Art of ‘Whatness’ : A visual study on the structural world

The meaning of language is determined not by individual words but by the relations among words. Likewise, individuals in the world exist by establishing organic relations with other beings. Therefore, life and thoughts of the individual are not his or her proper possessions, but are defined by meaning-relations which are surrounded by the group and time in which the individual is included. Modern society judges the life of the individual according to a criterion of the structure which is called efficiency or rationality. However, the thoughts and the individuals outside of this criterion are treated as unnecessary or wrong. Accordingly, if a problem comes up in the life of the individual, people cannot think of this problem as a structural one, but recognize it as the individual's problem. When the socio-structural problem is imputed to an individual, an effort of that individual to resolve this problem comes to nothing. Modern society takes this individual suffering from the structural problem as failure, and proposes a way to overcome this situation a model of the individual standardized by the structure. Thereby, the individual him or herself censors the thought which is inefficient, useless and unauthorized by the structure, and accepts it without any hesitation, the future heralded by the structure. This research recognizes the existence of the undiscovered structure in the world of complexification and specialization, and studies in a critical way the structure which standardizes the recognition and acts of the individual by penetrating into his or her desire and sense. As a frame of this critical study, this research makes the best use of post-structural thought. First, this research studies the theory of the French linguist Ferdinand de Saussure regarding the structure of language which is the most intimate element in human life. The structural linguistics of Saussure, which provides a basis for the structuration of the thought and the world of human beings, believes that the meaning of sign is not defined by some essential property but by the difference among other signs. Therefore, there is not any relationship between the sign and the object represented by this sign. According to Saussure, the system of language is structured in this way. The comprehension of the linguistic system is expanded to the comprehension of human culture and society via the thoughts of Roman Jakobson and Claude Levi-Strauss. They claim that the subject exists not only as a singular being but also as a being shackled by the ‘relation’ shaped by the structure. Saussure and Levi-Strauss try to find the total structure in the language as a universal thought in this world and in the primitive tribe. Thus, for Saussure and Levi-Strauss, the structure is inevitable, invariable and universal. With this understanding of the structure, Saussure and Levi-Strauss could break away from the subject-centered thought which is characteristic of the modern thought. However they were also caught up in rationalist thought because of the presupposition of a priori structure. Consequently their theories bring about alienation of the individual by restraining the liberty of the individual as a singular being and by being unable to explain the specificity of the individual. Therefore, this research proposes to deconstruct the unified and necessary thought of the structure and the linguistic structure by the works of Gilles Deleuze and Jacques Derrida, and to reaffirm the existence of the world by