing tend to have willingness to pay more of municipality tax. The results indicate that citizens are willing to pay a tax that can support urban forestry for air quality improvement. This research suggests for urban environmental policy makers in Beijing to pay more attention to air quality regulation function of forests. It is also recommended to design and manage urban forests to satisfy its visitors.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Background 1 1.2 Rationale and Significance 10 1.3 Problem Statement 11 1.4 Research Objectives 12 1.5 Research Questions 12 1.6 Hypotheses 13 1.7 Organization of Thesis 13 Chapter 2. Literature review 15 2.1 Provisioning Services 15 2.2 Regulating Services 17 2.3 Habitat or Supporting Services 20 2.4 Culture Services 21 Chapter 3. Methodology 24 3.1 The Delphi Analysis 24 3.2 Regrouping 13 ESs into 6 Groups 30 3.3 Choice Experiment (CE) 32 3.4 Experimental Design 34 3.5 Data collection 38 3.6 Model estimation (Conditional Logit model) 40 Chapter 4. Results and discussion 42 4.1 Citizens Preferences for Forest Ecosystem Services 42 4.2 Comparing Different Respondent Groups 48 Chapter 5. Conclusion 54 References 56 List of Appendices 61 국 문 초 록 109Maste

동질 동역학의 이차 형식들로의 응용

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 수리과학부, 2016. 2. 임선희.We study the geometry of quadratic forms using equidistribution theorems in homogeneous dynamics. First we study the mean square limit of exponential sums associated to a rational ellipsoid of arbitrary center. We obtain a lower bound for arbitrary center and that lower bound turns out to be the upper bound as well for ellipsoids with the center of certain diophantine type(see theorem 1.0.4). This result generalizes a work of Marklof. The second topic is the quantitative Oppenheim conjecture for $S$-arithmetic quadratic forms. For an arbitrary open set $I$ in $\mathbb Q_S$, we show that the number of $S$-integral vectors of norm at most $T$, whose values of an irrational quadratic form are $Q$ in $I$, is asymptotically $c(Q, I)T^{n-2}$ as $T$ goes to infinity. This is a generalization of a work of Eskin-Margulis-Mozes for real case.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 I. Distribution of Integral Lattice Points in an Ellipsoid with a Diophantine Center 1 II. Quantitative Oppenheim Conjecture for S-arithmetic case 5 Part I. Distribution of Integral Lattice Points in an Ellipsoid with a Diophantine Center8 Chapter 2.Two Representations and Jacobi Theta Sums 9 2.1 Schr\"{o}dinger representation 10 2.2 Shale-Weil representation 12 2.3 Maslov index and the cocycle of $R$ 15 2.4 The subgroup $\mathrm {SL}_2( R)^n$ and notations 17 2.5 Jacobi's theta sum 20 2.6 Relation between Jacobi's theta sums and the mean square value of exponential sums 26 Chapter 3. Dynamics on $\mathrm {SL}_2(\mathbb R)^n\ltimes {\mathbb {R}}^{2n}/\Gamma$ 29 3.1 Equidistribution of closed orbits 29 3.2 Proof of Theorem 1.0.4 38 Part II. Quantitative Oppenheim Conjecture for $S$-arithmetic case 44 Chapter 4. Preliminaries 45 4.1 Geometry of $\mathrm {SL}_n({\mathbb {Q}}_S)/\mathrm {SL}_n({\mathbb {Z}}_S)$ 45 4.2 Quadratic forms in ${\mathbb {Q}}_S^n$ and orthogonal groups 48 4.2.1 Quadratic forms over ${\mathbb {Q}}_p$ 48 4.2.2 Orthogonal groups 52 4.3 Integration on ${\mathbb {Q}}_S$ 57 4.3.1 Measure on ${\mathbb {Q}}_p^n$ 58 4.3.2 Norm of $\wedge ^i({\mathbb {Q}}_S^n)$ 61 4.3.3 Integration of submanifolds in ${\mathbb {Q}}_p^n$ 62 Chapter 5 $\alpha$-function 64 5.1 The rational subspace and the $\alpha$-function 64 5.2 The limit of $\mathrm K$-orbit in $\wedge ^i({\mathbb {Q}}_p^n)$ 67 5.3 Behavior of the $\alpha$-function 76 Chapter 6 $J_f$-function and results 85 6.1 p-adic analogue of the $J_f$ function 85 6.2 $S$-arithmetic Result 91 6.3 Proof of Main Theorem 97 Bibliography 100 Abstract (in Korean) 103Docto

