The effects of storage conditions on the stability of house dust mite extracts

PURPOSE: Allergen extracts from the house dust mite (HDM, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) are widely utilized for diagnosis and treatment of allergic diseases. It is known that allergen extracts degrade and lose potency when stored over time. METHODS: This study aimed to determine the optimal conditions for stability of allergen extracts. This study was undertaken to investigate the optimal storage conditions for HDM extracts, the effects of adding 0.03% human serum albumin (HSA) and 50% glycerol were evaluated at -20℃, 4℃, and room temperature (RT). Changes in protein and group 1 major allergen (Der p 1) concentration, as well as allergenicity were measured over a 1 year period using the Bradford assay, two-site ELISA, and ELISA inhibition. RESULTS: Protein concentrations decreased by 86%, 51%, and 6% at RT, 4℃, and -20℃, respectively, when stored in distilled water. Overall allergenicity remained high (89.9%) when the extracts was reconstituted in 50% glycerol solution, and was 93.1% when reconstituted in 50% glycerol and 0.03% HSA at RT. Allergenicity was decreased to 36.6% and 33.3%, however, reconstitution in DW or 0.03% HSA solution at RT, respectively. Allergenicity was remained high as 92.0%-97.0% when stored at 4℃ regardless of the buffer conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Storage temperature is the most important factor in preserving allergenicity of HDM extracts, which is ideal at 4℃. The addition of 50% glycerol to the storage buffer was also found to play an important role in increasing the shelf-life of HDM extracts at RTope

(A) research on the characteristics of the suspended particulate by area in Inchon city