the aleatory and articulated thought. The thought of the structure is in itself a thought-procedure of embracing the life and world of the researcher, and is established not only as the content of the researcher’s work but also as the methodological frame. Expressions through works of art are achieved through various media including photos, engravings, visual images, object installation, language, sound installations, drawings, publications, books, and all share the method of borrowing, duplication and deconstruction. Most of the works do not finish at one point but exist in a state of relation between anterior work and posterior work. In other words, these works do not exist as completed objects but are arranged to be open objects. The work can be largely separated into two categories: First, works which exist as a ‘trace’, and second, works which exist as a ‘line’. The works of a trace is a process of the incessant translation of a certain text, and the works of extracting a ‘line’ is a process of deconstructing and rearranging lines which functioned or function in a specific space. These acts of the repetitive translation and extraction express the fact that absolute truth or the fixed structure does not exist, and that the truth or the structure is always flexible and unstable. Moreover, these acts are per se the resistance of the individual against the order of systematized meanings. We hope that this small act of the researcher which, by some people, could be discounted as a meaningless act, can affirm and comfort the deviant lives of the individuals who were not able to be systematized by the meaning-structure of this world.;언어의 의미는 개별 단어가 아닌 전체 체계 안에서 다른 단어들과의 관계에 의해 결정된다. 마찬가지로 세계 안에서 개인은 다른 존재들과 유기적 관계를 맺으며 존재하고 있다. 개인의 삶과 사유는 개인의 고유한 것이라기보다는 그가 속한 시대와 집단 내에 존재하는 의미 관계들에 의해 규정되는 것이다. 현대 사회는 이러한 개인의 삶을 효율성과 합리성이라는 구조로 재단한다. 하지만 이런 구조의 잣대로 평가 받지 못하는 사유와 개인들은 불필요하거나 잘못된 것으로 취급된다. 이에 따라 개인은 삶에 문제가 발생했을 때, 구조를 문제 삼지 못하고 자신의 문제로 인식하게 된다. 사회 구조적 문제의 원인이 개인의 문제로 여겨질 때, 그러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 개인의 노력은 헛수고로 돌아갈 수밖에 없다. 현대사회는 이러한 구조의 문제에 부딪힌 개인을 실패로 내몰고, 그것을 극복하기 위한 방안으로서 구조에 규격화된 개인을 제안한다. 이제 개인은 구조가 허락하지 않는 비효율적이고 무용한 사유들을 스스로 검열하고 구조로부터 예고된 미래를 어떠한 저항 없이 받아들인다. 이렇듯 구조에 의해 결정된 삶은 개인을 무력하게 만든다. 본 연구는 복잡전문화 되어가는 세계 속에서 드러나지 않는 구조의 존재를 인식하고, 욕망과 감각에 침투해 개인의 인식과 행위를 획일화하는 구조를 비판적으로 탐구한다. 이런 비판적 사고의 틀로서 후기구조주의 사유를 살펴본다. 먼저 삶의 가장 밀접한 구조인 언어와 관련해 언어학자 페르디낭 드 소쉬르(Ferdinand de Saussure)의 이론을 연구해본다. 인간의 사유와 세계가 구조화되어 있다는 생각의 기초를 제공한 소쉬르의 구조언어학은 기호의 의미가 어떤 본질적 속성에 의해서가 아니라 다른 기호들과의 차이에 의해 정의된다고 보았다. 그에 따르면 기호와 기호를 통해 표상되는 대상 사이에는 어떠한 본질적 연관도 존재하지 않는다. 언어 체계는 차이를 통해 구조화되어 있다. 언어 체계에 대한 이해는 로만 야콥슨(Roman Jakobson)을 거쳐 클로드 레비-스트로스(Claude Levi-Strauss)를 통해 인간 문화와 사회에 대한 이해로 확장된다. 이들은 주체가 단지 개별자로서 존재하는 것이 아니라 구조가 형성해 놓은 ‘관계’에 속박되어 있다고 이야기한다. 소쉬르와 레비-스트로스는 세계의 보편적 사고로서 언어와 원시 부족에게서 총체적 구조를 찾으려 했다. 그렇기에 그들에게 있어 구조는 필연적이고 불변적이며 보편적이다. 구조에 대한 이러한 이해를 통해 근대적 사유가 가지고 있는 주체중심의 사고에서는 벗어났지만, 선험적 구조를 가정함으로서 여전히 합리주의적 사고 안에 있다. 따라서 그들의 사고는 개별자로서 개인의 자유를 제약하며 개인이 가진 특성을 설명하지 못하고 개인의 소외를 가져온다. 이에 연구자는 질 들뢰즈(Gilles Deleuze)와 자크 데리다(Jacques Derrida)의 연구를 통해 언어구조와 구조의 전일화 되고 필연적인 사유를 해체하고, 우연적이고 분절적 사유를 통해 세계를 긍정할 것을 제안한다. 이와 같은 구조에 대한 사고는 연구자의 삶과 세계를 받아들이는 하나의 사고과정이며, 연구자 작업의 내용뿐 아니라 방법적인 틀로서 존재한다. 작품의 표현은 사진, 판화, 영상, 오브제 설치, 언어, 사운드 설치, 드로잉, 출판물, 책 등 다양한 매체를 통해 이루어졌으며 각각은 차용과 복제, 해체의 방법을 공유하고 있다. 작업 대부분은 한 점으로 완결되지 않고 항상 그 다음과 이전의 작업들과의 관련 속에 존재한다. 즉, 완결된 사물로서 존재하지 않고 열린 사물로서 배치되는 것이다. 그 중 특히 ‘흔적'으로 존재하는 작업과 ‘선'으로 추출되는 작업으로 크게 나눌 수 있는데 ‘흔적'과 관련된 작업은 하나의 특정한 텍스트를 계속해서 번역해 나가는 과정이고, ‘선'을 추출하는 작업은 특정 공간에서 실제로 기능하거나 기능했던 선들을 해체하여 재배열하는 방식으로 진행하였다. 이러한 반복적 번역과 추출의 행위들은 절대적 진리나 고정된 구조란 존재하지 않으며, 진리나 구조는 항상 유동적이며 불안정하다는 사실에 대해서 이야기한다. 또한 체계화된 의미 질서에 대한 개인의 반항이기도 하다. 어쩌면 무의미한 행위로 치부될 수 있는 연구자의 작은 움직임들이 세계의 의미 구조 속에서 계열화되지 못한 미끄러진 삶들을 긍정하고 위로하길 희망한다.Ⅰ. 서론 1 Ⅱ. 가로쓰기 : 규칙의 발견 4 A. 언어의 규칙 5 B. 구조와 삶 7 Ⅲ. 세로쓰기 : 구조의 틈 12 A. 틈의 가능성 13 B. 사유의 미끄러짐 22 Ⅳ. 새로쓰기 : 새로운 구조의 가능성 31 A. 흔적의 배치 31 B. 표면의 번역 39 Ⅴ. 결론 63 참고문헌 65 ABSTRACT 6

