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    ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2019. 2. ์ด๊ทผ๊ด€.The emergence of international organizations began with the establishment of multilateral international conferences. In the early years, international organizations were merely objects for the cooperation of states, but they have evolved into permanent organizations with institutional elements. Nowadays, international organizations have become independent and autonomous actors in international law. International organizations enjoy separate legal responsibility, distinct from the member states as is implied by the expression volontรฉ distincte. This has become the most important factor determining the responsibility of international organizations. The idea of separate legal personality of international organizations has led to the exclusion of the responsibility of the member states for the damage caused by the acts of international organizations, resulting in the establishment of the principle of non-responsibility of member states has been established. However the principle of non-responsibility of member states tends to be a superficial approach that overlooks the inherent structural characteristics of international organizations. Although international organizations are an independent actor in international law, they are also a means that states have created for achieving common purposes. As creators and organs of international organizations, member states play an essential role in their operation. Therefore the interplay between international organizations and their member states is inevitableit is difficult to completely separate there two entities and the principle of non-responsibility of member states must be criticized. Because of the inherent characteristic of international organizations, the responsibilities arising from their acts in international law appear to be a mix of their own responsibilities and those of the state. However, even if it appears to be an act of an international organization, it may be solely attributed to the member state. Then, this issue becomes a question of state responsibility. However, there are cases wherein the act is attributed to both the international organization and the member states, i.e., the acts can overlap, or there may be cases wherein it is difficult to make a clear determination of attribution. There has been a controversy in the academic field as to whether member states can bear the responsibility for the acts of international organizations. Some scholars who are against it warn that the independence and autonomy of international organizations will deteriorate if member states began bearing responsibility for the acts of international organizations. They believe that this will result in a decline in the development of international organizations. However, other scholars argue that the potential for member state responsibility is needed from victim-centered perspective. They believe that it is difficult to expect effective remedies for the parties that enter into transactions with international organizations from domestic and international tribunals. Generally, the international court has no jurisdiction over international organizations and national court cannot deal with claims against international organizations because of the immunity granted to them. To protect the third parties who suffer damage by the acts of international organizations and to enhance equity and transparency of international organizations, the potential possibility of member state responsibility for the acts of international organization is inevitable. Concerning the issue of international responsibility of international organizations, Institut de Droit International (IDI) adopted resolution on The Legal Consequences for Member States of Non-fulfillment by International Organizations of their Obligations toward Third Parties in 1995. International Law Association(ILA) adopted Recommended Rules and Practices on Accountability of International Organizations in 2004, and finally the International Law Commission(ILC) adopted Draft Articles on the Responsibility of International Organizations for Internationally Wrongful Acts (DARIO) in 2011. These norms reflect the discussion of member states' responsibilities arising from acts of international organizations, while maintaining the principle of non-responsibility of member states. Even though DARIO is criticized for following the general idea of Articles on Responsibility for Internationally Wrongful Act, and almost all provisions are the same, it is significant that DARIO approaches the responsibility of the organization and the member states from a concrete and substantive perspective, different from the traditional approach. In particular, DARIO Part 5 Responsibility of a State in Connection with the conduct of an international organizations fills a gap which was left in DARS and addresses certain circumstances where member state responsibility can arise. DARIO Part 5 approaches international responsibility of member states in connection with the act of international organizations, focusing on control link(Article 58 to Article 60), and the principle of good faith or treaty law(Article 62). Moreover, according to Article 61, if certain member state abuse the legal personality of international organization and attempt to avoid one of their obligations, the responsibility of member states arise. As a governor and participants of international organizations, Member States have obligations to take appropriate measure and ensure that the international organizations can fulfill their obligations. Member states' responsibilities arising from the acts of international organizations need to be approached from a functional perspective. In particular, it is necessary to consider the attribution of responsibility that emerge when member states have a specific influence on the conduct of international organizations on the basis of control link. In addition, it is important to examine member states' responsibility toward the international organizations activities by employing the theory of general principles of law, that is, by applying the legal principles of domestic law common to each state. For example, it is important to examine whether an agency relationship has been established between the international organization and the member states in light of the legal principles in domestic law. Furthermore, it is possible to determine the responsibility of the member states by piercing the corporate veil of international organization. The responsibility of member states arising from the acts of international organizations can be manifested in a variety of ways. Separate responsibility may be established for any act of the member state involved in the act of international organizations. In some cases joint responsibility may be established between international organizations and member states. Because of the absence of legal frameworks on the responsibility of international organizations and the lack of accumulation of practices, the question of Member States' responsibilities arising out of the acts of international organizations remains a complex area, which calls for further in-depth research into this question.๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํƒ„์ƒ์€ ๋‹ค์ž๊ฐ„ ๊ตญ์ œํšŒ์˜์ฒด์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ดˆ์ฐฝ๊ธฐ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ฒด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜์˜€์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์ฐจ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ณ  ์ƒ์„ค์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „๋˜์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ์‹ค์ฒด๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด์œ„๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์˜ค์ง ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋ฉฐ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด๋ฅธ๋ฐ” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฐฐ์ œ์›์น™์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๊ณต์‹๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ํŒ๋‹จํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ˜‘์ • ๋ฐ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ทœ์น™์—์„œ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์ œ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฐฐ์ œ์›์น™์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ๊ณ ์œ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๊ฐ„๊ณผํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๋™์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฐฝ์„ค๋œ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ์จ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š”๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฐฝ์„ค๊ณผ ์ž‘๋™, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ•ด์ฒด๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ณผ์ •์— ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์—†์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ž‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜•์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋…์ž์ ์ธ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์„ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ…์ž„ ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„ ์˜์—ญ์ด ํ˜ผ์žฌ๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์™ธ๊ฒฌ์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ผ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ ๊ทธ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๋ชจ๋‘์— ๊ท€์†๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ท€์†์˜ ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์—ญ์‹œ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๊ท€์†๋˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋„ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ€์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๋ถ€๋‹ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋…๋ฆฝ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์ž์œจ์„ฑ์€ ์•ฝํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ฉฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ธ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”ผํ•ด์ž ๊ตฌ์ œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ œ์†Œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๊ตญ๋‚ด์™ธ ๋ฒ•์›์— ์‹คํšจ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ œ3์ž์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ํ˜•ํ‰์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•จ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฑฐ๋ก ๋˜๋Š” 1995๋…„ IDI์˜ ์ œ3์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์— ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜, 2004๋…„ ILA์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ  ๊ทœ์น™, 2011๋…„ ILC์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ…์ž„์ดˆ์•ˆ์—์„œ๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฐฐ์ œ์›์น™์„ ๊ฒฌ์ง€ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ•œํŽธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก 2011๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ…์ž„์ดˆ์•ˆ ์ƒ ๊ทœ์ •๋“ค์€ 2001๋…„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ด๊ณ  ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ 2011๋…„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ…์ž„์ดˆ์•ˆ ์ œ5๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‘œ์ œ ํ•˜์— ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ต์ œ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ(์ œ58์กฐ(๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์› ๋˜๋Š” ์›์กฐ), ์ œ59์กฐ(๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์‹œ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์ œ), ์ œ60์กฐ(๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ•))์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ ์˜์น™ ๋ฐ ์กฐ์•ฝ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ(์ œ62(์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฝ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ์ œ61์กฐ๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋ฉดํƒˆํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ†ต์ œ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ํ–‰์‚ฌํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ท€์†๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ท€์†์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•ด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์šธ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ์— ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์ •๋˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์›์น™์„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ํˆฌ์˜ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ํ•จ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ์— ๋น„์ถ”์–ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜์˜€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ง€์นจ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ํ˜„์ €ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ๋ถ€์ธ๋ก ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํˆฌ์‹œํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–‘ํƒœ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ํ–‰์œ„์— ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ด ๊ด€์—ฌํ•œ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ๊ฐ„ ๊ณต๋™์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ฒ•๋ฆฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ด์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์‹คํ–‰๋“ค์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋‹ค. ์™ธ๊ฒฌ์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๊ณผ ๋…๋ฆฝ๋œ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ฅ์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ์‹ค์ฒด๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋‚˜, ๋‚ด๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋ถ„๊ด€๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทœ์œจํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์™ธ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด ๋ฟ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ, ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ œ3์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ž์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทœ์œจ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ โ… . ์„ธ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ 1. ์ œ1์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ 2. ์ œ2์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ 3. ์ œ3์„ธ๋Œ€ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋…์˜ ๋ณ€์ฒœ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ์ฃผ์ฒด์„ฑ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ โ… . ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ โ…ก. ํšŒ์›๊ตญ๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„๋˜๋Š” ๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉ ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›์น™ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์ฑ…์ž„๋ก ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ • โ… . ์ œ3์ž์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ๋ถˆ์ดํ–‰์ด ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์— ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ•์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์˜(1995) โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๊ณ ๊ทœ์น™(2004) โ…ข. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ดˆ์•ˆ(2011) ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์›์น™ โ… . ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ฑ…์ž„๋ฐฐ์ œ์›์น™ โ…ก. ์ œ3์ž๋กœ์„œ์˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ โ…ข. ๊ด€๋ จ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ ํŒ๊ฒฐ 1. UN ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™ 2. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•ด์ฒด (1) Westland Helicopters ์‚ฌ๊ฑด (2) ITC ์‚ฌ๊ฑด 3. ํ˜„ํ–‰ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์  ์žฅ๋ง‰์˜ ๊ฒ€ํ†  ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์  ์žฅ๋ง‰ โ… . ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ๊ด€์  ์žฅ๋ง‰์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ โ…ก. ๊ธฐ๊ด€์  ์žฅ๋ง‰์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 1. ์„ค๋ฆฝํ˜‘์ •์˜ ํ•ด์„ (1) ์„ค๋ฆฝํ˜‘์ •์˜ ๋ฌธ์–ธ์  ํ•ด์„ (2) ์„ค๋ฆฝํ˜‘์ •์˜ ์˜์‚ฌ์ฃผ์˜์  ํ•ด์„ 2. ๋ฒ•์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ 3. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ โ… . ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์  ์ง€์œ„ โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋กœ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์ฑ…์ž„ ์กฐํ•ญ ๋งˆ๋ จ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ๋„์™€ ์ขŒ์ ˆ ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์„ฑ๋ฆฝํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ โ… . ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๊ด€์—ฌ๋œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„ 1. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์› ๋˜๋Š” ์›์กฐ 2. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ง€์‹œ ๋ฐ ํ†ต์ œ 3. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฐ•๋ฐ• 4. ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฝ ๋ฐ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ (1) ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฝ (2) ํ”ผํ•ด ๋‹น์‚ฌ์ž์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ โ…ข. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด ๋ฉดํƒˆ 1. ์˜๋ฌด๋ฉดํƒˆ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„ 2. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ด์–‘๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์˜๋ฌด (1) ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์˜ ๊ถŒํ•œ ์ด์–‘ (2) ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ž”์กด ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์‹œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„ โ… . ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์‹œ๋ก  1. ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ƒ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์‹œ๋ก  2. ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ ์šฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ โ…ก. ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ โ…ข. ๋ฒ•์ธ๊ฒฉํˆฌ์‹œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ตญ์ œ๋ฒ•์ƒ์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ 1. ์‹ ์˜์น™ 2. ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ž ์ฃผ์˜์˜๋ฌด ์ œ 6 ์žฅ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ท€์†๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์–‘ํƒœ ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ท€์†๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ๊ท€์† ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ ์ฑ…์ž„์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋ฐ ์–‘ํƒœ โ… . ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์ฑ…์ž„ โ…ก. ์—ฐ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ž„ โ…ข. ๊ฒฝํ•ฉ์ฑ…์ž„ โ…ฃ. ๋ณด์ถฉ์  ๋ฐ ์ œ2์ฐจ์  ์ฑ…์ž„ โ…ค. ๋ถ„ํ• ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ œ 7 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ AbstractDocto

    ๊ณ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์ €๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์ œ์ž‘

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ•ญ๊ณต๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(๋ฉ€ํ‹ฐ์Šค์ผ€์ผ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„์„ค๊ณ„์ „๊ณต), 2022. 8. ์ตœ๋งŒ์ˆ˜.๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€๋Š” ๋†’์€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ํšจ์œจ๊ณผ ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๊ตฌ๋™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์žฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฐจ์„ธ๋Œ€ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€์›์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๊ฐ๊ด‘๋ฐ›์•„ ์™”๋‹ค. ์ด์— ์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ์™”์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€ ์ œ์ž‘์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋„๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉํ™” ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ˜„์žฌ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ œ์ž‘์—” ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ด‰๋งค์™€ ๋ง‰์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜์–ด ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ œ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ, ํŠนํžˆ ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ „๊ทน์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ์ด์˜จ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์—ดํ™” ์—ญ์‹œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•œ ์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ๋น„์šฉ ์ ˆ๊ฐ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜๋ช… ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ €ํ•˜์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์—, ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์ƒ์šฉํ™”๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉด์„œ ์ œ์ž‘๋น„์šฉ์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „๋žต์ด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ณ ๋‚ด๊ตฌ, ์ €๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ง‰๊ณผ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๊ณ„๋ฉด์— ๋‹ค๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด์˜จ์ „๋„์„ฑ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ˆ˜์ง€ ๋ฐ ๋ผ๋””์นผ ์†Œ๊ธฐ ๋‚˜๋…ธ ํฌ๊ธฐ ์ž…์ž๋ฅผ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„๋ฌดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „๊ธฐ๋ถ„์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋œ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ์•ก์ ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ๋ฅด๋ฐœ์Šค ํž˜ ๋ฐ ์ •์ „๋ ฅ์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ง‰ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ˆ˜์ง€์ƒ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์ ์ธต๋˜์–ด ์ฆ์ฐฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ƒ๊ธฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™์  ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ณต๊ทน ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด‰๋งค์ธต ๋‚ด์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํƒˆ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€์Šต๋„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค, ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ „๊ทน์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํ•ดํ•œ ๋ผ๋””์นผ์„ ํ™˜์› ์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํšจ์œจ ๋ฐ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ in-situ ๋ฐ ex-situ ๊ฐ€์† ์—ดํ™” ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์ „๊ทน๋‚ด ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์ด‰๋งค ํ•จ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ionomer-free ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ „๊ทน์„ ์ œ์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ 1 ์ฐจ์› ๋‚˜๋…ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜์ง์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์žฅ์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ , ๊ทน์ €๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์ด‰๋งค๋ฅผ ๊ท ์ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฆ์ฐฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์œผ๋กœ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ์ „๊ทน์€ ์งง์€ ํ™•์‚ฐ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ์™€ ionomer ์ธต์˜ ๋ถ€์žฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด‰๋งค ํ‘œ๋ฉด์œผ๋กœ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘๋ฌผ์˜ ์งˆ๋Ÿ‰ ์ „๋‹ฌ์„ ํš๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ์ „๊ทน์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ionomer-free ์ „๊ทน์ด ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ์ „๋ ฅ๋ฐ€๋„์™€ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ด์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ionomer-free ์ „๊ทน์„ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์Œ์ด์˜จ ๊ตํ™˜๋ง‰ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ์ „์ง€์˜ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ๋ฌผ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ํ™•์‚ฐํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ „๊ทน ๋‘๊ป˜๋ฅผ ๋ณ€ํ™”์‹œ์ผœ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜, ๋‚ด๊ตฌ์„ฑ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์ž‘๋œ ionomer-free ์ „๊ทน์ธต์ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์ „๊ทน์ธต ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์ €๋น„์šฉ ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ณ„ ๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ํšจ์œจ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ‘œ๋ฉด๊ฐœ์งˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„ ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ์Šคํ…์‹ค๊ณผ ํ”Œ๋ผ์ฆˆ๋งˆ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„ ์‹๊ฐ๊ณต์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํƒ„ํ™”์ˆ˜์†Œ๊ณ„ ๋ง‰๊ณผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ๊ณผ๋ถˆ์†Œ๊ณ„์ˆ ํฐ์‚ฐ ๊ณ ๋ถ„์ž ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„ ์‹œํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ ํฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์ž‘์šฉ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๊ฐ•๋„๋ฅผ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐœ์งˆ๋œ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ohmic ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ „๋‹ฌ ์ €ํ•ญ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. Transmission line๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ, ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋ ฅ์ด ์ „๊ทน์˜ ๋ฐ•๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„๋ฉด ๋ฐ ์ด‰๋งค์ธต์—์„œ์˜ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜, ํ•œ๊ณ„์ „๋ฅ˜๋ฐ€๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ƒ์„ธํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์งˆ๋œ ๋ง‰์ „๊ทน์ ‘ํ•ฉ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ „๊ทน ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‚ฐ์†Œ์ „๋‹ฌ์ €ํ•ญ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) have been spotlighted as eco-friendly energy sources. Over the past few decades, intensive research has been conducted to fabricate a highly efficient membrane electrode assembly (MEA), and as a result, the technical maturity has reached the commercialization stage. However, since expensive catalysts and membranes are essential to manufacturing MEA, the capital cost of PEFCs is not yet competitive in the market. In addition, the low stability of MEA, especially the chemical degradation of ion-conducting polymers used in membranes and electrodes, is also a crucial constraint for successful commercialization. Generally, the current approaches to cost reduction and lifetime enhancement of MEA can severely decrease the performance of PEFCs. Therefore, a strategy for manufacturing an MEA having low fabrication cost and high stability while improving the efficiency of a fuel cell is essential. This dissertation aims to introduce novel interfacial structure approaches to develop durable and low-cost MEAs with increased power performance. First, to enhance the chemical durability and power performance of PEFCs, simultaneously, a multi-functional structure was introduced at the interface between the membrane and electrode. To fabricate the interface structure, ion-conducting polymer resin and radical scavenging nano-sized particles