Prolonged sinus arrest after coronary artery spasm

ope

The Association of Smoothness Index of Central Blood Pressure With Ambulatory Carotid Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity After 20-week Treatment With Losartan in Combination With Amlodipine Versus Hydrochlorothiazide

Objectives: The aim of this study was to identify associations between the smoothness index of central SBP (CSBP) and changes of ambulatory carotid femoral pulse wave velocity in response to 20-week treatments with losartan and amlodipine vs. losartan and hydrochlorthiazide combinations. Methods: For 142 (losartan and hydrochlorthiazide: 72, losartan and hydrochlorthiazide: 70) patients examined with ambulatory central blood pressure (BP) monitoring device, we calculated smoothness indices and trough-to-peak ratios of brachial SBP, CSBP, ambulatory pulse pressure amplification (APPA), ambulatory augmentation index at heart rate 75 beats per minute (AAIx75) and ambulatory carotid femoral pulse wave velocity (AcfPWV). Results: Mean age was 58.9 ± 12.3 years, and women accounted for 25.9%. Changes in office SBP/DBP were not different between groups (losartan and hydrochlorthiazide: -15.2 ± 15.0/-7.8 ± 8.0 vs. losartan and amlodipine: -14.9 ± 13.7/-9.2 ± 7.5 mmHg). Reduction of 24-h CSBP was not significantly different (losartan and hydrochlorthiazide: 6.4 ± 1.1 vs. losartan and amlodipine: 9.2 ± 1.1 mmHg, P = 0.074). Reduction in nocturnal AcfPWV was greater in the losartan and amlodipine group (losartan and hydrochlorthiazide: 0.09 ± 0.05 vs. losartan and amlodipine: 0.26 ± 0.05 m/s, P = 0.0216). Intraindividual SIs for CSBP were higher in the losartan and amlodipine group (0.40 ± 0.57 vs. 0.65 ± 0.74, P = 0.022). In multivariable regression analysis, smoothness index of CSBP was independently associated with the losartan and amlodipine group. In model additionally considering the changes in arterial stiffness, decrease in AcfPWV instead of the treatment group was independently associated with smoothness indices. In mediation analysis, smoothness index was fully mediated by reduction in night-time AcfPWV. Conclusion: Losartan and amlodipine combination was superior to the losartan and hydrochlorthiazide combination in terms of achieving higher smoothness index for CSBP after 20-week treatments. The effect of losartan and amlodipine on smoothness index was fully mediated by reduction of night-time AcfPWV.ope

Morphological and functional characteristics of mitral annular calcification and their relationship to stroke

BACKGROUND: Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is associated with risk of stroke. This study aimed to define the morphological and functional characteristics of MAC that are related to stroke. METHODS: A total of 460 subjects with MAC from transthoracic echocardiography in a single center from 2012 to 2016 was retrospectively reviewed. Subjects were classified into two groups according to history of stroke [Group 1 (n = 366): without stroke; Group 2 (n = 94): with stroke]. Morphological and functional features of MAC on echocardiogram were scored from 0 to 3 according to MAC mobility, presence of echodense mass with central echolucencies in the periannular region suggesting caseous necrosis, and functional stenosis. RESULTS: Significantly more patients in group 2 were men and had history of diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, atrial fibrillation, or infective endocarditis. Although MAC thickness and extent did not differ between the two groups, group 2 showed a considerably higher MAC score than group 1 (0.50 ± 0.77 vs. 0.23 ±0.52 p<0.001) as a result of the higher prevalence of each component in group 2 [mobility (22 vs. 11%, p = 0.003), echodense mass with central areas of echolucencies suggesting caseous necrosis (23 vs. 7%, p<0.001), and functional mitral stenosis (12 vs. 7%, p = 0.042)]. On logistic regression analysis, MAC score was independently associated with stroke and showed significant incremental value to demographic factors and comorbidities in association with stroke in a consecutive manner. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, morphological and functional characteristics of MAC had incremental value in association with stroke over traditional risk factors. MAC score consisting of MAC mobility, typical echodense mass with central echolucencies suggesting caseous necrosis, and functional mitral stenosis was independently associated with stroke. MAC with high-risk features may act as a source of stroke or more potent composite surrogate markers for stroke-related risk factors.ope

Acute severe mitral regurgitation due to unusual detachment of bioprosthetic valve leaflet.

