A Study on the Educational Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore and Santiniketan Art School, Kala-Bhavan

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 사범대학 협동과정 미술교육전공, 2019. 2. 정영목.This dissertation aims to explore Rabindranath Tagores educational philosophy envisioned in Santiniketan as well as the influence of its art school, Kala-Bhavan. R. Tagore lived in the time of British colonialism, through which he developed his holistic educational paradigm by reflecting on the issue of intercultural dialogue throughout his life. Given the contemporary Indian context, this study addresses his vision of fine arts education in the relation to the nationalist art movement of the time. The backdrop of R. Tagores educational ideal is the concept of unity and harmony. He developed his idea about the goals and the subjects of the unification as well as the ways to practice his vision. According to him, the specific goal of unification should be the balance between humans and nature, humans and society, Western and Eastern minds. In the context of education, at an individual level a student should be educated to be a whole person achieving the sense of unity, and at a societal level, he or she should be educated to practice the harmony between the modern and Indian, humans and nature, humans and society. Although, R. Tagores educational philosophy was sometimes dismissed for being excessively idealistic and unrealistic, his pursuit of harmony between Western and Eastern values as an educational ideal had a profound impact on art education of India along with the upheavals of Indian Modern Art. Indian modern art is said to begin with the introduction of Western artistic conventions during the era of British colonialism, namely oil painting techniques and academic naturalism that had permeated Western art for a long period after Renaissance. Among lots of contemporary Indian painters influenced by these European artistic techniques, Raja Ravi Varmas was the first Indian artist whose reputation overrode that of British painters. He started to make his name by his realistic oil paintings suited to English-medium educated elites, and then gained public popularity by adopting printmaking techniques. Varmas art, however, was criticized by the modern nationalist artists of India. The nationalist art movement of India came on the scene as Abanindranath Tagore, a member of R. Tagores family, founded Bengal school which was significantly affected by Curzons partition of the Bengal in 1905. A central premise of this movement was that Indian art could not be compatible with European naturalism based on materialistic industrialism. The advocates of this movement insisted that Indian art should go back to the pre-colonial, or pre-industrialization period, and should be the product of contemporary ideal community culture. From this perspective, Bengal school directly challenged Varmas academic painting in that his style was merely an illusion of European art education focusing on Renaissance naturalism and neo-classicism. They further argued that Indian art should be awakened from such illusion and should pursue Indian-ness reclaiming the artistic heritage residing in their tradition. Highlighting the need for arts education at Santiniketan, R. Tagore, founded a professional fine arts institution named Kala-Bhavan