were sprayed using the electrospray deposition (ESD) method. Unlike other deposition methods, the fine droplets formed by ESD are stacked in a dendritic structure rather than a membrane shape due to van der Waals force and electrostatic force. As a result, the structure increased electrochemical surface area (ECSA), and a micro-sized void space enhanced oxygen transport within the catalyst layer (CL). Also, the structure prevented dehydration of MEA, maintaining the ion conductivity of the membrane. Most importantly, the structure enhanced the chemical stability of MEA by quenching the harmful radicals generated in the electrodes. The efficiency and chemical stability of the MEA was examined by various analysis, including the in-situ and ex-situ accelerated degradation test. Secondly, a strategy of reducing expensive catalyst content at the electrode was introduced by fabricating the electrode without an ionomer-binder. To prepare the electrode, one-dimensional nanostructures were grown vertically and an ultra-low amount of catalyst was deposited uniformly. Applied as a cathode for anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), The electrode dramatically enhanced the mass transport of the reactants to the catalytic surface via its short diffusion pathway and ionomer-free nature. The electrochemical analysis was conducted between the ionomer-free electrode and a conventional electrode, which consisted of randomly dispersed carbon-supported nanoparticle catalysts and an ionomer. Also, water consumption and oxygen transport characteristics of AEMFC with the ionomer-free electrode at the cathode were intensively investigated by varying the electrode thickness and compositions. Moreover, through the durability test, it was found that the prepared ionomer-free catalyst layer was more stable than the conventional one. Thirdly, the surface modification technique was introduced to fabricate a highly efficient MEA using a low-cost hydrocarbon-based membrane. Using a plasma etching process and polymeric stencil with regular opening, the membrane was chemically and mechanically modified. Various bonding strength tests were conducted between the hydrocarbon-based membrane and conventional perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer, and it was confirmed that the oxygen functional group introduced on the surface of the membrane improved the bonding strength. To verify the commercial applicability of the hydrocarbon-based membrane and the surface modification method, MEA was prepared by the decal transfer method of the electrode. In the analysis applying a transmission line model, it was found that the thoroughly contacted interface not only reduces the resistance at the interface but also facilitates proton conduction in the catalyst layer. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the limiting current density verified that the modified MEA had a lower oxygen transport resistance.Abstract i Table of Contents v List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Nomenclature xvii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Background 2 1.1.1. Polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) 2 1.1.2. Membrane-electrode assembly (MEA) 4 1.1.3. Performance 7 1.1.4. Durability 8 1.2. Research objectives 13 1.3. References 16 Chapter 2. Multi-Functional Dendiritic Structures for Enhanced chemical Durability and Efficiency of PEMFCs 28 2.1. Introduction 29 2.2. Experimental methods 33 2.2.1. Fabrication of the dendritic Nafionยฎ/CeO2 structures 33 2.2.2. MEA and single-cell preparation 33 2.2.3. Characterization 34 2.3. Results and discussion 38 2.3.1. Dendritic structures via ESD process and the structure characterization 38 2.3.2. Analysis of single-cell performance 54 2.3.3. Evaluation of the chemical durability of the modified membrane 64 2.4. Conclusion 69 2.5. References 70 Chapter 3. 1-D Ionomer-free Electrode with Ultra-low Catalyst Loading 79 3.1. Introduction 80 3.2. Experimental methods 85 3.2.1. Preparation of ionomer-free electrode with a catalyst coated 1-D nanostructures 85 3.2.2. MEA preparation 86 3.2.3. Characterization 87 3.3. Results and discussion 90 3.3.1. Fabrication and characterization of the nanostructured gas diffusion electrode 90 3.3.2. Fuel cell evaluation from mass transport and electrode durability perspective 95 3.3.3. Voltage drop due to the water shortage and optimization of electrode thickness 103 3.4. Conclusion 113 3.5. References 115 Chapter 4. Chemical and Mechanical Surface modification for Highly Efficient and Low-cost Hydrocarbon-based PEFCs 123 4.1. Introduction 124 4.2. Experimental methods 128 4.2.1. Preparation of the modified samples and MEAs 128 4.2.2. Electrochemical analysis 130 4.2.3. Physical and chemical characterization 132 4.3. Results and discussion 136 4.3.1. Chemical and mechanical modification and membrane characterization 136 4.3.2. Analysis of the improved interfacial adhesion 148 4.3.3. Evaluation of the electrochemical characteristics 154 4.4. Conclusion 166 4.5. References 167 Chapter 5. Conclusion 176 Acknowledgments 179 ์ดˆ๋ก (Abstract in Korean) 180๋ฐ•

    International Responsibility in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Attribution of the Conduct of Peacekeeping Forces

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฒ•ํ•™๊ณผ, 2014. 8. ์ด๊ทผ๊ด€.์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚  ์œ ์—”์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ •๋ถ€๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆด ์ •๋„๋กœ ๊ตญ์ œ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ Blue Helmet์ด๋ผ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์€ ๊ตญ์ œํ‰ํ™”์™€ ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์œ ์—”์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ„์ฃผ๋œ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์€ ์œ ์—”์˜ ๊นƒ๋ฐœ ์•„๋ž˜ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ๋ถ„์Ÿ ๋‹น์‚ฌ๊ตญ์˜ ๋™์˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—”, ํšŒ์›๊ตญ, ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ตญ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„ ๊ธ€๋กœ๋ฒŒ์  ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์€ ํœด์ „์˜ ์ดํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ์ •์ „ ๊ฐ์‹œ, ์™„์ถฉ์—ญํ•  ๋“ฑ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์ข…์‹ ์ดํ›„ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์žฌ๊ฑด, ์ธ๊ถŒ๋ณดํ˜ธ ๋“ฑ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๊ทœ๋ชจ ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๊ทœ๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ž„๋ฌด๋“ค์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋จ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ตญ์˜ ํ”ผํ•ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ธฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”์€ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ ํ”ผํ•ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์œ ์—”์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์›์น™์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ฒ•์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ(private law character)์˜ ๋ถ„์Ÿ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ(Claims Review Board)์™€ ์ƒ์„ค์ฒญ๊ตฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ(Standing Claims Commission)๋ฅผ ์„ค์น˜ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒ์„ค์ฒญ๊ตฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์„ค์น˜๋œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋Š” ์ฐพ์•„๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ฒด์ œ๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ ๋‚ด์—๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ธ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์žฌ์ •์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์€ ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋งŒ์กฑ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ณด์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์œ ์—” ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ฒด์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์„ ์ œ๊ณ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์€ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์œ ์—”์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์— ๋†“์ธ ํ›„์—๋„ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์œ ์—”์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ˜น์€ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์— ๊ท€์†๋˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋…ผํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ ค์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ œ2์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ ์—”์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์›์น™์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์œ ์—”์˜ ํ˜„ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ฒด์ œ๋Š” ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์ด ๊ฐ–๋Š” ์ด์ค‘์  ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„์˜ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์œ ์—”์— ๊ท€์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์›์น™์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ3์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—”์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์— ๋†“์ธ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ์ด์ค‘์  ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ท€์†์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง„ ๋…ผ์˜๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” 2011๋…„ ์ œ63ํšŒ๊ธฐ์— ์ฑ„ํƒ๋œ ์ œ2ํšŒ๋… ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ตญ์ œ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ดˆ์•ˆ ์ œ7์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์œ ์—”์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ด€ํ–‰์—์„œ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๊ท€์† ํŒ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ์›์šฉ๋˜์–ด์˜จ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง€ํœ˜ ํ†ต์ œ(ultimate authority and control)๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ œ7์กฐ์ƒ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์  ํ†ต์ œ(effective control) ๊ธฐ์ค€๊ณผ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ตœ์ข… ์ง€ํœ˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋Š” ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ช…๋ น ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋‹น์‹œ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ƒ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ํ†ต์ œ์  ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ(control link)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์— ๊ท€์†๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ œ4์žฅ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ์‹คํšจ์  ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ์ž…๊ฐํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฒ˜์Œ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ•œ ๋„ค๋œ๋ž€๋“œ ํŒ๋ก€ Nuhanoviฤ‡ v. The Netherlands ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จํ•˜์—ฌ Nuhanoviฤ‡ v. The Netherlands ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋…ผ์˜๋˜์–ด์™”๋˜ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ ์ธ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํ–ฅํ›„ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ์ฑ…์ž„๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ ธ์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํ˜„ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ฒด์ œ ๊ฐ–๋Š” ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์™„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ ๊ตฌ์ œ๋ฅผ ์‹คํšจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์€ ๊ท ํ˜• ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ‘์ˆ˜๊ตญ ๋‚ด ํ”ผํ•ด์ž๋“ค์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๊ตฌ์ œ์˜ ์‹คํšจ์„ฑ์€ ์ œ๊ณ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.์ œ1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ1์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ œ๊ธฐ ์ œ2์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ๋ฒ”์œ„ ์ œ2์žฅ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™๊ณผ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ฒด์ œ ์ œ1์ ˆ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ํŠน์ง• ์ œ2์ ˆ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€ํ™œ๋™์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„ 1. ์œ ์—”์˜ ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„ ์›์น™ 2. ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ์ง€์œ„ (1) ์กฐ์ง๋ฒ•์  ๊ด€์  (2) ์ง€ํœ˜ ํ†ต์ œ์˜ ๊ด€์  3. ๋ฐฐ์ƒ์ฑ…์ž„์ฒด์ œ (1) ์ฒญ๊ตฌ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ (2) ์ƒ์„ค์ฒญ๊ตฌ์œ„์›ํšŒ ์ œ3์ ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ์ œ3์žฅ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ท€์† ์ œ1์ ˆ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ท€์†์˜ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์›์น™ ์ œ2์ ˆ ์œ ์—”ํ‰ํ™”์œ ์ง€๊ตฐ์˜ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ท€์† ๋…ผ์˜ 1. ์ด์ค‘์  ๋ฒ•์  ์ง€์œ„ 2. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์žฅ 3. ์œ ์—” ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํ–‰์œ„ ์ œ3์ ˆ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ท€์†์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 1. ์œ ์—”์˜ ์‹คํ–‰ ๋ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ด€ํ–‰ 2. ์‹คํšจ์  ํ†ต์ œ ์ œ4์žฅ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ๊ณต๋™์œ„๋ฒ•ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ์ œ1์ ˆ ๊ตญ์ œ๊ธฐ๊ตฌ์™€ ํšŒ์›๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ œ2์ ˆ Nuhanoviฤ‡ v. The Netherlands ํŒ๊ฒฐ๋ถ„์„ 1. ์‚ฌ์•ˆ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 2. ์ค€๊ฑฐ๋ฒ•์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 3. ์‹คํšจ์  ํ†ต์ œ์™€ ํ–‰์œ„์˜ ๊ท€์† 4. ์œ„๋ฒ•์„ฑ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ 5. ํŒ๊ฒฐ์˜ ์˜์˜ ์ œ3์ ˆ ์œ ์—”๊ณผ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ๊ตญ์˜ ์ฑ…์ž„ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ ์ œ5์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก Maste