무선 랜 환경에서의 TCP 성능개선을 위한 적응적 혼잡제어 알고리즘

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :전기·컴퓨터공학부,2002.Maste

기술의 진보로 인한 비즈니스 모델의 진화 및 확장

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 산업공학과, 2016. 2. 박용태.Business models (BMs) have constantly been modified and improved over time in accordance with the rapid advances of technology, especially with information technology (IT). This doctoral thesis deals with the technology-based BM changes, which corresponds to the dynamic changes of BM driven by technological advance. To manage BM in a more successful way, monitoring their changes and evaluating for new BMs are needed. In line with this, proper exploration tools are required for monitoring the dynamic changes of BMs and investigating market insights. This thesis thus aims to suggest three level-wise BM change exploring approaches through text-mining a variety of data. First study deals with the BM changes in industry level. In particular, vis-à-vis manufacturing BMs, service BMs have shown more diverse and volatile evolutionary patterns. Despite the importance of service BM innovation for firms continuous economic growth, little attention has been paid to systematic investigation on evolutionary changes in service BMs. With an exploratory attempt to reveal the IT-based evolution of service BMs, this study examines the dynamic variations in BM components based on BM patents maps. From a data point of view, this study proposes the use of BM patents as a valuable source of information for research on service business. From a methodological point of view, we focused on the use of a map, since it has a strong advantage to organize the massive service data in a clear and simple way regarding trends and evolutions. The maps are structured in time-based multi-layered chart. The time-based feature illustrates the dynamic changes of BM components, while the multi-layered feature enables the visualization of the evolution of service BMs based on the changes of those components. To recap, the primary meaning of this research is two-fold. First, as a systematic approach, patent-based text-mining method is adopted. Second, as an effective approach, map-based visualization tools are applied. The next study focuses on business entities, such as firms. Nowadays, innovations of technologies, products, and services occur interdependently, and these innovations lead the development of BMs. However, due to the complexity of innovation ecosystem, companies face difficulties in managing and monitoring their innovation ecosystem. In this manner, this paper suggests a comprehensive network, named as "Triple layer chart", a framework for exploring the connection of technologies, products, and services, and illustrates the network with a case of Apple incorporation's patents and products, including iPhone series and App store's service applications, in respective. To define the linkages, patent analysis and text analysis are employed. The resulted network will be interpreted in three ways, and this will provide some useful managerial information for the firms. The objective of the third study is to find paths of technology-based BM