환경관리학과/석사[한글] 인위적 원인에 기인되어져 발생되는 입자상 물질등은 산업지역이나 도시 지역에서는 제한된 지역에서 많은 시간내에 다량 발생하므로 대기중의 농도가 급격히 증가하여 인체 및 동식물에 큰 영향을 미치게 된다. 우리나라에서는 부유분진중 인체에 유해한 것으로 알려진 호기성분진(respirable dust)에 대한 규제를 실시하지 못하고있는 실정으로 총부유분진(total suspended particulates)을 대상으로 하고 있다. 이러한 부유분진에 의한 대기오염 실태를 파악하는데 있어서 부유분진의 농도, 화학적 조성, 입경분포등에 관해서도 유기적인 고찰을 실시하여 그중 유해성물질에 대한 건강상 유해성평가(risk assessement)가 이루어져야 할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 높은 인구밀도와 공업 및 수도권도시인 인천지역을 중심으로 주거지역, 상업지역, 공업지역으로 구분하여 대기 부유분진의 농도, 입도별분포, 중금속 7종에 대한 오염도를 조사분석하였다. 부유분진은 high volume air sampler로, 입도별분포는 입경분포측정기에 의해서, 중금속은 atomic absorption spectrophoter로 각각 측정하였으며, 조사기간은 1989-1990년 5월 11월 각 월별 1회씩 6개 시료채취지점에서 실시하였다. 1. 지역별 T S P의 평균농도는 주거지역에서 165.56μg/m**3, 상업지역에서 228.88μg/m**3, 공업지역에서 238.95μg/m**3로 나타나 환경기준치 연 평균 150μg/m**3보다는 높았으나 1일 평균 300μg/m**3보다는 낮았다. 오염지역별 순위로는 공업지역 > 상업지역 > 주거지역 순이었으며 각 지역별 평균 T S P는 202±36μg/m**3, 조사범위로는 209±66μg/m**3로 나타났다. 또한 각 년도에서 5월 보다 11월에 오염도가 높은 것으로 나타나 난방기의 오염도가 비 난방기에 비하여 T S P애 미치는 영향이 더 컸다. 2. Stage 구분상 2.1μm이하의 미세입자와 2.1μm이상의 조대입자로 구분하여 주거지역에서 미세입자가 6:4로 큰 분포를, 상업지역에서 미세입자가 7:3의 우세한 비율로, 공업지역에서 미세입자가 6:4의 분포를 나타내어 각 지역 모두 인위적인 발생요인이 많을 것으로 사료된다. 3. 미세입자가 T S P에 기여하는 정도를 미세입자 분율로 나타내었는데 각 지역 모두에서 최저 0.45(45%) 최고 0.67(67%) 까지로 나타나 T S P에 대하여 1/2이상의 페포 침착성 분진의 분포를 보였다. 4. 대기중 T S P의 입도 분포율을 조사한 결과 각 지역 모두에서 0.43μm이하의 입자에서 가장 크게 나타났다. 전 지역에서 0 43μm이하의 범위는 32.38∼44.62%로 나타나 극히 미세한 입자의 분포가 주를 이루었다. 5. T S P에 대한 입도별 분포에서는 각 지역 모두 0.43μm이하에서 1개의 peak와 상업·공업지역에서는 3.3 < 4.7μm에서, 주거지역에서는 2.1 < 3.3μm에서 peak를 이루어 각각 2개의 봉을 형성하였다. 6. Stage 구분상 11μm이하의 입자 크기를 호기성분진으로 적응하여 지역별 호기성 분진 결과에서는 주거지역에서 93.48%, 상업지역 96.16%, 공업지역 91.24%로 나타나 호기성 분진에 대한 비호기성분진의 비는 10.4∼25.0까지로 매우 높은 분포를 보였는데 이는 포집범위를 11μm의 입자 크기를 기준으로 조사한 결과였다. 7. T S P중의 중금속 농도에서는 전 조사기간동안 Pb 0.17∼0.51μg/m**3, Cu 0.18∼0.55μg/m**3, Mn 0.08∼0.32μg/m**3, Cr·Cd은 같은 농도로 N·D(Negative detective)∼0.015μg/m**3, Fe 0.92∼3.84μg/m**3, Zn 0.43∼2.49μg/m**3로 나타나 중금속별 오염도는 Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn > Cd·Cr순으로 높게 나타났다. 지역별 중금속 조사결과는 주거지역에서 Fe 1.67μg/m**3, Zn 0.86μg/m**3, Cu 0.22μg/m**3. Pb 0.25μg/m**3, Mn 0.13μg/m**3, Cd 0.004μg/m**3, Cr 0.05μg/m**3로 나타났으며, 상업지역에서는 Fe 1.92μg/m**3, Zn 1.4μg/m**3, Cu 0.25μg/m**3, Pb 0.36μg/m**3, Mn 0.13μg/m**3, Cd 0.007μg/m**3, Cr 0.007μg/m**3으로, 공업지역에서 Fe 1.93μg/m**3, Zn 1.59μg/m**3, Cu 0.30μg/m**3, Pb 0.26μg/m**3, Mn 0.17μg/m**3, Cd 0.008μg/m**3, Cr 0.007μg/m**3으로 나타나 지역별 중금속 농도로는 공업지역 > 상업지 역 > 주거지역 순으로 높게 나타났다. 8. '89년도 '90년도의 중금속 오염도 추이현상에서는 Cr·Cd·Mn에서는 거의 동일한 오염도를 보였으나 Pb 및 Cu에서는 점차 증가하는 현상을 나타내어 자동차의 증가와 각종 산업장의 증설에 주요원인으로 기인되어 진다. 이상 결과로 보아 인천지역은 대기 부유분진의 오염도는 높았으며 그 중 특정한 중금속 오염도가 역시 높으며, 호기성 부유분진의 분포가 많아 이에 대한 건강상 유해성이 평가되어져야 한다. A Research on the Characteristics of the Suspended Particulate by Area in Inchon City - With Special Reference to the Size Distribution of Suspended Particles and the Concentration of Heavy Metals - HAN, IN SOO Dept. of Environment Science, Graduate School of Health, Science and Management, Yonsei University (Directed by Prof, Sook Pyo, Kwon, Ph.D) The particulate matters caused antificially are mass-gererated in a short time within the limited regions of industirial or urban area, and therefore, the concentration of them in the atmosphere sharply increases, affecting seriously the human body as well as animals and plants. In our nation, the fact is that the respirable dusts among the suspended particulate known as harmful to the human body are not under regulation specifically, but total suspended particulate is regulated. In identifying the realities of air pollution by the suspended particulate, the concentration, chemical components and size distribution of the suspended particulated should be examined regularly, and health risk assessment of micropollutants in it should be made. This study in Incheon area analyzed the concentration of the suspended particulate, size distribution, pollution level of 7 sorts of heavy metals, around high populated or industrial areas and also in the Metropolitan area classified of residential region, commercial region and industrial region. The suspended particulate was measured by the high volume air sampler, the size distribution, by measuring instrument of size distribution, and the heavy matals, by the atomic absorption spectre-photometer, respectively. The investigation was implemented4 times in May and November in 1989 and 1990. Results of the study are as follows: 1. The regional average concentration of T S P(Total Suspended Particulate) appeared as 165.56μg/m**3 in residential region, 228.88μg/m**3 in commercial region and 238.95μg/m**3 in industrial region, and these results were higher than the annual nation-wide environmental standard (150μg/m**3), however, lower than the daily standard (300μg/m**3). The order of air polluion level from the highest showed as Industrial Region >Commercial Region >Residential Region. Also, pollution level was higher in November than in May, the influence of heating systems on air pollution was more significant than that of cooling systems. 