도시 열섬이 유도하는 순환과 대류에 대한 이론적, 수치적 연구

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :지구환경과학부,2006.Maste

(An) immunohistochemical study on the expression of HBsAg and HBcAg in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma

의학과/석사[한글] 간세포암종에서 HBsAg과 HBcAg의 조직 내 발현에 관한 연구는 많은 저자들에 의해 이루어져 왔으나 이들의 발현 빈도는 보고자마다 큰 차이가 있고. 그 발현 양상에 대한 구체적인 언급은 없다. 저자는 1985년부터 1991년까지 연세의료원 산하기관과 원주기독병원에 서 간세포암종으로 진단되어 외과적 절제를 받은 47예를 대상으로 간암조직과 주변조직에서 HBsAg과 HBcAg에 대한 면역조직화학적 검색을 시행하여 혈청 HBsAg과 HBeAg상태, 수술 전 치료여부, 간암의 옥안 형태, 간암세포의 분화정도, 주변조직의 간경변증 및 이형성 유무에 따른 HBsAg과 HBcAg의 발현빈도와 발현양상을 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 간암조직에서 HBsAg은 20예(42.6%)에서 발현되었고, HBcAg의 발현은 한 예도 없었으며, 주변조직에서 HBsAg은 38예(80.9%),HBcAg은 11예(23.4%)에서 발현되었다. 혈청 HBsAg이 양성인 40예 중 간암조직에서 HBsAg은 20예(50%)에서 발현되었고 주변조직에서는 HBsA g은 38예(90.5%), HBcAg은 11예(27.5%)에서 발현되었다. 혈청 HBsAg이 음성인 7예 중 조직 내 HBsAg과 HBcAg이 발현된 예는 없었다. 2. 혈청 HBeAg이 양성인 경우 주변조직의 HBcAg이 발현된 경우가 4예(57.1%)로 HBeAg이 음성인 경우보다 많았다. 3. 수술 전 치료를 받은 군에서 받지 않은 군에 비해 간암조직 및 주변조직에서 HBsAg과 HBcAg의 발현빈도가 높았다. 4. 간암의 옥안적 유형 중 유사경변형인 경우 간암조직 내 HBsAg과 주변조직의 HBcAg의 발현이 각각 3예씩(60%)으로서 다른 유형보다 높았다. 5. Edmondson-Stainer분류에 따른 간세포암종의 분화도 등급 Ⅳ인 간세포암종때 간암조직 내에서 HBeAg의 발현 예가 17(25%)로 분화가 좋은 경우보다 낮았다. 6. 간암조직 및 주변조직에서 HBsAg의 발현빈도는 간경변증 동반 유무와는 유의한 차이가 없었고 주변조직에 이형성이 있는 경우에는 이형성이 없는 경우보다 높았다. 7. 조직 내 HBsAg과 HBcAg의 발현양상은 모두 집단으로 분포하는 군이 산재해서 분포하는 군보다 많았으며, 세포 내 발현양상은 HBsAg은 세포질 내에 골고루 분포하는 양상이 많았지만, 활동성 간경변증인 경우에는 비활동성 간경변증 보다 세포막을 따라 양성인 경우가 상대적으로 많았고,(41.7% vs 5.7%) HBcAg은 세포질과 핵에 동시에 양성인 경우가 많았다. 이상의 결과로서 간암세포 내에서는 HBV-DNA가 핵에 모두 삽입되어 HBcAg의 발현이 되지 않으며, 조직학적 분화도가 나쁜 간세포암종에서는 HBsAg의 mRNA형성이 낮아지는 것으로 사료된다. 간경변증이 동반된 경우, 주변조직의 결절에서 HBV표지자가 집단으로 분포하며 간암조직에서 또한 집단으로 분포하는 것으로 보아 간세포암종은 단세포성 증식일 것으로 추측된다. An immunohistochemical study on the expression of HBsAg and HBcAg in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma Jee Young Han Department of medical science, The graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Chan Ⅱ Park) The expression rate and distribution pattern of HBsAg and HBcAg were studied in 47 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) according to the status of serum HBsAg and HBeAg, preoperativetreatment, gross pattern of the hepatocellular carcinoma, histologic grade of HCC and presence or absence of liver cirrhosis or dysplasia in the remaining liver. The HBsAg was detected in the cytoplasm of non-carcinomatous hepatocytes in 38 (80.9%) cases and of carcinoma cells in 20 (42.6%) cases, HBcAg was stained in the remainig liver in 11 (23.4%) cases and none in carcinoma cells. HBeAg-seropositive cases showed higher positive rate of HBcAg expression in the remaining liver than that of HBeAg-seronegative cases. The positive rate of expression for HBsAg and HBcAg in the HCC and remaining liver was higher in the cases on which preoperative treatment was done. Grossly cirrhotomimetic type of HCC showed highest positive rates of expression for HBsAg and HBcAg in the HCC and the remaining liver. In the histologic grade of tumor, the rate of expression for HBsAg was lowest in the grade Ⅳ. Rate of expression far HBsAg was higher in the cases with dysplasia of hepatocytes in the remaining liver. The patterns of distribution of HBsAg and HBcAg were divided into two groups ; grouped pattern vs scattered pattern. The distribution of HBsAg and HBcAg showed predominantly grouped pattern in HCC and remaining non-carcinomatous tissue. The HBcAg was detected both in the cytoplasms and nuclei in most cases(81.8%) and HBsAg was only stained in the cytoplasms by diffuse pattern (71.1% in the remaining liver and 90.0% in the HCC) but proportion of membraneous pattern is higher in the active liver cirrhosis (41.7%) compared to inactive liver cirrhosis (5.7%). In conclusion, it is suggested that because the H8V-DNA was already intergrated into the nuclei of the HCC, the HBcAg is not found in the tumor and the reason that rate of expression for HBsAg is reduced in the grade Ⅳ HCC was due to decreased replication of mRNA of HBsAg. The distribution of HBsAg and HBcAg showed grouped pattern both in HCC and in the remaining liver, which might indicate the possibility of monoclonal origin of HCC cells. [영문] The expression rate and distribution pattern of HBsAg and HBcAg were studied in 47 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) according to the status of serum HBsAg and HBeAg, preoperativetreatment, gross pattern of the hepatocellular carcinoma, histologic grade of HCC and presence or absence of liver cirrhosis or dysplasia in the remaining liver. The HBsAg was detected in the cytoplasm of non-carcinomatous hepatocytes in 38 (80.9%) cases and of carcinoma cells in 20 (42.6%) cases, HBcAg was stained in the remainig liver in 11 (23.4%) cases and none in carcinoma cells. HBeAg-seropositive cases showed higher positive rate of HBcAg expression in the remaining liver than that of HBeAg-seronegative cases. The positive rate of expression for HBsAg and HBcAg in the HCC and remaining liver was higher in the cases on which preoperative treatment was done. Grossly cirrhotomimetic type of HCC showed highest positive rates of expression for HBsAg and HBcAg in the HCC and the remaining liver. In the histologic grade of tumor, the rate of expression for HBsAg was lowest in the grade Ⅳ. Rate of expression far HBsAg was higher in the cases with dysplasia of hepatocytes in the remaining liver. The patterns of distribution of HBsAg and HBcAg were divided into two groups ; grouped pattern vs scattered pattern. The distribution of HBsAg and HBcAg showed predominantly grouped pattern in HCC and remaining non-carcinomatous tissue. The HBcAg was detected both in the cytoplasms and nuclei in most cases(81.8%) and HBsAg was only stained in the cytoplasms by diffuse pattern (71.1% in the remaining liver and 90.0% in the HCC) but proportion of membraneous pattern is higher in the active liver cirrhosis (41.7%) compared to inactive liver cirrhosis (5.7%). In conclusion, it is suggested that because the H8V-DNA was already intergrated into the nuclei of the HCC, the HBcAg is not found in the tumor and the reason that rate of expression for HBsAg is reduced in the grade Ⅳ HCC was due to decreased replication of mRNA of HBsAg. The distribution of HBsAg and HBcAg showed grouped pattern both in HCC and in the remaining liver, which might indicate the possibility of monoclonal origin of HCC cells.restrictio

(The) anticancer effect and apoptosis of all-trans-retinoic acid on the human ovarian epithelial carcinoma

의학과/박사[한글] 상피성 난소 암종의 치료제로서는 대개 cisplatin이 쓰이는데 이러한 약제에 대해서 반응을 안 보이는 난소의 상피종양 세포주(NIH OVCAR3와 SKOV3)에서 retinoic acid(RA)가 다른 장기와 마찬가지로 항암 효과가 있는 지를 알아보고자 하였다. 각 종양 세포주에 all-tracts-retinoic acid(tRA)를 준 후, 세포 증식 억제 여부와 retinoic acid receptor(RAR)발현 정도를 알아보고 apoptosis의 발생 여부 및 apoptosis와 관련된 유전자인 p53, bcl-2, c-myc발현 여부를 관찰하여, 각 종양 세포주에 대한 RA의 항암 효과와 apoptosis와 의 관계 및 apoptosis와 활성화되는 유전자와의 관련성 여부를 알아보았다. tRA의 농도는 10**-8 M 부터 10**-4 M 까지 주었으며 tRA를 주지 않은 군을 대조군으로 사용하였다. 세포의 증식 억제 여부는 세포를 trypan blue로 염색한 후에 hemocytometer를 이용하여 세포 수를 측정하여 관찰하였다. Apoptosis의 발생 여부 실험은 세가지를 하였는데 첫 번째로 hematoxylin-eosin염색을 한 후에 광학 현미경으로 형태를 관찰하였으며 apoptosis가 일어난 세포의 수를 세어 tRA의 농도에 따라 서로 비교하였다. 두 번째는 DNA 전기 영동을 시행하여 DNA 전기 영동 양상을 관찰하였고 세 번째로 유세포 검사를 시행하여 apoptosis의 정량 분석 및 세포 주기의 변화를 관찰하였다. RAR과 p53, c-myc, 그리고 bcl-2의 발현은 northern blotting을 이용하였다. tRA는 두 세포주 모두에서 세포의 증식 억제를 일으켰으며 tRA의 농도가 높을수록 세포의 증식 억제도 심하게 나타났다. H&E염색과 유세포 검사, DNA gel 전기 영동법을 이용하여 apoptosis가 두 세포주 모두에서 일어났음을 확인하였으며 세포의 apoptosis로 인하여 세포의 증식 억제가 일어났음을 알 수 있었다. NIH OVCAR3세포주에서는 RARβ유전자와 bcl-2유전자의 발현이 있었으나 대조군에 비해서 tRA를 준 군에서 RARβ유전자와 bcl-2유전자의 발현의 차이는 없었고 RARγ유전자는 미약한 증가를 보였으며 p53유전자는 감소 소견을 보였다. c-myc과 RARα유전자의 발현은 두 군 모두에서 없었다. SKOV3세포주는 대조군에 비해서 tRA를 준 군에서 RARβ와 RARγ의 발현이 높게 나타났으며 bcl-2의 발현은 감소되었고 p53유전자의 발현은 증가되었다. 이상의 결과로서 tRA는 두 세포주에서 모두 apoptosis를 일으켰으며 세포의 증식 억제가 나타나 tRA의 두 세포주에 대한 항암 효과를 확인 할 수 있었다. 그러나 NIH OVCAa3세포주에서는 본 연구에서 이용한 apoptosis관련 유전자인 c-myc, bcl-2, p53유전자와 apoptosis와는 관련이 없게 나타나서 이러한 과정은 다른 유전자를 통해서 일어난 것으로 생각되며 또한 RARs 유전자와도 관련이 미약하여 RA의 다른 수용체인 retinoid X receptor(RXR)와 관련이 있을 것으로 여겨진다. 반면 SKOV3세포주인 경우에는 RARβ와 RARγ가 apoptosis를 일으키는데 역할을 하였으며 p53유전자와 bcl-2유전자가 apoptosis와 관련이 있는 것으로 사료된다. [영문] Ovarian carcinoma continues to be a serious life-threatening disease in women with a 5-year survival rate of 30∼40%. Some of the recent reports revealed that all-tracts-retinoic acid (tRA)inhibited the proliferation of ovarian carcinoma cell lines and induced apoptosis. Retinoids could mediate their inhibitory effects on cancer cell growth by interacting with two classes of nuclear retinoid receptors, the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and the retinoid X receptors (RXRs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the anticancer effect and inducing apoptosis of tRA on the ovarian epithelial carcinoma cell lines, NIH OVCAR3 and SKOV3. The changes of expression of the RARα, β, γ, p53, bcl-2 and c-myc genes after treatment of tRA were also studied. The inhibitory effect of cell proliferation was observed using hemocytometer. In NIH OVCAR3 cell line, the number of cells was decreased significantly in proportion to the concentration of tRA. However, the number of cells was decreased only at the concentration of tRA 10**-**4 M and 10**-**5 M in SKOV3 cell line. There was no inhibitory effect observed in other conditions. The morphologic changes of apoptosis were shown in the hematoxylin-eosin stain. After treatment of tRA, both cell lines showed characteristic apoptotic morphologic patterns, i.e., cell shrinkage, nuclear condensation, fragmentation of cytoplasm or nucleus, and the formation of apoptotic bodies, The number of apoptotic cells was also increased in proportion to the concentration of tRA. The DNA gel clectrophoresis reveled the DNA ladder pattern, the hallmark of the apoptosis in the NIH OVCAR3 cell line. However, there was no DNA ladder pattern in SKOV3 cell line. The quantitative analysis and cell cycle analysis were done using flow cytometer. The percentage of apoptosis was significantly increased in proportion to tRA concentration in both NIH OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell line. There was no change of cell cycle or Gl arrest in both cell lines. Finally expressions of RARs, bcl-2, c-myc and p53 gene were observed using northern blotting. There was no RARα expression in both cell lines. In NIH OVCAR3 cell line, there was no expression changes in RARβ and bcl-2 gene, the RARγ gene expression of tRA treated group was merely increased as compared with that of control group, p53 gene expression was decreased and c-myc gene was not expressed. In SKOV3 cell line, the expressions of RARβ and γ gene were increased in the tRA treated group, the c-myc gene was expressed but there were no changes between tRA treated and control group. The p53 gene expression was markedly increased and bc12 gene expression was decreased after treatment of tRA in SKOV3 cell line. The result of this study suggests that tRA has anticancer effect and induces apoptosis on both cell lines. Among RARs, RARβ and RARγ were correlated to the anticancer effect of tRA on SKOV3 cell line. Bcl-2 and p53 genes were also correlated to tRA induced apoptosis in SKOV3 cell lines. However, in NIH OVCAR3 cell line, the genes were not correlated to anticancer effect and apoptosis of tRA.restrictio