transition by investigating BM patents, which are the representative data sources of technical BMs. This provides the description and justification of the proposed transitional paths of BM – major (origination, transplant, mutation) and minor (variation, alternation, addition or subtraction) stream. After exploring changes of the BMs, the theme of the research shifts to functional performance evaluation of PSS BM – one of the most representative forms of contemporary BM. Functional performance of PSS BM requires a dynamic approach for measuring its effectiveness, which is an approach that is missing in the literature. This study aims to fill that void. Firstly, we address the concept of functional dynamics, considering as a distinctive measure of PSS BM functionality with regard to functional performance, and thus propose a five-phase analytic scheme of functional dynamics. Then, to measure the functional dynamics of PSS BM using the analytic scheme, a four-step procedure based on system dynamics is suggested. As a representative method for measuring the long-term dynamics of a complex system, the system dynamics may be effectively employed to measure PSSs functional dynamics in a comprehensive way. To illustrate the proposed approach, a case study of a u-healthcare system is presented. Lastly, the dissertation concludes by highlighting the key findings and drawing the studys limitation and further research.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background and motivation 1 1.2 Purpose 3 1.3 Scope and framework 4 1.4 Thesis outline 5 Chapter 2. Background 7 2.1 Theoretical background 7 2.1.1 Business model 7 2.1.2 Business model change 9 2.1.3 Technology in business model changes 10 2.2 Methodological background 11 2.2.1 Patent analysis 11 2.2.1.1 BM patent 11 2.2.2 Text mining 13 2.2.3 System dynamics 14 Chapter 3. Investigation of Business Model Change 16 3.1 Industry-level change 16 3.1.1 Evolutionary patterns of business model 16 3.1.2 Proposed approach 18 3.1.2.1 Overall process 18 3.1.2.2 Detailed process 20 3.1.3 Case study: Banking industry 29 3.1.3.1 Case overview 29 3.1.3.2 Case implementation 30 3.1.3.3 Implications 36 3.2 Firm-level change 43 3.2.1 Technology-product-service connections of business models 43 3.2.2 Proposed approach 44 3.2.3 Case study: Apple inc. 46 3.2.3.1 Case overview 46 3.2.3.2 Case implementation 47 3.2.3.3 Implications 53 3.3 Business model-level change 55 3.3.1 Transitional path of business model 55 3.2.3.1 Major stream 56 3.2.3.2 Minor stream 58 Chapter 4. Evaluation of Business Model 61 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Functional dynamics of business model 64 4.2.1 Measuring functional performance of PSS BM 64 4.2.2 Understanding functional dynamics of PSS BM 66 4.3 Proposed approach 68 4.3.1 Measurement procedure 69 4.3.1.1 Step 1: Draw the functional dependency network (FDN) of PSS BM 69 4.3.1.2 Step 2: Build the causal loop diagram (CLD) 71 4.3.1.3 Step 3: Simulate the model 72 4.3.1.4 Step 4: Measure and analyze the functional dynamics 73 4.4 Case study: U-healthcare service 74 4.4.1 Case overview 74 4.4.2 Case implementation 74 4.3.1.1 Step 1: Draw the FDN of u-healthcare system 74 4.3.1.2 Step 2: Build the CLD 77 4.3.1.3 Step 3: Simulate the model 78 4.3.1.4 Step 4: Measure and analyze the functional dynamics of u-healthcare system 82 4.5 Findings 90 Chapter 5. Conclusions 91 5.1 Summary and contributions 91 5.2 Limitations and future research 95 Bibliography 97 Appendix 111 Appendix A. Frequent keywords for each BM component 111 초 록 115Docto