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    ์ถ•๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ชจ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋™๊ณผ ์„ค๊ณ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฑด์ถ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ด์ฒ ํ˜ธ.Up-to-date design rules for tubular joints with welded branch plate(s) were recently formulated in prEN 1993-1-8. For plate-to-circular hollow section (CHS) joint, the design rules cover joints of high-strength steel tubular members whose yield stress is up to 460 MPa by incorporating the material factor (or joint strength reduction factor). These limitations on the high-strength steel joints are from concerns about lower strain hardening and the reduced ductility of high-strength steel compared to mild steel. However, the background data for the regulations need to be further augmented. In this study, to evaluate the current limitations on high-strength steel for plate-to-CHS joint, the strength and ductility of the high-strength steel joint were investigated based on the experimental and test-validated numerical studies. Meanwhile, it was also noted that the current design standards or guides do not provide an interaction relationship for the design of joints under combined axial compression and in-plane bending (IPB). To establish an interaction relationship of combined axial compression and IPB for longitudinal plate-to-CHS joints, the numerical parametric study was conducted. In the experiment, high-strength steel with a yield stress of 460 or 700 MPa was applied on the longitudinal X-type plate-to-CHS joints. The deformation capacity for the high-strength steel joints was sufficient relative to the ultimate deformation limit which determines the joint strength. The joint strength also provided high safety margin compared to the design resistance, suggesting that the yield stress limitation (fy โ‰ค 460 MPa) may be relaxed. The material factor for steel grade 460 was further investigated based on an extensive test-validated numerical analysis. Longitudinal X- and T-type plate-to-CHS joints were considered in the analysis, and their nondimensional geometric parameters were carefully chosen to induce a ductile chord plastification failure only. For the loading conditions, the combined axial compression and IPB were included in addition to the individual loading case. It was first shown that when IPB loading is involved, the use of a widely accepted 3% deformation limit criterion often yields a conservative joint strength rating. A more reasonable criterion is proposed considering both the 3% indentation limit and an additional limit in terms of the joint rotation angle. With the new deformation limit criterion, the code-specified material factor (0.90) for steel grade 460 was found to be appropriate for the X- and T-joints regardless of the loading type. Moreover, based on the analysis results of this study, the use of a linear interaction equation is newly proposed for both mild and high-strength steel joints.๊ธฐ์กด ์œ ๋กœ์ฝ”๋“œ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ •์•ˆ์ธ prEN 1993-1-8์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์šฉ์ ‘๋œ ๊ฐ•๊ด€์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ตœ์‹ ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„ 460MPa ์ดํ•˜์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋•Œ ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ 355MPa ์ด์ƒ์ผ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜(๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋„์ €๊ฐ๊ณ„์ˆ˜) 0.9๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ €๊ฐ์‹œ์ผœ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ œํ•œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ•์˜ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์šฐ๋ ค ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ์˜ ๊ทœ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์—ญํ•™์  ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ˜„ํ–‰์˜ ์ œํ•œ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ถ•๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฉด๋‚ดํœจ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ๋•Œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด์„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ Xํ˜• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„ 460 ๋˜๋Š” 700 MPa์˜ ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ•์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ• ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€๋Š” ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜• ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋„ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ผ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ•์— ๋น„๊ฒฌ๋  ๋งŒํ•œ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์„ค๊ณ„๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„ ์ƒํ•œ(fy = 460MPa)์ด ์™„ํ™”๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋œ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ•ด์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํšก๋ฐฉํ–ฅ Xํ˜•, Tํ˜• ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ์••์ถ•๋ ฅ, ๋ฉด๋‚ดํœจ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์••์ถ•๋ ฅ๊ณผ ๋ฉด๋‚ดํœจ์˜ ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ, ํ•ด์„์— ๊ณ ๋ ค๋œ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํ˜•์ƒ์€ ์ฃผ๊ด€์†Œ์„ฑํ™” ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ชจ๋“œ๋งŒ ์œ ๋„๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ์„ ์ •๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด์„์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ๋ฉด๋‚ดํœจ์ด ์ž‘์šฉํ•  ๋•Œ ๊ฐ•๊ด€์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์—์„œ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” 3% ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€ ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ 3% ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ๋ณด์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํšŒ์ „๊ฐ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ •์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ˜•ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐ์ค€์—์„œ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ํ•ญ๋ณต๊ฐ•๋„ 460MPa์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๊ณ„์ˆ˜ 0.9๊ฐ€ ํ•˜์ค‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด์— ๊ด€๊ณ„์—†์ด Xํ˜•, Tํ˜• ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์— ์ ์ ˆํ•จ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์กฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ-์›ํ˜•๊ฐ•๊ด€ ์ ‘ํ•ฉ๋ถ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„ ํ˜• ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Research Background 1 1.1.1. Tubular joints with high-strength steel 1 1.1.2. Plate-to-CHS joints with high-strength steel 2 1.1.3. Plate-to-CHS joints under combined loading 3 1.2. Objectives and scope 4 1.3. Overview of research program 4 Chapter 2. Literature Review 7 2.1. Existing design recommendations for plate-to-CHS joint 7 2.1.1. Failure modes and design resistance formulae 7 2.1.2. Range of applicability 11 2.2. Previous research 12 2.2.1. Brief history of plate-to-CHS joint studies 12 2.2.2. Deformation limit for tubular joints subjected to bending moment 13 2.2.3. High-strength steel plate-to-CHS joints 15 2.2.4. Plate-to-CHS joints under combined loading 17 Chapter 3. Experimental Program 19 3.1. Geometric and material properties 19 3.1.1. Design of test specimens 19 3.1.2. Coupon test results 23 3.2. Test setup 27 3.3. Test results and its evaluation 30 3.3.1. Joints under branch plate tension 30 3.3.2. Joints under branch plate IPB 39 Chapter 4. Parametric Study 45 4.1. Finite element modeling 46 4.1.1. Joints modeling details 46 4.1.2. Validation of modeling technique 50 4.2. Geometric and material properties 54 4.2.1. Selection of nondimensional geometric parameters considered 54 4.2.2. Material properties 57 4.3. FE results of longitudinal plate-to-CHS joints under branch plate compression 59 4.3.1. Deformation limit criterion 59 4.3.2. Longitudinal X-type plate-to-CHS joints 60 4.3.3. Longitudinal T-type plate-to-CHS joints 65 4.4. FE results of longitudinal plate-to-CHS joints under branch plate IPB 70 4.4.1. Proposal of deformation limit criterion 70 4.4.2. Longitudinal X-type plate-to-CHS joints 75 4.4.3. Longitudinal T-type plate-to-CHS joints 80 4.5. New proposal of interaction equation for longitudinal plate-to-CHS joints under combined compression and IPB 84 4.5.1. Proposal of deformation limit criterion 84 4.5.2. Longitudinal X- and T-type plate-to-CHS joints 86 4.6. Recommendations for design 89 Chapter 5. Conclusions 93 Bibliography 95 Appendix A. FE results 101 Abstract (in Korean) 119์„