in 1919, where he applied his educational principles to fine arts education. In other words, Santiniketan is the envisioned expression of his vision of harmony between humans and nature, as well as a pioneering attempt for rural reconstruction in India. According to him, art is about the reconciliation between the opposites such as the national and international, the local and the global. This view is the one that lay beyond the narrowly defined concepts of nationalism and patriotism pursued by Indian nationalist artists including his nephew, Abnindranath Tagore. Based on R. Tagores pedagogical vision, the curriculum and practice at Kala-Bhavan were open to Western Modernism. The Kala-Bhavan library, for instance, contained a plenty of resources helpful for students to look into numerous art movements around the world. In addition, Tagore stressed consistent interactions with worlds leading art centers such as Bauhaus in Germany, soliciting the presence of visitors from different backgrounds—Indian artist and craftsmen, painters, sculptors, art historians and critics from East and West, encouraging the students to produce their works based on such openness to diversity. The art education at Kala-Bhavan based on R. Tagores educational philosophy was said to be successful in that it contributed to the rise of modernity in Indian art. This was possible because during the pre- and post-independence periods the education at Kala-Bhavan encouraged the students to explore diverse European art movements with a more close, direct look, which resulted in an elevated status of Indian art in the world. Universalism–specifically the marriage between the East and the West—which was the vision of the school, most of all, could act as a good stepping stone for modern Indian art. In addition, the school was modelled on R. Tagores idea about the past and tradition as valuable resources and his openness towards European art on the path to future and progress. At Kala-Bhavan, in specific, the students were educated to develop flexibility and creativity when producing art of their own. In sum, Kala-Bhavan was R. Tagores pioneering attempt to reconcile opposites and to move toward progress during the colonial era. In todays world of globalization, how to incorporate tradition and achieve the status of art as a universal language is still an important issue. Tagores educational philosophy and the achievements at Kala-Bhavan thus may be a good guide to art education today.본 논문은 라빈드라나드 타고르(Rabindranath Tagore)의 교육철학과 그의 교육철학이 산티니케탄 미술학교 칼라-바반(Santiniketan Kala-Bhavan)에 끼친 영향에 관한 연구이다. R. 타고르가 살았던 시기는 영국의 식민지배가 본격화되던 시기였고, 인도 근대의 격동기에 해당했다. 이런 점에서 본 논문은 그의 미술교육을 특히 인도 근대 민족주의 미술과의 관계를 중심으로 살펴보았다. R. 타고르가 교육의 이상으로 강조하는 것은 통일성(unity)과 조화(harmony)의 이념이다. 무엇을 어떻게 통일시키고 조화시킬 것인가. 그것을 통해 이루고자 하는 것이 무엇인가. 그가 제시한 구체적인 목표는 인간과 자연, 인간과 사회, 동양과 서구적인 것 등의 조화와 균형이었다. 학생들이 개인적으로는 조화와 통일성의 감각을 익혀서 온전한 인간으로 성장하도록 하자는 것이며, 사회적으로는 서구적인 것과 전통적인 것의 조화, 인간과 자연 및 사회와의 조화를 구체적으로 실천할 수 있도록 하자는 것이다. R. 타고르의 교육철학은 지나치게 이상적이며, 현실과 동떨어진 것이라는 비판을 받기도 했다. 하지만 그의 예술교육에서는 두드러진 효과를 나타냈는데, 무엇보다 동양과 서구적인 것의 조화라는 교육적 이상이 예술교육에서 큰 힘을 발휘했기 때문이다. 이런 점을 반영한 R. 타고르의 미술교육은 당시 인도 근대미술이 겪었던 점들과 관련을 갖고 전개되었다. 인도의 근대미술은 영국의 식민 치하에서 서구 유화기법의 수용과 르네상스 이래 전개된 아카데믹한 자연주의 화풍이 도입되면서 시작되었다. 자연주의적 방식의 회화 영향으로 많은 인도인 화가들이 등장했는데, 당시 영국인 화가들의 명성을 넘어 인도인 화가로서 최초로 주목을 받은 작가가 라자 라비 바르마((Raja Ravi Varma)였다. 