2. Particles were classified into fine particles whose diameter were less than 2.1 μm and coarse particles whose diameter were more than 2.1μm. Distributive ratio of fine particles to coarse particles was 6:4 in residential region. And that of fine particles and coarse particles in the commercial rigion was 7:3, and that in the industrial region was 6:4. With above results, all the regions-the residential, commercial and industrial-can be assumed to hale artificial factors to cause the harmful suspended particutate. 3. The degree of fine particles's contributes to T S P was, in its percentage, the lowest, 45%, and the highest, 67%, in all regions. 4. In Results of having investigated the distribution of T S P with reference to the size of the particulate, its proportion was significant in the size of the particlate, less than 0.43μm(a diameter). The range of the particulate less than 0.43μm in the whole region was between 32.38% and 44.62%, this fact showed that extremly minute(fine) particles dominantly occupied in the whole region. 5. In a distribution curve of T S P, each region showed a peak with the particulate less than 0.43μm diameter, commercial and industrial regional each showed a peak with the particulate of 3.3<4.7μm, the residential region, a peak with the particulate of 2.1<3.3μm, and so, at the regions each showed two peaks. 6. Particles less than its diameter, 11μm was regarded or applied to respirable dust, and in results of respirable dust among areas, 93.48% showed in the residential region, 96.16% in the commercial region, and 91.24% in the industrial region, and the proportion of non-respirable dust to respirable dust was 10.4-25.0, which was avery high distribution, and, all such data were based on the particle of its diameter, 11μm. 7. The concentration of heavy metals in T S P throughout the investigation period was as follows: Pb 0.17 - 0.51μg/m**3, Cu 0.18 - 0.55 μg/m**3, Mn 0.08 - 0.32μg/m**3, a same concentration for Cr and Cd-ND(Negative Detective) 0.015μg/m**3, Fe 0.92 - 3.84μg/m**3, Zn 0.43 - 2.49μg/m**3, and so, the order of the pollution level for each heavy metals was Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn> Cd·Cr. Findings from the investigation of heavy metals for each region were as follows in the resisdential region, Fe 1.67μg/m**3, Zn 0.86μg/m**3, Cu 0.22μg/m**3, Pb 0.25μg/m**3, Mn 0.13μg/m**3, Cd 0.004μg/m**3, Cr 0.005μg/m**3, in the commercial region, Fe 1.92μg/m**3, Zn 1.4μg/m**3, Cu 0.25μg/m**3, Pb 0.36μg/m**3, Mn 0.13μg/m**3, Cd 0.007μg/m**3, Cr 0.007μg/m**3, in the industrial region, Fe 1.93μg/m**3, Zn 1.59μg/m**3, Cu 0.30μg/m**3, Pb 0.26μg/m**3, Mn 0.17μg/m**3, Cd 0.008μg/m**3, and Cr 0.007μg/m**3. Based on such data, the order of the concentration of heavy metals for each region would be industrial > commertial > residential region. 8. Concerning the change of the pollution level of heavy metals in the period on investigation, 1989 and 1990, heavy metals, Cr, Cd and Mn showed a nearly same pollution level, however Pb and Cu a gradually increasing tendency, which was considered to be caused mainly for the increase of the number of automobiles and various industrial facilities. Therefore, the pollution level of suspended particulates in the air of Inchon area was high, and also, heavy metals Because of the considerable suspended dusts in this area, it must be considered to assess the hamfulness to human health caused by respirable dust continuously in the future. [영문] The particulate matters caused antificially are mass-gererated in a short time within the limited regions of industirial or urban area, and therefore, the concentration of them in the atmosphere sharply increases, affecting seriously the human body as well as animals and plants. In our nation, the fact is that the respirable dusts among the suspended particulate known as harmful to the human body are not under regulation specifically, but total suspended particulate is regulated. In identifying the realities of air pollution by the suspended particulate, the concentration, chemical components and size distribution of the suspended particulated should be examined regularly, and health risk assessment of micropollutants in it should be made. This study in Incheon area analyzed the concentration of the suspended particulate, size