12 research outputs found

    혈관이완제의 국소도포가 경축된 흰쥐 대퇴동맥 및 동맥문합에 미치는 영향

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    의학과/박사[영문] [한글] 미세혈관문합술은 기술적인 발전 및 경험의 축적으로 실패율이 현저히 감소되고 있으나 아직까지 수지 재접합의 실패율은 12∼30%에 이르고 있다. 미세혈관문합술의 실패원인으로는 기술적인 문제가 가장 많으며, 그 외 혈소판의 기능 장애, 혈액응고 그리고 혈관경축 등을 들 수 있다. 이중 혈관경축은 미세혈관 수술에서 해결해야할 중요한 문제로써 이의 정확한 발생기전은 알려져 있지 않으며, 따라서 그 치 료법도 아직 정립되지 못하고 있다. 미세혈관문합술이 시행되었던 초기에는 혈관경축이 발생되면 37℃의 생리적 식염수를 경축혈관 주위에 지속적으로 부려주거나, 2% lidocaine 을 국소도포 하여 혈관이완을 시도하였으나 시간도 많이 걸리고 혈관이완이 충분하지 못 한 경우가 많았다. 이번 연구에서 흰쥐의 대퇴동맥에 경축을 유발시킨 후 작용기전이 다 른 여러 종류의 혈관이완제를 국소도포하여 이들의 혈관이완효과 및 미세혈관문합술 후 문합부위에 조직병변을 비교 검색함으로서 임상적으로 미세혈관문합술의 수술시간을 단축 시키고 개존율을 높일 수 있는 방법을 추구하고자 하였다. 흰쥐의 대퇴동맥을 주위조직으로부터 분리한 다음 혈관경축을 유발한 후 혈관이완제 국 소도포에 의한 혈관이완효과를 검색하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 정상 대퇴동맥의 외경은 주위조직으로부터 혈관을 박리전에는 평균 0.82±0.01 mm 였고, 혈관박리 직후 일시적 수축이 나타났으나 60분 후부터는 0.78±0.01mm로 일정하였 다. 2. 외상을 가함으로 혈관외경은 52.4±1.2%로 경축되었으나, 30분에는 71.0±1.2%,1시 간에는 85.7±1.1%로 차차 이완되었다. 3. Epinephrine의 국소도포로 인한 혈관경축은 농도에 따라 강하게 나타났으며 epineph rine 10**-3M도포로 혈관외경은 40.7±1,9%로 최대경축을 나타내었다. 4. 혈관이완제의 국소도포로 모든 epinephrine유발 경축혈관이 이완되었으며 특히 Papa ve-rine에서 112.5±1.4%로 현저하였고, lidocaine, chlorpromazine 및 diazepam에서도 충분히 이완되어 경축전 외경까지 이완되었으나, nifedipine 이나 forskolin 국소도포로 는 경축전 외경까지 이완되지 못하였다. 5. Epinephrine으로 경축된 혈관이 경축전 외경까지 이완되는 시간은 Papaverine에서 1 .61±0.21분으로 가장 빨리 되었으며, lidocaine, chlorpromazine, diazepam 순으로 나타 났다. 6. Epinephrine으로 경축된 혈관을 경축전 외경까지 이완시킬 수 있는 혈관 이완제의 농도는 papaverine 2.14×10**-4M, lidocaine 2.69×10**-1M, chlorpromazine 5.89×10** -2M, 그리고 diazepam이 6.92×10**-3M이었다. 7. 미세혈관문합술시 혈관이완제 도포는 혈관의 개존율 및 조직학적 변화에 대해 뚜렷 한 영향을 주지 않았다. 이상의 성적으로 미루어 보아 epinephrine의 국소도포로 경축된 흰쥐의 대퇴동맥에 대해 혈관이완효능은 papaverine이 가장 크고, lidocaine, chlorpromazine 및 diazepam의 효능 은 서로 비슷하며, 미세혈관문합술시 혈관이완제 도포에 따른 혈관의 이완정도와 개존율 및 조직학적 변화 사이에는 별다른 상관관계가 없다고 생각한다. The Effect of Topical Application of Vasodilators on the Constricted Anastomosed Rat Femoral Artery Byung Kee Han Department Of Medical Science The Graduate School, yonsei University (Directed by Professor nae Duk Lew, M.D.) Even with the advent of major technical advances and increased clinical experiences in microvascular surgery, 12-3O% failure rate of digital replantation has been reported. Although the most frequent cause of failure in microvascular anastomosis is known as technical difficulty, some other factors such as abnormal platelet function, thrombosis and vasospasm are also concerned. Among these, vasospasm still remain to be solved in mic-rovascular surgery. The exact nature of vasospasm is yet elusively obscure and thus there are no accepted method in general for relief of vasospasm. At the early stage in