바르마는 사실주의적 유화 그림을 통해 영어식 교육을 받은 인도 엘리트층들의 취향에 부합하면서 이름을 날리기 시작했으며, 판화제작 방식을 사용하면서 점차적으로 대중적 인지도도 확립해나갔다. 하지만 바르마의 미술은 인도의 민족주의 미술운동이 일어나면서 비판을 받기 시작했다. 1905년 인도 민족을 분열시키려 한 영국의 벵갈분할령을 배경으로 R. 타고르의 조카인 아바닌드라나드 타고르(Abanindra- nath Tagore)를 중심으로 벵갈화파가 형성되고, 민족주의 미술운동이 본격적으로 시작되면서 부터였다. 이 운동의 기본적 전제는 인도미술이 물질적 산업 문명을 기원으로 하는 영국이나 유럽의 자연주의와 양립할 수 없다는 것이다. 인도 미술이 영국의 식민 통치 이후 진행된 산업화 이전으로 돌아가야 한다는 것이고, 그 시대의 이상적인 공동체의 산물이어야 한다는 것이다. 이런 점에서 벵갈화파 예술가들이 비판의 대상으로 삼은 것은 바르마의 회화세계였다. 아카데믹한 자연주의나 서구의 고전적 경향을 반영하고 있는 바르마의 회화세계가 서구식 미술교육의 환상에 해당한다고 보았다. 이제 인도 미술은 그런 환상에서 깨어나 전통 속의 예술적 유산을 소재로 해서 정통적인 인도적임(Indian-ness)을 추구해야 한다는 것이었다. 산티니케탄의 교육에서 예술교육의 필요성을 강조했던 R. 타고르는 1919년 칼라-바반(Kala-Bhavan)이란 이름으로 전문적인 미술학교를 세웠고, 그의 교육철학을 미술교육에도 적용했다. 이 학교를 통해서 R. 타고르는 그가 평소 생각했던 인간과 자연의 조화를 근본으로 하고, 농촌의 현실에 대한 학생들의 인식도 확장시키려 했다. 그는 예술이란 민족적이면서 동시에 국제적이어야 하고, 지역적이면서 범세계적 이어야 한다고 생각했다. 이런 생각은 그의 조카인 A. 타고르와 민족주의 미술가들이 추구했던 인도적인 것의 협소함에 대한 한계를 뛰어넘는 것이었다. R. 타고르의 신념에 따라, 서구 모더니즘 미술에 대한 열려진 태도가 칼라-바반의 교육 방침과 실천에 적용되었다. R. 타고르는 칼라-바반에 세계 미술의 수많은 경향을 알려주는 자료들로 가득 찬 도서관을 갖추었고, 바우하우스를 비롯한 당시 세계 미술의 중심이 되는 곳들과 지속적인 교류도 강조했다. 인도 예술가나 장인들뿐만 아니라 동서양 여러 나라의 화가, 조각가, 미술사학자, 이론가 등을 초빙해서 강의를 부탁했으며, 서로 교류를 이루도록 해서 개방성과 포용성을 강조하면서 미술작품을 창조하도록 했다. R. 타고르의 교육이념을 바탕으로 한 칼라-바반의 미술교육은 성과를 나타냈고 인도 모더니즘 미술의 전개로 이어졌다. 인도의 독립 전후 미술가들이 좀 더 직접적이고 밀접하게 서양의 미술사조들을 경험하게 했고, 이런 경험을 바탕으로 세계 속에서 한 단계 격상된 인도 미술로 향해 나아가게 했다. 무엇보다 동양과 서구적인 것의 조화라는 그의 교육적 이상과 미술에 있어서 세부적인 것이 아니라, 미술을 대하는 포괄적인 비전의 재고찰이 인도 미술의 새로운 발판을 만들어 주었기 때문이다. 또한 특정한 양식으로서 인도적인 것, 동양적인 것보다는 가치 있는 자원으로서 전통과 과거를 되돌아보게 했고, 미래와 진보라는 이름으로 서구 미술의 흐름에 수용적인 태도를 보이게 했기 때문이다. 그리고 이런 생각을 미술작품을 통해 실천함에 있어서는 융통성과 개인의 독창성을 강조했다는 점이 R. 타고르의 교육철학이 미술학교 칼라-바반을 통해 드러낸 가장 큰 효과였다. 환경에 적응하면서 변화와 진보를 향한 혁신의 정신과 상이한 것들을 조화시키려는 조화의 정신이 칼라-바반에서 실현되었다. 산티니케탄 미술학교 칼라-바반에서 이루어졌던 미술교육의 성과는 국제화의 흐름 속에서 전통적인 것을 어떻게 조화시키고, 보편언어로서 미술의 위상을 확립할 것인가라는 문제에 직면하고 있는 우리 미술교육계에도 가치 있는 연구 대상이다.목 차 국문초록 ⅰ 도판목록 ⅴ I.서론 1 1. 연구의 대상과 목적 1 2. 선행 연구 4 3. 논문의 구성 10 II. R. 타고르(Rabindranath Tagore)의 교육철학 13 1. 근대 인도와 R. 타고르 교육철학의 형성배경 13 2. 인도의 현실 인식과 R. 타고르의 현실극복 방안 22 1) 내셔널리즘(Nationalism) 비판 22 2) 공동체 사회와 보편적 휴머니즘(Universal Humanism) 33 3. R. 타고르의 교육 철학 37 1) 교육적 이상으로서의 조화와 통일성 40 2) 모국어(mother-tongue) 교육 43 3) 자연과의 공감 및 농촌체험 46 4) 교육에서의 예술의 역할 53 5) R. 타고르의 교육실험 학교들 59 - 산티니케탄(Santiniketan: 자연 속 평화의 집), - 스리니케탄(Sriniketan: 농촌공동체와 농업실천 교육) - 비스바-바라티(Visva-Bharati: 세계대학) Ⅲ. 근대 인도미술의 전개와 인도 민족주의 미술 66 1. 영국의 식민지배와 서양화풍의 수용 67 1) 동인도회사 양식 회화(Company Style Painting)와 그 영향 69 2) 미술학교의 설립과 식민지 미술교육 74 3) 라자 라비 바르마(Raja Ravi Varma)의 회화 세계 79 – 인도의 전통적 소재와 서구식 방식의 조화 2. 벵갈화파의 등장과 민족주의 미술운동 89 1) 벵갈의 지역적 특수성과 벵갈화파의 형성 90 - A. 타고르(Abanindranath Tagore)와 인도 민족주의 미술 2) 벵갈화파와 민족주의 사상 97 (1) E. B. 하벨(E. B. Habel)과 A. 타고르의 만남 98 (2) A. K. 쿠마라스와미(A. K. Coomaraswamy)와 문화적 민족주의 103 (3) 니베디타(Nivedita)의 힌두 민족주의 107 (4) 인도적인 것(the Indian)을 넘어 동양적인 것 (the Oriental)으로 114 Ⅳ. 산티니케탄(Santiniketan) 미술학교 칼라- 바반(Kala-Bhavan) 124 1. R. 타고르의 동양주의 비판 및 모더니즘적 사고 124 1) R. 타고르와 노구치의 논쟁: 오카쿠라 텐신의 동양주의 비판 124 2) 모더니즘적 사고와 바우하우스의 수용 127 3) R. 타고르의 그림들 133 2. 칼라-바반의 교육 이념과 세 명의 미술가들 138 1) 칼라-바반의 교육이념 138 - 인간과 자연, 동양과 서양의 조화 2) 세 명의 미술가들 140 - 난달랄 보세(Nandalal Bose) - 베노데베하리 무케르지(Benodebehari Mukherjee) - 람킨카르 바이지(Ramkinkar Baij) 3. 칼라-바반의 교육방법과 그 영향 154 1) 칼라-바반의 교육방법과 토착예술가 양성 154 2) 독립 이전의 인도 모더니즘 미술 159 3) 국제적 모더니즘과 인도 미술의 정체성 찾기 165 V. 결론 175 참고문헌 181 도판 199 영문초록 215Docto

