방열조건에 따른 방화 댐퍼의 내화성능에 관한 실험적 연구

Due to a rapid decrease in the volume of shipbuilding orders amid the ongoing global economic downturn, the sluggish performance of the domestic shipbuilding industry has been continued. However, the volume of the orders of high value-added offshore plants such as special ships resulting from the development of energy resources has been on the rise. Accordingly, domestic shipyards and related material companies have been developing the materials of offshore plants with great interest. Yet, the technology of making such materials in Korea is still at the stage where the development of class H materials of offshore plants has been limited to only a few items including vertical and horizontal partition members and fireproof doors. And most materials are just classes B & A those are fire protection ratings for general ships. Outbreaks of fire at sea are one of the most risky factors posing a threat to safety and, therefore, it is essential to prevent fire from spreading to other areas. Besides, when a fire breaks out, toxic gas and flames move quickly through ducts penetrating the fireproof divisions. Thus, in order to protect against damages from flames and the spread of fire to nearby areas, the installation of fire dampers was made mandatory. Depending on fire ratings of the fireproof divisions penetrated by ducts, fire dampers of class A-0 ~ A-60 must be installed when ducts penetrate class A divisions and class H-0 ~ H-120 fire dampers have to be installed when ducts penetrate class H divisions. However, as for the current domestic technology relating to the development of fire dampers, only class A-0 fire dampers have been developed and the development of class A-60 fire dampers has been completed only recently. As class H fire dampers required for offshore plants have not been developed yet, they are all being imported from overseas. The need to develop such fire dampers made the present research aim to secure class H-120 thermal insulation of fire dampers. To this end, 3 types of specimens were created depending on the thickness of coaming insulation and on the presence or absence of damper blade insulation and fire resistance tests were carried out to measure the surface temperatures of the unexposed sides of insulation materials and coaming. The test results showed that specimen-1(88 mm) and specimen-2(126 mm) of an uninsulated damper blade exceeded thermal insulation performance acceptance criteria at 21 minutes and 46 minutes, respectively, but specimen-3(126 mm) of an insulated damper blade met the 120 minute insulation performance criteria. It was confirmed based on the fire resistance tests that at the minimum protruded length of 500 mm of the unexposed side of coaming according to the fire resistance test criteria of fire dampers, the insulation of the damper blade is an important factor in the fireproof performance of fire dampers. In addition, fire resistance tests on the specimen-4 and -5 were conducted with the changes in the thickness of the insulation of the exposed and unexposed sides of the coaming as variables in order to identify optimal coaming insulation conditions that can secure class H-120 insulation for the specimen-3 (blade insulated & coaming 126 mm) which secured the class H-120 fireproof performance in the previous experiment. The test results revealed that the specimen-4 (88 mm) whose exposed side of coaming insulation was 38 mm shorter than the specimen-3 (126 mm) satisfied the class H-120 insulation criteria, but the specimen-5 (50 mm) that was 76 mm shorter exceeded thermal insulation performance acceptance criteria at 110 minutes with 181℃. These findings indicate that the optimal insulation conditions that are lighter than the specimen-3 include 88 mm of thickness of the exposed side of coaming insulation, 50 mm thickness of the unexposed side of coaming insulation, and 324 mm length of insulation. According to the comparisons of the temperature increases, it appears that a reduction in the thickness of the exposed side of coaming insulation causes the surface temperatures of insulation materials to be greatly influenced by the conductive heat from the bulkhead. And the surface temperatures of coaming seem to be largely affected by radiant heat emitted by blade and the exposed side of coaming.1. 