microvascular surgery, continuous irrigation with 37 C physiologic saline or topical application with 2% lidocaine on the constricted vessel was attempted in hope of vasodilation, but the effect was blew and minimal, and thus short of expecta-tion. In this study, several vasodilators of different mechanisms were applied topically on epinephrine induced vasoconstriction in the rat femoral artery and the effects were analy-sed. Following the femoral artery anastomosis, the patency as well as the histologic cha-nges were examined in order to clarify the possibilities of saying operation time and improving success rate in the clinical setting. The results obtained are summarized as fellows: 1. The undissected external diameter of the femoral artery averages 0.82±0.71 mm. vasospasm occurred immediately after dissection but the diameter remained constant at0.78±0.01 mm. after 60 minutes. 2. Application of trauma to the femoral artery causes vasoconstriction and the vessel diameter was decreased to 52.4±1.2%,but at 30 minutes after relief of trauma, the vessel dilated to 71.0±1.2%, and at 1 hour, to 85.7±1.1%. 3. Topical application of epinephrine caused dose-dependent vasoconstriction and by 10-**3M maximal constriction occurred and the diameter was 40.7±1.9% of preconstriction state. 4. Epinephrine induced vasoconstriction was relieved by topical application of vasodila-tors, and among them papaverine was most effective and relaxed the vessel to 112.5±1,4% of preconstriction state. Lidocaine, chlorpromazine and diazepam could dilate the vessel to the preconstriction diameter, but nifedipine and forskolin could not. 5, The relief of epinephrine induced vasoconstriction was most prompt by papaverine and the time to regain preconstriction diameter was 1.61±0.21 minutes. The onset of vasodila-tion to preconstriction state was delayed in the order: lidocaine, chlorpromazine diazepam. 6. The caloulated concentration of vasodilators needed to dilate the epinephrine induced vasoconstriction to preconstricted diameters were papaverine, 2.14×10**-4 M; lidocaine, 2.69x10**-lM; chlorpromazine, 5.89×10**-2M; and diazepam, 6.92×10**-3M. 7. Topical application of vasodilators during microvascular anastomosis had no significant effect on the patency rate or histologic changes. From these results, it is suggested that papaverine is the most effective in relieving epinephrine induced vasospasm of the rat femoral artery, and the effects of lidocaine,chlorpromazine and diazepam are aimilar. However, there is no significant relationship between the degree of vasodilation, patency rate and histologic changes against the applica-tion of various vaaodilators.restrictio