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Introduction: Endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation (EAORIF) reduces the amount of facial scaring, but limitations, such as the possibility to convert to the open technique and the large learning curve, remain. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 19 patients diagnosed as lateral overridden subcondyle fractures and treated with endoscopeassisted open reduction and internal fixation at Yonsei University Health System from December 2006 to August 2010 were reviewed. Results: 11 patients underwent temporary discomfort or pain such as limitation of mouth opening, temporomandibular joint discomfort, lip paresthesia or facial weakness, but the symptoms disappeared within 3 months. There was no severe long-term complication except 2 patients with re-fractures of operated subcondyles. Conclusion: Subcondyle fracture with lateral overridden proximal segment is a better indication of endoscope-assisted open reduction and internal fixation than a condylar head/neck fracture, or medial overridden subcondyle fracture: allowing an anatomic reduction.ope

The characteristics and treatment results of squamous cell carcinomas of oral tongue

Introduction: The characteristics of oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and the treatment results were reviewed to determine the appropriate treatment strategies. Materials and Methods: The medical records of 140 patients diagnosed and treated for oral tongue SCC at Yonsei University Health System from January 1995 to December 2004 were reviewed. For statistic analysis, the survival rate was determined using the Kaplan-Meier method with SPSS version 12.0, and the difference in survival rates was evaluated using a log-rank test. Results: The mean age of the patients with oral tongue SCC patients was 55 (19-85 years old). According to the T, N and pathologic stage, the patients were distributed from a higher to a lower incidence of cases, as follows: T2 (46.4%), T1 (37.9%), T4 (8.5%), and T3 (7.1%); N0 (65%), N1 (20.7%), N2 (13.6%), and N3 (0.7%); and stage Ⅰ (31.4%), stage Ⅱ (25.7%), stage Ⅳ (22.2%), and stage Ⅲ (20.7%). Local and regional recurrence and distant metastasis was present in 13.6%, 5% and 4.2% of patients, respectively. The five-year survival rate was 72.2%, and the prognostic factors for oral tongue SCC included neck metastasis, pathologic stage of the disease, cell differentiation, treatment modality, neck dissection as part of the treatment plan, and neck node recurrence. Discussion: It is suggested that ipsilateral neck dissection or bilateral neck dissection should be selected as a treatment of tongue SCC patients with advanced stage.ope

Transoral removal of proximal submandibular stone : report of 5 cases and review of the literature

The submandibular gland is the second largest major salivary gland, which secretes 40% of the total daily saliva. Owing to its anatomic characteristics as well as the high viscosity and basicity of the saliva, sialolithiasis is found most commonly in the submandibular gland. Sialolithiasis that cannot be treated by conservative treatment is conventionally removed by an excision of the submandibular gland. Generally, an excision of the submandibular gland is performed via an extra-oral approach but the disadvantages of this treatment include a risk of injuring the facial nerve and scar formation. Case reports have revealed an even less invasive intraoral surgical technique for the removal of sialolith that does not affect the submandibular gland function. The functional recovery of the gland, complications and recurrence rates after surgery with this conservative intraoral procedure were all successful. We report 5 patients from the department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery at Dental Hospital, Yonsei University, who had undergone a resection of the sialolith though the intraoral approach with successful results.ope