    (The) effects of wrist position on flexor digitorum superficialis and extensor digitorum electromyographic activities

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    ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณตํ•™์น˜๋ฃŒํ•™์ „๊ณต/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋“œ๋ฆด์ž‘์—…(drilling)๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ(pinch grip)์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ์†๋ชฉ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์–•์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ตฝํž˜๊ทผ(flexor digitorum superficialis)๊ณผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝํ„๊ทผ(extensor digitorum)์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์„ฑ์ธ ๋‚จ๋…€ 18๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋“œ๋ฆด์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ž‘์—…์„ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์†๋ชฉ ์ž์„ธ(30ยฐ๊ตฝํž˜, ์ค‘๋ฆฝ, 30ยฐํ„)์—์„œ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์–•์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ตฝํž˜๊ทผ๊ณผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝํ„๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ํ‘œ๋ฉด ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ทผ์ „๋„ ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋Š” %MVIC๋กœ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์†๋ชฉ ์ž์„ธ์—์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์–•์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ตฝํž˜๊ทผ๊ณผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝํ„๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„์— ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ธก์ • ์ผ์š”์ผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ๋ถ„์„(one-way repeated ANOVA)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณธํŽ˜๋กœ๋‹ˆ ์ˆ˜์ •๋ฒ•(Bonferroni's correction)์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํ›„๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋“œ๋ฆด์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ž‘์—… ์‹œ ์–•์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ตฝํž˜๊ทผ๊ณผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝํ„๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋Š” ์†๋ชฉ์˜ ์ž์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์–•์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ตฝํž˜๊ทผ์˜ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋Š” ์†๋ชฉ์„ 30ยฐํŽธ ์ž์„ธ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์ž์„ธ, 30ยฐ ๊ตฝํžŒ ์ž์„ธ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝํ„๊ทผ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๋‘ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์†๋ชฉ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์ž์„ธ์ผ ๋•Œ ๊ทผ ํ™œ์„ฑ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ๋‚ฎ์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋“œ๋ฆด๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ˆ˜๊ณต๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ์™€ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ๊ณต์ •์—์„œ ์ง‘๊ธฐ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์–•์€ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ๊ตฝํž˜๊ทผ๊ณผ ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝํ„๊ทผ์˜ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of wirst position for flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and extensor digitorum (ED) electromyographic(EMG) activities during drilling and pinch grip. Eighteen healthy subjects had been recruited and each subject performed two tasks (drilling and pinch grip) at three different wrist positions (30ยฐ flexion, neutral, 30ยฐ extension). The EMG amplitude of each muscle was normalized to the amplitude in the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). Repeated one-way ANOVA was used to compare the differences of EMG across wrist positions. The FDS EMG activity in both drilling and pinch grip was lowest at 30ยฐwrist extension and then neutral and the highest was at 30ยฐwrist flexion. The ED EMG activity was lowest at neutral position in both tasks. From the results of this study, we can conclude that desirable wrist position for drilling and pinch grip is neutral. Moreoever, flexed wrist position should be avoided to reduce the excessive work load on the finger muscle.ope

    ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋น„์ค‘์ด ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑโ‹…์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ–‰์ •ํ•™๊ณผ, 2017. 8. ๊น€๋ด‰ํ™˜.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์€ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ „์ œ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ ๋ถ„์„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ž€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง‘๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋น„๋ก€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋Œ€์‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ฑ…์ž„์„ฑ์„ ๋†’์ž„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์ƒ์  ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋…ผ์˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์ „์ฒด์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด ํ•ด๋‹น ๋น„์œจ๋งŒํผ ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ์ง€๋‹ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ, ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๋จ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์‹  ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์ด์ต์„ ์ •์ฑ…๊ณผ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ๊ฐ€์ •์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค(์ด์ข…์ˆ˜ ์™ธ, 2013). ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Meire๋ฅผ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์ด ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์˜ ์ถœ์‹  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ๊ณผ ํ–‰์œ„ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— Mosher๋Š” ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ์ถฉ๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ(Active representation)๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ(Passive representation)์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๊ด€๋ฃŒ๋“ค์ด ์ถœ์‹  ์ง‘๋‹จ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ณ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋™์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ˆ˜๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด๋ž€ ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์ˆ˜์  ๋น„์œจ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๊ตฌํ˜„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๋ฉฐ, ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ๋ฆ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ ๊ทน์  ์ฐจ๋ณ„๋ณด์ƒ ์ •์ฑ…(Affirmative action)๊ณผ ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ธฐํšŒ(Equal Employment Opportunity)์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ์„œ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋œ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด ์ ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๋‹ค(๊น€ ํ˜, 2004์„ฑํšจ์šฉ, 2012). ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ผ์ • ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ด์ œ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๋‹ด๋ณดํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชป ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ํ†ต๋…๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ ์žฌ๊ฒ€ํ† ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋“ค์˜ 2010~2015๋…„ ํŒจ๋„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ์ด๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๊ณผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํŽธ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ง‘ํ–‰, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ฆฌ๋”(์žฅ๊ด€), ์ „์ฒด ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ค‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋น„์œจ, ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ๋น„์œจ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€๋ณ„๋˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ๊ณต์ •ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ๊ธฐํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ˆ˜๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ์–ป๊ฒŒ ๋œ ์ดํ›„, ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋„ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐœํœ˜ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์˜ ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ „์ œ์˜ ์  ๋”์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ๋ฅ ์ด ๋‚จ์„ฑ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋‚˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์ „์ฒด ๊ณต๋ฌด์› ์ค‘ ์—ฌ์„ฑ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑโ‹…ํ‰๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ์„ฑ๋น„๋Š” ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ „ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ์ ‘์ ์„ ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์†Œ๊ทน์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์ด ๋Šฅ๋™์  ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์  ๋”์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ๋ถ„์„์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์  ๋”์™€ ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ๋น„ํ•ด, ์  ๋”์™€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฒ”์œ„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 4 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์„ฑ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ํ™”์™€ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„ 5 1. ์„ฑ ์ฃผ๋ฅ˜ํ™”์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 5 2. ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 5 3. ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์ œ๋„ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 6 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋น„์ค‘๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์„ฑ๊ณผ 10 1. ๋ฆฌ๋”์‹ญ ์ด๋ก  10 2. ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๊ด€๋ฃŒ์ œ ์ด๋ก  13 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ์™€์˜ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  19 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„ 21 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์„ํ‹€ 21 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 23 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 27 1. ๋ถ„์„๋Œ€์ƒ 27 2. ๋ถ„์„๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 32 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (1) ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ํŽธ์„ฑ : ์ „์ฒด ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์•ก ๋Œ€๋น„ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์•ก ๋น„์œจ 33 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (2) ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ์ง‘ํ–‰: ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰๋ฅ  33 3. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (3) ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€ : ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ชฉํ‘œ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ๋ฅ  34 4. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (1) ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๋ฆฌ๋”(์žฅ๊ด€)์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ 35 5. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (2) ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ์„ฑ๋น„ 35 6. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ (3) ๋ถ€์ฒ˜ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ๋ถ€์„œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์˜ ์„ฑ๋น„ 36 7. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 37 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 41 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ€์ฒ˜๋ณ„ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™” ์ถ”์ด 41 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋ž‘ 50 1. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 50 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 53 3. ํŒจ๋„๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ†ต๊ณ„๋Ÿ‰ 56 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 58 1. ๋ชจํ˜•์ ํ•ฉ๋„ ๊ฒ€์ • โ€“ ํ•˜์šฐ์Šค๋งŒ ๊ฒ€์ • 58 2. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ„ ์ƒ๊ด€์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ • โ€“ ํ”ผ์–ด์Šจ ์ƒ๊ด€๊ฒ€์ • 60 3. ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋น„์ค‘๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํŽธ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 62 4. ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋น„์ค‘๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ์ง‘ํ–‰์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 69 5. ๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ๋น„์ค‘๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ธ์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ ํ‰๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 74 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  79 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ 79 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 79 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•จ์˜ 81 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 83 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ84 Abstract91Maste
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