한국인 알츠하이머병 환자에서 한국형 간이정신상태검사 점수의 진행양상에 관한 연구

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 의학과(뇌신경과학 전공), 2015. 8. 김상윤.Progression of Alzheimers Disease (AD) is well known from studies regarding the natural courses, while only few studies have shown in patients on medications. Previous clinical trials addressed that cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor blockers in Alzheimers disease(AD) alter the rate of cognitive decline, but their long-term effects need further investigation. In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the long-term cognitive changes on Korean AD patients in clinical settings receiving pharmacological treatments and identify the associated variables affecting the rate of cognitive decline. This was a retrospective cohort study from patients whom visited Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, between 2003 to 2013. From medical records of AD patients using ChEIs and/or NMDA receptor blockers, we determined the progression of Korean Mini-Mental Status Exam (K-MMSE) by calculating the rate of change in years from each pairs of consecutive K-MMSE assessments. The mixed random/fixed coefficient method was used for modeling predictions of K-MMSE progressions and verifying the rate modifying risk factors. Total number of 366 patients and their 1337 assessments were included in analysis. Mean rate of K-MMSE change calculated from 971 pairs of K-MMSE per year was 1.31 points (95% CI -1.47 to -1.14) in all score ranges. From the mixed model analyses, earlier-onset disease, presence of APOE ε4 allele, higher level of education, and lower initial K-MMSE scores were associated with faster cognitive decline rates. Compared to previous studies, rate of K-MMSE changes has decelerated. The effects of rate modifying factors from analyses lined with our current knowledge. This was the first study in Korean AD patients on pharmacological treatments demonstrating the long-term progression course in clinical settings. We were able to predict the rate of decline and verify the risk variable effects. The model acquired from our study may be of use to clinicians who encounter AD patients in long-term follow-up, by giving information on progression rate and aiding clinical decisions.Table of Contents Introduction 4 Materials and methods 6 Results 11 Discussion 15 References 20 Tables and Figures 29Maste

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