    Studies on effect of epinephrine on skin flap survival in rats

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    의학과/석사[한글] 피부 또는 피하조직의 결손을 보충하기 위하여 피부변을 형성하고, 전이할 때에 epinephrine을 국소마취제와 함께 사용하여 왔다. 그러나 epinephrine을 사용하여 때때로 피부변의 원위 일부가 괴사(necrosis)되는 경우를 많은 사람들이 경험하였으므로 이는 매우 위험한 조작으로 알려져 있다. Reineish와 Myers(1974)는 피부면의 자연형성(delay)을 시행할 때 epinephrine을 주사하면 피부변의 손실이 증가되어 나타났고, 피부변의 지연형성을 하지 않고 직접 피부변을 형성시에는 epinephrine이 아무런 해가 없다고 보고하였다. 저자는 피부변의 지연형성을 시행한 경우와 지연형성을 시행하지 않은 경우에 epinephrine을 사용하여 피부변에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지에 관하여 추구하고자 본 실험을 실시하였다. 백서의 배부에서 정중선의 외측 양측으로 폭 2㎝, 길이 10㎝되는 피부변을 형성하되 지연형성을 하지 않은 실험군과 지연형성을 시행한 실험군으로 나누었다. 그리고 지연형성을 하지 않은 실험군에서는 각각의 주사군으로 나누어서 1 : 100,000, 1 : 200,000, 그리고 1 : 400,000 epinephrine을 진피내 주사하여 농도에 따른 변화를 관 찰하였다. 또한, 지연형성을 시행한 실험군에서는 각각 7일, 10일, 그리고 14일간 지연형성을 하고 1 : 200,000 epinephrine을 주사하였으며, 지연형성 기간에 따른 변화를 관찰하였다. 본 실험의 결과는: 1. 피부변의 지연형성을 하지 않은 실험군에서 epinephrine의 농도에 따른 피부변 손실의 차이가 없었고, 2. 지연형성을 한 후에 피부변을 형성하면서 epinephrine을 주사한 실험군에서 지연형성 기간에 따른 피부변 손실의 차이도 없었다. 3. 그러나 피부변에 지연형성을 한 후 epinephrine을 주사한 전체의 실험군에서 epinephrine을 주사하지 않은 대조군에 비하여 짝 비교로서 통계학적으로 유의하게 피부변 손실이 증가되어 나타났다. 그러므로 지연형성을 하지 않은 피부변에 epinephrine을 사용하는 것은 무관하나, 지연형성하면서 epinephrine을 주사하는 경우에 피부변의 첨단부가 괴사되거나 피부변의 손실이 증가되어 나타나므로, epinephrine의 국소주입은 피부변의 지연형성시에는 매우 유해한 것으로 사료된다 STUDIES ON EFFECT OF EPINEPHRINE ON SKIN FLAP SURVIAL IN RATS Byung Kee Han, M.D. Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor Jae Duk Lew, M.D) In clinical practice, certain surface defects are not amenable to skin graft coverage, in such skin situation skin flaps are preferred. The use of epinephrine in a local anesthetic solution is common in such a surgical practice. The addition of a vasoconstrictor to a local anesthetic solution reduces its toxicity, prolongs its effectiveness, and provides a relatively bloodless operative field. However, surgeons generally were hesitant to use chemical vasoconstrictor in skin flaps, but the adverse effects of such a vasoconstrictor on skin flap survival have recieved little attention and the significance of available studies, often remains unappreciated. Klingenstrom et al(1966) reported that the epinephrine has a detrimental effect on the survival of direct skin flap. Reinisch & Myers (1974) had shown that epinephrine was not detrimental to survival length in non-delay flaps, significantly reduced the survival length in delayed skin flaps in pigs. We intended to study the effects of local anesthesia with epinephrine on skin flap survival in rats. Two groups, non-delayed and delayed, of study were undertaken; The paired longitudinal and caudally based pedicle flaps were outlined on the back of each rat, each measuring 2㎝. in width and 10㎝. in length, and these flaps were symmetrically placed, with their between-space of 2㎝. The delayed flaps injected with epinephrine concentration of 1:200,000 demonstrated significant increase in loss regardless the duration of delay. However, the non-delayed flaps injected with epinephrine concentrations of 1:100,000, 1:200,000, and 1:400,000 did not demonstrate to be harmful in regard to the flap loss. In conclusion, we found evidence to support the findings of previous investigators regarding the toxic effects of injecting local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine into delayed flaps, following close observation of the experiments using paired longitudinal flaps on the back of the rats. [영문] In clinical practice, certain surface defects are not amenable to skin graft coverage, in such skin situation skin flaps are preferred. The use of epinephrine in a local anesthetic solution is common in such a surgical practice. The addition of a vasoconstrictor to a local anesthetic solution reduces its toxicity, prolongs its effectiveness, and provides a relatively bloodless operative field. However, surgeons generally were hesitant to use chemical vasoconstrictor in skin flaps, but the adverse effects of such a vasoconstrictor on skin flap survival have recieved little attention and the significance of available studies, often remains unappreciated. Klingenstrom et al(1966) reported that the epinephrine has a detrimental effect on the survival of direct skin flap. Reinisch & Myers (1974) had shown that epinephrine was not detrimental to survival length in non-delay flaps, significantly reduced the survival length in delayed skin flaps in pigs. We intended to study the effects of local anesthesia with epinephrine on skin flap survival in rats. Two groups, non-delayed and delayed, of study were undertaken; The paired longitudinal and caudally based pedicle flaps were outlined on the back of each rat, each measuring 2㎝. in width and 10㎝. in length, and these flaps were symmetrically placed, with their between-space of 2㎝. The delayed flaps injected with epinephrine concentration of 1:200,000 demonstrated significant increase in loss regardless the duration of delay. However, the non-delayed flaps injected with epinephrine concentrations of 1:100,000, 1:200,000, and 1:400,000 did not demonstrate to be harmful in regard to the flap loss. In conclusion, we found evidence to support the findings of previous investigators regarding the toxic effects of injecting local anesthetic solutions containing epinephrine into delayed flaps, following close observation of the experiments using paired longitudinal flaps on the back of the rats.restrictio

    The Performance of the National Authorization System of Private Qualification

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    Creative Problem Solving Process using TRIZ Contradiction Analysis

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    Analysis of Engineering Problem-Solving Ability by the TRIZ Learning

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