distribution, pollution level of 7 sorts of heavy metals, around high populated or industrial areas and also in the Metropolitan area classified of residential region, commercial region and industrial region. The suspended particulate was measured by the high volume air sampler, the size distribution, by measuring instrument of size distribution, and the heavy matals, by the atomic absorption spectre-photometer, respectively. The investigation was implemented4 times in May and November in 1989 and 1990. Results of the study are as follows: 1. The regional average concentration of T S P(Total Suspended Particulate) appeared as 165.56μg/m**3 in residential region, 228.88μg/m**3 in commercial region and 238.95μg/m**3 in industrial region, and these results were higher than the annual nation-wide environmental standard (150μg/m**3), however, lower than the daily standard (300μg/m**3). The order of air polluion level from the highest showed as Industrial Region >Commercial Region >Residential Region. Also, pollution level was higher in November than in May, the influence of heating systems on air pollution was more significant than that of cooling systems. 2. Particles were classified into fine particles whose diameter were less than 2.1 μm and coarse particles whose diameter were more than 2.1μm. Distributive ratio of fine particles to coarse particles was 6:4 in residential region. And that of fine particles and coarse particles in the commercial rigion was 7:3, and that in the industrial region was 6:4. With above results, all the regions-the residential, commercial and industrial-can be assumed to hale artificial factors to cause the harmful suspended particutate. 3. The degree of fine particles's contributes to T S P was, in its percentage, the lowest, 45%, and the highest, 67%, in all regions. 4. In Results of having investigated the distribution of T S P with reference to the size of the particulate, its proportion was significant in the size of the particlate, less than 0.43μm(a diameter). The range of the particulate less than 0.43μm in the whole region was between 32.38% and 44.62%, this fact showed that extremly minute(fine) particles dominantly occupied in the whole region. 5. In a distribution curve of T S P, each region showed a peak with the particulate less than 0.43μm diameter, commercial and industrial regional each showed a peak with the particulate of 3.3<4.7μm, the residential region, a peak with the particulate of 2.1<3.3μm, and so, at the regions each showed two peaks. 6. Particles less than its diameter, 11μm was regarded or applied to respirable dust, and in results of respirable dust among areas, 93.48% showed in the residential region, 96.16% in the commercial region, and 91.24% in the industrial region, and the proportion of non-respirable dust to respirable dust was 10.4-25.0, which was avery high distribution, and, all such data were based on the particle of its diameter, 11μm. 7. The concentration of heavy metals in T S P throughout the investigation period was as follows: Pb 0.17 - 0.51μg/m**3, Cu 0.18 - 0.55 μg/m**3, Mn 0.08 - 0.32μg/m**3, a same concentration for Cr and Cd-ND(Negative Detective) 0.015μg/m**3, Fe 0.92 - 3.84μg/m**3, Zn 0.43 - 2.49μg/m**3, and so, the order of the pollution level for each heavy metals was Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > Mn> Cd·Cr. Findings from the investigation of heavy metals for each region were as follows in the resisdential region, Fe 1.67μg/m**3, Zn 0.86μg/m**3, Cu 0.22μg/m**3, Pb 0.25μg/m**3, Mn 0.13μg/m**3, Cd 0.004μg/m**3, Cr 0.005μg/m**3, in the commercial region, Fe 1.92μg/m**3, Zn 1.4μg/m**3, Cu 0.25μg/m**3, Pb 0.36μg/m**3, Mn 0.13μg/m**3, Cd 0.007μg/m**3, Cr 0.007μg/m**3, in the industrial region, Fe 1.93μg/m**3, Zn 1.59μg/m**3, Cu 0.30μg/m**3, Pb 0.26μg/m**3, Mn 0.17μg/m**3, Cd 0.008μg/m**3, and Cr 0.007μg/m**3. Based on such data, the order of the concentration of heavy metals for each region would be industrial > commertial > residential region. 8. Concerning the change of the pollution level of heavy metals in the period on investigation, 1989 and 1990, heavy metals, Cr, Cd and Mn showed a nearly same pollution level, however Pb and Cu a gradually increasing tendency, which was considered to be caused mainly for the increase of the number of automobiles and various industrial facilities. Therefore, the pollution level of suspended particulates in the air of Inchon area was high, and also, heavy metals Because of the considerable suspended dusts in this area, it must be considered to assess the hamfulness to human health caused by respirable dust continuously in the future.restrictio