ope

The Pathophysiology and Diagnostic Approaches for Diastolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction: A Clinical Perspective

Heart failure with a normal ejection fraction is interchangeably termed diastolic heart failure. This condition is often unrecognized and it does have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications that are distinct from those conditions with systolic dysfunction. It is clinically important to understand and assess the diastolic function to reliably manage the patients suffering with heart failure. With the results of randomized trials for this distinct clinical syndrome, as well as the probability of better diagnostic testing in the future, physicians will in a better position not only to diagnose diastolic dysfunction or heart failure, but also to manage it more effectively. In this review, the physiology of the diastole and how to evaluate the abnormalities of the diastolic function will be discussed.ope

Mitral stenosis with left atrial thrombi

ope

A Review of Cardiae Myxoma

Background and Objectives : Cardiac myxomas are uncommon. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to reduce morbidity or mortality. Before 1970, preoperative diagnosis was difficult. With the development of echocardiography, a correct diagnosis is made before operation. We reviewed our clinical experience in diagnosis and management of 52 cases of myxomas seen over a 33-year period, 1966 to 1998. Patients and Methods : There were 20 males (38%) and 32 females (62%) ; age range 7 80. All the patients medical records were reviewed. In twenty-five patients in whom echocardiographic features could be reviewed, clinical fetures were compared according to two distinct echocardiographic features ; Round and polypoid type. Results : Eighty-four percents of the presenting symptoms were cardiac origin while systemic embolism (SE) accounted for 15%. Echocardiography was used most often for diagnosis. The myxomas were located in the left atrium in 50 (96%), right atrium in 2 (06). One patient had multiple myxoma. The incidence of SE was significantly higher in polypoid type than in round type (58% vs 0%, p<0.05). Multivariate regression analysis revealed polypoid type was the only independent predictor of SE(p = 0.0029). Follow-up duration was ranged from 1 to 266 months. There was no deaths associated with myxoma. One patient presented with a recurrence 3 years after resection, and reoperation was performed uneventfully. Conclusion : Due to the nonspecific presentation of myxoma, a high index of suspicion is needed. Surgical excision of myxoma can be considered curative with excellent long-term result. However, because of high possible occurrence of SE, a close attention should be given to those patients who have myxoma of polypoid type.ope

Estimating Left Ventricular Filling Pressure by Echocardiography

BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of heart failure may be challenging because symptoms are rather nonspecific. Elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressure may be used to confirm the diagnosis, but cardiac catheterization is often not practical. Echocardiographic indexes are therefore used as markers of filling pressure. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the feasibility and accuracy of comprehensive echocardiography in identifying patients with elevated LV filling pressure. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter study of 450 patients with a wide spectrum of cardiac diseases referred for cardiac catheterization. Left atrial volume index, in combination with flow velocities and tissue Doppler velocities, was used to estimate LV filling pressure. Invasively measured pressure was used as the gold standard. RESULTS: Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 47%, with 209 patients having an LVEF <50%. Invasive measurements showed elevated LV filling pressure in 58% of patients. Clinical assessment had an accuracy of 72% in identifying patients with elevated filling pressure, whereas echocardiography had an accuracy of 87% (p < 0.001 vs. clinical assessment). The combination of clinical and echocardiographic assessment was incremental, with a net reclassification improvement of 1.5 versus clinical assessment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiographic assessment of LV filling pressure is feasible and accurate. When combined with clinical data, it leads to a more accurate diagnosis, regardless of LVEF.ope

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Constrictive Pericarditis

ope

The Hepatopulmonary Syndrome

간폐증후군은 간질환, 폐환기의 이상으로 야기되는 동맥 저산소혈증, 그리고 광범위한 폐혈관 확장의 3징으로 정의된다. 특히 폐모세혈관의 비정상적 확장에 의한 폐동맥과 폐정맥의 직접적인 교통은 우-좌 단락을 야기하며 이로 인한 동맥 저산소증은 호흡곤란의 원인이 된다. 조영 심초음파는 비침습적으로 이러한 우-좌 단락을 확인 및 진단할 수 있는 유일한 방법으로 사료된다. 본 증례는 호흡 곤란을 호소하는 63세의 간경변 환자에서 조영 심초음파를 이용하여 간폐증후군을 진단한 증례이다.ope