    Judicial Review and the Social Science: With a Comparison between Korean and American experience

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    It has been a long tradition for Korean jurisprudence and judicial review practice that judicial adjudication should be based on normative interpretation of some preexiting rules. The facts-finding, on which authoritative adjudication shall be decided, must be distinguished from rule-finding; they cannot and shall not be intermingled, but only independent each other. There shall be absolute distinction between the normative judgement, the factual recognition and understanding. This paper would not deny this differentiation; rather, it tries only to posit that fact-finding based on scientific method may make some significant difference in normative judgment, and so the social science, with which we can find out some general and objective understanding on pending issues, can give reasonable grounds in claiming and adjudicating a case. Judicial review on constitutionality of any statute or any regulatory actions of state organs is different from any other type of adjudication. It is a kind of legislation, which creates new legal regulations and makes so serious influence on the whole society as well as the parties at issue. This means that it shall be necessary to consider seriously legislative facts as well as adjudicative for the decision to acquire appropriate legitimacy - not only substantial but also procedural. One of the most obvious evidence for..

    '๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ' ์šด๋™์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„

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    ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์€ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์‚ฐ์—…์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์˜ ๋ฐœ์ƒ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜, ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ณด๊ธ‰ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ํ•œ๋งˆ๋””๋กœ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ „ํ†ต์€ ์ผ์‹œ์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์—ด์ , ์ง€๋ฐฉ์  ๋ถ„์Ÿ๊ณผ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ์™€ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋˜ ๊ณตํ†ต์˜ ์ง€๋ฐ˜, ๋ฌธํ™”์ , ์ •์น˜์  ์ „ํ†ต์˜ ํ†ต์ผ์ด ์žˆ์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์œ„์— ๊ทธ๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์•„๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ์นด ๋ฌธ๋ช…์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜์ ๏ผŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๋ฏผ์ดˆ๊ธฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆœ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต ๊ณต๋™์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฑด์„คํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์€, ์ฒญ๊ต๋„์ฃผ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ดํฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋˜ ์ƒ์—…์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ์„ธ์†์ฃผ์˜๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋น„๋šค์–ด์ง„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์šฐ์›”์ฃผ์˜, ์ „๋ฏผ์ฃผ์˜, ์„ ๊ต์‚ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ‡ด๋ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์œ„์— 17์„ธ๊ธฐ ์ค‘์—ฝ ์ดํ›„์˜ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚œ ์ธ๊ตฌ์œ ์ž…๊ณผ ๋…ธ์˜ˆ๋„์ž…์œผ๋กœ ์ด ๊ณตํ†ต์ฒด์  ์ด์ƒ๋งˆ์ €๋„ ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ฒ˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ†ต์ƒ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ ์ž์œ ์ฃผ์˜์  ์š”์†Œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์š”์†Œ, ์˜๊ตญ์˜ ์••์ œ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์š”์ธ๋“ค๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ ์–ด๋„ ์•ž์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์ดํ›„์—๋„ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ ๋Œ€๋ฅ™์˜ ๊ฑด์„ค๋‹น์‹œ์— ์ด๋ฏธ ์ฒญ๊ต๋„์  ์ •์‹  ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ƒํ˜ธ๊ณต์กด/๋ชจ์ˆœ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํ˜ผ์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌ์™ธ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ์š”์†Œ์™€ ์ •์‹ ์  ์š”์†Œ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฒ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฒ•์ฒด๊ณ„๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ๋“ค์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•จ์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ช…์ œ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์„ค๋ช…์— ํƒ€๋‹นํ•ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์šด๋™ (Law and Society Movement)์„ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์—ฌ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์šด๋™์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์ „ํ›„ํ•œ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฝ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์ •์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ด ์šด๋™์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด 1960๋…„๋Œ€์˜ ํ˜ผ๋ž€ํ•œ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ผ๋Š” ์ , ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์  ยท ๋ถ„์„์  ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ ์ด์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์™•์„ฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋˜ ๋ฒ•ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๋น„ํŒ๋ฒ•ํ•™์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ „ํ›„์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฒ•์‚ฌ์ƒ์‚ฌ์  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•  ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ •์น˜, ๊ฒฝ์ œ, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ด€์ ์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์ „์ œ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ์ง€์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ๋“ค์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ดํŽด ๋ณผ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 1995๋…„๋„ ํ•œ๊ตญํ•™์ˆ ์ง„ํฅ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ•™๋ถ€์„ค์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ณผ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋น„์— ์˜ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ

    Clinical Investigation of Klinefelter's Syndrome

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    Klinefelter's syndrome is a form of testicular failure characterized by small testes, azoospermia and male phenotype and is the most common cause of frank hypogonadism. Frequency of the Klinefelter's syndrome in large scale surveys has estimated as 0.2% of all live-born males. Thus it may be approximated that we have nearly 40,000 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome in Korea. Clinical observations were made on a total of 64 cases of Klinefelter's syndrome in OUf Department of Seoul National University Hospital for the past 15 years. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Age distribution of the patients ranged from 12 to 34 with mean of 26 (Table 1). 2. Their chief complaints were small testicles in 29 cases (45%), infertile marriages in 16 cases (25%), small penis in 12 cases (19%), gynecomastia in 6 cases (9%), and other in 1 case (2%) (Table2). 3. The testicular sizes of the patients ranged from Irnl to 6ml with mean of 4ml (Table 3). 4. The penile sizes of the patients ranged from 2.5cm to 7.3cm with mean of 5.7cm in length, and from 2. Scm to 8. Oem with mean of 5. gem in circumference (Table 4). 5. The distribution of pubic hair were normal type in 10 cases (1696), horizontal type in 25 cases (39%), hypotrichosis pubis in 26 cases (4196), and atrichosis pubis in 3 cases (5%) (Table 5). 6. Gynecomastia occurred in 29 cases (45%). 7. Azoospermia was found in all cases. 8. The frequency of ejaculation per week ranged from 0.5 to 5 with mean of 1. 9/week in married cases and 2.1/week in single cases (Table 6). 9. The chromosomal study showed 47, XXY in 63 cases (9896) and 46, XX/47, XXY in 1 case (2%) (Table 8). Sex chromatin was positive in all patients (Table 7). 10. The average levels of plasma testosterone, FSH and LH were 2.43ng/ml (ranges: O. 27~8. Sl ng /rnl), 37. 92IU/L (ranges: 1.12~141. 03 IU/L), and 22.08 IU/L (ranges: O. 99~51. 88 IU/L), respectively(Tables 9 and 10). 11. Histological structures of the testes were hyalinization with fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules and pseudoadenomatous clumping of the Leydig cell. 12. These patients were treated with testosterone

    6.25์˜ ๋ฒ•์  ์กฐ๋ช… : ์ œ1์„ธ์…˜ ; 6.25์˜ ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ : ์ œ1์ฃผ์ œ ; ์ „์‹œ์ฒด์ œ์—์„œ์˜ ํ—Œ๋ฒ•ํ˜•์„ฑ (1948~1954)

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    1950๋…„ 6์›” 25์ผ ๋ฐœ๋ฐœํ•œ ๋‚จ๋ถ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ด๋ฆ„์ง“๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. 6.25์‚ฌ๋ณ€์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 6.25๋™๋ž€, 6.25์ „๋ž€, ํ•œ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ž€, ํ•œ๊ตญ์ „์Ÿ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„ํ•˜์—์„œ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋งค๊น€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ฑด, ๋ฏผ์กฑํ†ต์ผ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์น˜ํ•˜์—, ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑด๊ตญ์˜ ์—ด์ •๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์˜ ์ด๋…๊ณผ ์‹ ๋… ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ดํ•ด๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ๋ฌด๋ ฅํ–‰์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ, ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์กฑ๋ถ„์—ด๊ณผ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋งŒ์„ ์žฌํ™•์ธ, ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œ์ผฐ์Œ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ—Œ์ •์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋„ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ์˜๋ฏธ์™€ ํ”์ ๋“ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ฐฉ์ดํ›„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑด๊ตญ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  6.25 ์ง์ „์˜ 5.30์„ ๊ฑฐ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ผ์ œ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์Šนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์žฌํŽธํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์  ํ†ต์ œ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์™”์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด๋ฅผ ์ „์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ์กฐ์งํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์†Œ์œ„ ์ฃผ๊ถŒ์  ์ง€๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์—๋Š” ์ด๋ฅด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•ด๋ฐฉ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฉ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—ด์ •๋“ค โ€•์ฆ‰ H. Heller์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์˜ ์˜์ง€(Wille zur Staat)โ€• ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•ญ๊ฑฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ํ†ต์น˜๊ณผ์ •์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฒ ์ €ํžˆ ์†Œ์™ธ๋จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์  ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์ดˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋Š”, ์ •์น˜์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ œํ˜„์ƒ์ด ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ฒด์ œ๋‚˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ฒด์ œ์˜ ๋ฉด์—์„œ๋„ ์›์กฐ์™€ ์ ์‚ฐ๋ถˆํ•˜์— ์˜๊ฑฐํ•œ ์™ธ๋ถ€์  ๊ฒฝ์ œ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋Ÿฌ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ ๋Œ€๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ข…์†์„ฑ์„ ํƒˆํ”ผํ•œ ๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์‹œ๋ฏผ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ์กด์žฌ๋ž€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์กด์†ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค

    A Study on Human Right Protection during Policing of Police

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