A Study on the Effect of Leadership Styles on Organizational Commitment and Organizational Citizenship Behavior

지난 10년 동안 조직시민행동에 대한 연구가 지속적으로 증가하였다. 그러나, 조직시민행동과 리더십 스타일 간의 관계에서 조직몰입의 역할에 대한 연구는 극히 제한적이다. 따라서 본 연구의 목적은 첫째 리더십 스타일이 부하들의 조직몰입과 조직시민행동에 대한 영향을 먼저 살펴보고, 둘째 리더십 스타일과 조직시민행동 관계에서 조직몰입의 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이룰 위하 여 본 연구는 육군 장병 199명을 대상으로 연구를 실시하였다. 연구결과 첫째 리더십 스타일과 조직몰입/조직시민행동 간의 관계에서 변혁적 리더십과 주도적 리더십이 강한 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였고, 슈퍼리더십은 조직시민행동에 강한 정(+)의 영향 울 미쳤다. 그러나 주도적 리더십온 조직시민행동에 부(-)적인 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 조직물입의 매개효과에 있어 조직몰입은 조직시민행동에 정(+)적인 영향을 미쳤으며, 변혁적 리더십과 주도 적 리더십의 매개효과가 확인되었다. 이 연구를 통한 시사점은 부하들의 조직몰입과 조직시민행동 울 촉진하기 위한 효과적인 리더십 스타일을 발견하였다는 점이다.In the more than one decade. studies of organizational citizenship behavior(OCB) has increased continuously. Research on the role of organizational commitment upon the relationships between OCB and leadership styles . however, is very scarce. The purpose of this study is to confirm the fact which leadership styles has more important on the subordinates' organizational commitment and OCB, and to recognize that organizational commitment mediates relationship between leadership styles and OCB . This study designed a model of mediating role of organizational commitment. and generated nine hypotheses inherent in the model. Results of analyzing data from a questionaire survey on 199 members of 12 Division in Army supported the hypotheses . The result of the research suggest us that transformational leadership and initiating structure leadership has more influence on the organizational commitment . And superleadership has more positive effect on the OCB and the initiating structure leadership has more negative effect on the OCB. And organizational commitment has a positive effect on the OCB. Through this study, we can identify that in order to enhance subordinates' OCB and organizational commitment. should be paid attention to effective leadership which has a positive effect on organizational commitment and OCB as the research says