The Effects of Prucalopride on Postoperative Ileus in Guinea Pigs

PURPOSE: Postoperative ileus (POI) is an impairment of coordinated gastrointestinal (GI) motility that develops as a consequence of abdominal surgery and is a major factor contributing to patient morbidity and prolonged hospitalization. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT₄) receptor agonists, which stimulate excitatory pathways, on a POI model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experimental model of POI in guinea pigs was created by laparotomy, gentle manipulation of the cecum for 60 seconds, and closure by suture, all under anesthesia. Different degrees of restoration of GI transit were measured by the migration of charcoal. Colonic transit was indirectly assessed via measurement of fecal pellet output every hour for 5 hours after administration of various doses of mosapride, tegaserod, prucalopride, and 5-HT. RESULTS: Charcoal transit assay showed that various 5-HT₄ receptor agonists can accelerate delayed upper GI transit in a dose-dependent manner. However, fecal pellet output assay suggested that only prucalopride had a significant effect in accelerating colonic motility in POI. CONCLUSION: Although mosapride, tegaserod, and prucalopride produce beneficial effects to hasten upper GI transit in the POI model, prucalopride administered orally restores lower GI transit as well as upper GI transit after operation in a conscious guinea pig. This drug may serve as a useful candidate for examination in a clinical trial for POI.ope

Bone Healing properties of Autoclaved Autogenous Bone Grafts lncorporating Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic protein-2 and comparison of Two Delivery Systems in a Segmental Rabbit Radius Defect

Purpose: This study aims to validate the effect of autoclaved autogenous bone (AAB), incorporating Escherichia coli-derived recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (ErhBMP-2), on critical-sized, segmental radius defects in rabbits. Delivery systems using absorbable collagen sponge (ACS) and fibrin glue (FG) were also evaluated. Methods: Radius defects were made in 12 New Zealand white rabbits. After autoclaving, the resected bone was reinserted and fixed. The animals were classified into three groups: only AAB reinserted (group 1, control), and AAB and ErhBMP-2 inserted using an ACS (group 2) or FG (group 3) as a carrier. Animals were sacrificed six or 12 weeks after surgery. Specimens were evaluated using radiology and histology. Results: Micro-computed tomography images showed the best bony union in group 2 at six and 12 weeks after operation. Quantitative analysis showed all indices except trabecular thickness were the highest in group 2 and the lowest in group 1 at twelve weeks. Histologic results showed the greatest bony union between AAB and radial bone at twelve weeks, indicating the highest degree of engraftment. Conclusion: ErhBMP-2 increases bony healing when applied on AAB graft sites. In addition, the ACS was reconfirmed as a useful delivery system for ErhBMP-2.ope

Effects of GC7101, a Novel Prokinetic Agent on Gastric Motor Function: Ex Vivo Study

BACKGROUND/AIMS: GC7101, an extract of Lonicera Flos, is a novel developing drug for reflux esophagitis and functional dyspepsia. However, the drug's exact pharmacological mechanism of action remains unclear. This study assessed the effects of GC7101 on gastro-intestinal (GI) motor function. METHODS: We used male guinea pigs to evaluate the effects of GC7101 on GI motility. The contraction of antral circular muscle in the presence of different doses of GC7101 was measured in a tissue bath. The prokinetic effects of GC7101 were tested using the charcoal transit assay from the pylorus to the most distal point of migration of charcoal mixture. To clarify the mechanism of action of GC7101, atropine, dopamine and the selective 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 receptor antagonist, GR113808 were used. RESULTS: The maximal amplitude of circular muscle contraction was induced by 5 mg mL(-1) GC7101. The area under the curve of con-traction was significantly increased at 5 mg mL(-1) GC7101. Addition of 10(-6) M atropine, 10(-8) M dopamine or 10(-7) M GR 113808 to GC7101 5 mg mL(-1) decreased the amplitude and area under curve compared to GC7101 5 mg mL(-1) alone. GC7101 accelerated GI transit in a dose dependent manner except 100 mg kg(-1). Delayed GI transit caused by atropine, dop-amine and GR 113808 was restored by GC7101 50 mg kg(-1). CONCLUSIONS: GC7101, an extract of Lonicera Flos, exerts a gastric prokinetic effect in guinea pig through cholinergic, antidopaminergic and serotonergic mechanisms. Therefore, GC7101 might be a novel drug for the treatment of functional dyspepsia.(J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2014;20:469-474).ope