서 론 1.1 연구 배경 1 1.2 연구 목적 2 2. 화재안전 법령 및 내화시험 기준 조사 2.1 화재안전 법령 4 2.2 내화시험 기준 6 2.2.1 시간-온도곡선의 종류 6 2.2.2 내화시험 장비 16 2.2.3 내화성 평가 항목 17 2.2.4 방화구획의 등급 및 성능 기준 22 3. 방열재 3.1 방열재의 개요 24 3.2 탄화수소화재 시간-온도곡선에 따른 열 물성 실험 25 3.2.1 열 물성 실험방법 27 3.2.2 열 물성 실험결과 27 3.3 열 물성 실험 결과에 따른 고찰 29 4. 방화 댐퍼 4.1 방화 댐퍼의 개요 30 4.2 방화 댐퍼 설치 요건 33 4.3 H 등급 방화 댐퍼의 내화시험 기준 34 5. H 등급 방화 댐퍼의 내화실험 5.1 내화실험 개요 38 5.2 실험 방법 40 5.3 코밍 방열두께 및 블레이드 방열 유무에 따른 내화실험 43 5.3.1 비 노출면 코밍 방열재 표면 온도 상승 47 5.3.2 비 노출면 코밍 표면 온도 상승 49 5.3.3 내화실험 결과 53 5.3.4 내화실험 결과에 따른 고찰 56 5.4 코밍 노출면 방열두께 및 비 노출면 방열 길이 변화에 따른 내화실험 58 5.4.1 비 노출면 코밍 방열재 표면 온도 상승 61 5.4.2 비 노출면 코밍 표면 온도 상승 63 5.4.3 내화실험 결과 64 5.4.4 방열재 중량 비교 65 5.4.5 내화실험 결과에 따른 고찰 67 6. 결론 68 감사의 글 69 참고문헌 7

유기젤을 기반으로한 기능성 고분자의 제조에 관한 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 재료공학부, 2016. 8. 장지영.An organogel generally has a three dimensional network structures caused by physical or chemical cross-linking and contains a large amount of organic solvent molecules. A physically cross-linked network structure is produced by the self-assembly of small molecules promotes whereas a chemically cross-linked network structure forms by the polymerization of bi-, tri- or multifunctional monomers or the cross-linking reaction between polymer chains. In this study, functional polymers were prepared using reactive organogels and their properties and application possibilities were investigated. Firstly, thermochromic polymer nanocomposite films were prepared from polymerizable organogels. Organogelator 1 had a structure within which 3,4,5-tris(ω-decenyl)benzamide groups were attached to a quarterthiophene core through amide bonds. Organogelator 2 had the same structure except that tris(ω-decenyl) groups were replaced by tris(n-decanyl) groups. The PMMA nanocomposite films were prepared by the photopolymerization of the organogels formed in MMA. The film containing 1 (0.5 wt%) showed reversible thermochromism. The emission under 365 nm irradiation was changed from orange to bright green by heating up to 120 oC and returned to its initial orange by cooling. To the contrary, the PMMA composite film prepared from the organogel of 2 (0.5 wt%) didnt show a reversible thermochromic property. Organogelator 1 with polymerizable terminal vinyl groups was covalently embedded in the PMMA matrix, but 2 didnt. The reversible thermochromism was likely caused by the thermally reversible conformational change of quarterthiophene units in the polymer fibers. Secondly, a chemical gel prepared from the Sonogashira-Hagihara reaction between 1,4-diiodobenzene and 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene was used to preparing a compressible and monolithic hierarchical porous polymer (HM). The polymers with an acid (HM-A) and base functionality (HM-B) were prepared by sulfonation of HM and by an additional Sonogashira-Hagihara reaction with a monomer bearing an amine group in the presence of HM, respectively. HM-A having sulfonic acid group and HM-B with amine group also showed compressibility, monolithic properties, and hierarchically porous structures. They were cut and fitted into a syringe sequentially and the syringe was used as a semi-continuous flow reactor. The acid catalyzed deacetalization reaction of benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal and base catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation reaction between benzaldehyde and maloronitrile were carried out in the semi-continuous flow reactor. The tandem reaction in the semi-continuous flow reactor required less solvent and time than in a conventional batch type reactor. The reactor could be recycled several times without a significant decrease in the reaction efficiency. Thirdly, a chemical gel was formed with a commercial polyurethane sponge. A compressible and hierarchically porous polymer composite (PUS-MOP-A) was prepared by Sonogashira-Hagihara coupling reaction of 1,3,5-triethynylbenzene, 1.4-diiodobenzene and 2,5-diiodobenzoic acid in a polyurethane sponge (PUS). 2,5-Diiodobenzoic acid was used as a co-monomer to provide acidic functionality to the pore surface. The microporous organic polymer (MOP-A) formed inside the PUS network showed fibrous morphology when 1,4-diiodobenzene was used as a major aryl halide. For the synthesis of PUS-MOP-A, the molar ratio between 1,4-diiodobenzene and 2,5-diiodobenzoic acid was chosen as 4:1. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of PUS-MOP-A was 306 m2g-1. PUS-MOP-A was treated with KOH, which converted the carboxyl groups on the MOP-A backbone to the carboxylate anions. The resulting polymer composite (PUS-MOP-Aa) absorbed water quickly, showing a water contact angle of 0o. PUS-MOP-Aa to remove chemical pollutants in an aqueous solution was studied using a cationic dye, Methylene Blue (MB) and an anionic dye, Methylene Orange (MO) as a model chemical. PUS-MOP-Aa could be manually compressed and released in an aqueous solution of MB, resulting in the fast dye removal. When an aqueous solution contained both the anionic and the cationic dye, PUS-MOP-Aa preferentially removed the cationic dye. PUS-MOP-Aa was recyclable after removing the absorbed dyes by treating with an acid and washing. Lastly, a compressible heterogeneous catalyst containing a Pd nanoparticles encapsulated microporous polymer (S-M-Pd) that sharing the same hierarchical porous polymer (PUS-MOP-A) was studied. Pd catalysts, used for the Sonogashira-Hagihara reaction, were exploited as the precursors for the generation of Pd NPs. 2,5-Diiodobenzoic acid was introduced to adjust wettability to aqueous environment. S-M-Pd has a hierarchical pore structure and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of 270 m2g-1. It showed good mechanical stability against compressive stress. S-M-Pd was successfully used for the 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction and the Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reaction. A compression and release of the S-M-Pd in the reaction mixture allowed the reactants to access the catalyst more easily. The 4-nitrophenol reduction reaction with repeated compression and release was 6 times faster than in static conditions. The cylindrical S-M-Pd was fitted into the syringe, and was used as a semi-continuous flow reactor for the methylene blue reduction. The reactor showed no undesirable leakage and was used for several successive reactions without further purification.Chapter I. Introduction 1 I-1.Introduction to Organogel 2 I-1-1.Definition of Organogel 2 I-1-2.Physical Gels 3 I-1-3. Chemical Gels 16 I-2. Introduction to Thermochromism 20 I-2-1. Definition of Thermochromism 20 I-2-2. Chemical Structural Change System 21 I-2-3. Morphological Change System 23 I-3. Introduction to Hierarchical Porous Polymer 31 I-3-1. Definition of Hierarchical Porous Polymer 31 I-3-2. Preparation of Hierarchical Porous Polymer 33 I-4. References 39 Chapter II. Preparation of Thermochromic Polymer Nanocomposite Films from Polymerizable Organogels of Oligothiophene-Based Organogelators 47 II-1. Introduction 48 II-2. Experimental 51 II-3. Results and Discussion 59 II-3-1. Synthesis and Characterization 59 II-3-2. Optical Properties of Organogel 66 II-3-3. Thermochromic Properties of Polymer Nanocomposites 71 II-4. Conclusions 77 II-5. References 78 Chapter III. Monolithic Catalysts Based on Acid- and Base- Functionalized Hierarchically Porous Polymers for Continuous Sequential Reactions 83 III-1. Introduction 84 III-2. Experimental 86 III-3. Results and Discussion 90 III-3-1. Synthesis and Characterization 90 III-3-2. Acid and Base Catalyzed Continuous Sequential Reaction in Semi-Continuous Flow Reactors 99 III-4. Conclusion 105 III-5. References 106 Chapter IV. Water Wettable, Compressible, and Hierarchically Porous Polymer Composites 109 IV-1. Introduction 110 IV-2. Experimental 113 IV-3. Results and Discussion 117 IV-3-1. Synthesis and Characterization 117 IV-3-2. Compressibility and Water Contact Angle 126 IV-3-3. Molecular Absorption Test 130 IV-4. Conclusions 138 IV-5. References 139 Chapter V. Pd Nanoparticles Encapsulated and Hierarchically Porous Polymer Sponge for Semi-Continuous Reaction 143 V-1. Introduction 144 V-2. Experimental 146 V-3. Results and Discussion 150 V-3-1. Synthesis and Characterization 150 V-3-2. 4-Nitrophenol Reduction Reaction and the Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction 159 V-3-3. Semi-Continuous Flow Reactor for Methylene Blue Reduction Reaction 164 V-4. Conclusion 169 V-5. References 170 국문 요약 173Docto

핵분열비적법에 의한 백악기 풍암분지와 영동분지의 열사 연구

Thesis(master`s)--서울대학교 대학원 :지구환경과학부,2005.Maste