Moderated Multiple Regression and Statistical Power Problems

Moderated multiple regression (MMR) has been increasingly used for detecting moderating effect in various management researches such as organizational behavior, human resources management, and industrial relations. But its wide use, recent rosear.ches has reported that this method has some flaws, that is, low statistical power problems. This article identifies several factors that reduce statistical power below acceptable levels in the process of using MMR approach for detecting moderating effect. Finally it proposes some solutions to increase statistical power in MMR use

Electric field optimization using the NURB curve in a gas-insulated switchgear

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :전기·컴퓨터공학부,2005.Docto

Allergenicity of recombinant profilins from Japanese hop, Humulus japonicus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Pollen from Japanese hop, Humulusjaponicus, is a major cause of pollinosis in Korea. Profilin (15 kDa) from Humulus scandens has been associated with strong allergenicity in allergic Chinese patients. Profilin has also been detected in pollen extract from Korean Japanese hop by proteomic analysis and immunoglobulin (Ig) E immunoblotting. However, the allergenicity of allergens isolated from Japanese hop has not been investigated in Korean individuals. This study was undertaken to produce recombinant profilin from Japanese hop and evaluate its allergenicity. METHODS: Complementary DNA sequences encoding 2 isoallergens were cloned by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and their recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. The IgE-binding reactivities of the recombinant allergens were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: The deduced amino acid sequences of the H. japonicus profilins were 68.7% to 80.2% homologous with profilins from mugwort (Art v 4), ragweed (Amb a 14), and birch (Bet v 2). Two isoallergens of profilin from H. japonicus were 78.2% identical. Notably, the cDNA sequences of these 2 isoallergens were 98.5% (AY268422) and 98.7% (AY268424) identical to those of H. scandens. Serum samples from Japanese hop-sensitized individuals showed 12.9% IgE reactivity to both of the recombinant profilin isoallergens from H. japonicus, indicating that profilin may not be an allergenically dominant component of Japanese hop pollen. The recombinant profilins showed only 0% to 9.3% inhibition of the crude extract. CONCLUSIONS: Two isoallergens of profilin that are highly conserved with those of mugwort, ragweed, and birch were identified in H. japonicus. Profilins from Japanese hop pollen may play a minor role in the pathogenesis of pollinosis in Koreans.ope

Identification of Novel Allergenic Components from German Cockroach Fecal Extract by a Proteomic Approach

BACKGROUND: Cockroaches produce potent allergens, and cockroach feces are known to be especially rich in allergens. In this study, we analyze the allergenic components from cockroach feces and evaluate allergenicity of recombinant α-amylase identified from fecal extract. METHODS: IgE-reactive proteins from German cockroach fecal extract were analyzed by proteomic analysis and immunoblotting. Recombinant α-amylase was produced and its allergenicity was evaluated by ELISA. RESULTS: Analysis of German cockroach fecal extracts identified 12 IgE-reactive components. Most of these allergens were found to be digestive enzymes such as α-amylase, trypsin, chymotrypsin, metalloprotease, and midgut carboxypeptidase A, but the identity of 3 IgE-reactive proteins is still unknown. Glycinin-like proteins, which were likely derived from the cockroach diet, were also identified. German cockroach α-amylase shares the highest identity with pig α-amylase (55.8%), followed by mite group 4 allergens (Blo t 4, 50.4%; Der p 4, 49.8%; Eur m 4, 47.4%). In this study, recombinant α-amylase from German cockroach was expressed, and its allergenicity was examined by ELISA. Specific IgE against recombinant amylase was detected in 41.4% (12/29) of serum samples from German cockroach-sensitized subjects. Recombinant α-amylase was able to inhibit 55% of specific IgE to German cockroach whole-body extract. CONCLUSIONS: Amylase was found to be an important novel allergen in cockroach feces. It is hoped that recombinant α-amylase will be useful for further studies and clinical applications.ope