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    ๊ธˆ์†-์œ ๊ธฐ ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด(MOF) ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋œ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-์ฒ -์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ์ฒ -๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด-์‚ฐ ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ถ„ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ์œตํ•ฉ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(๋‚˜๋…ธ์œตํ•ฉ์ „๊ณต), 2021.8. ๋ฐ•์›์ฒ .์ง€๋‚œ ์ˆ˜์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ๊ตญ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Šฆ์ถœ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ก ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ •์น˜์  ์›€์ง์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์˜ ์˜จ์‹ค ๊ฐ€์Šค ์–‘์€ ๋น ๋ฅธ ์†๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ๋‚œ์ œ์—์„œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฌํƒœ๋กœ ๊ธ‰๋“ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ตฌ ์˜จ๋‚œํ™”์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํƒ„์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์œผ๋กœ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ, ์—ด์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ตœ์ข… ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ „๊ธฐ์™€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์œผ๋กœ ์žฅ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ €์žฅ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„์žฌ ํ™”์„ ์—ฐ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€ ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ์–‘์˜ ์ด์‚ฐํ™”ํƒ„์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์ถœํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ด ํ•„์š” ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋…น์ƒ‰ ์ˆ˜์†Œ๋Š” ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋™๋˜๋Š” ์ „ํ•ด์กฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฌผ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด๋Š” ์Œ๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ์ˆ˜์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (HER)๊ณผ ์–‘๊ทน์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐœ์ƒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ (OER)์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š๋ฆฐ ์ด‰๋งค ๋™์—ญํ•™์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์‹œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ „๊ธฐ ํ™”ํ•™ ํšจ์œจ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™” ๋œ ์ฒจ๋‹จ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š” ๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์— Pt, Ru ๋ฐ Ir๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐฑ๊ธˆ์กฑ ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๋†’์€ ์ด‰๋งค ํ™œ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ฒ˜์Œ ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋†’์€ ๋น„์šฉ, ํฌ์†Œ์„ฑ ๋ฐ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ์‚ฐ์—… ์‘์šฉ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ, ์ „์ด ๊ธˆ์† ์‚ฐํ™”๋ฌผ, ํƒ„ํ™”๋ฌผ, ์ธํ™”๋ฌผ, ํ™ฉํ™”๋ฌผ, ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ๋ฐ ์‚ฐ ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ง€๊ตฌ์— ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ์ „์ด ๊ธˆ์†์ด ๋Œ€์ฒด ์ „๊ธฐ ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ์„œ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์ „์ด ๊ธˆ์† ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ / ์‚ฐ ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์  ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์ „๋„๋„๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•œ ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๊ฐ„ Co, Ni ๋ฐ Fe์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ „์ด ๊ธˆ์†์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์กฐํ•ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ„ํ•ด์— ์œ ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ž…์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๊ท€๊ธˆ์† ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ด‰๋งค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด‰๋งค ํšจ์œจ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ด๊ธˆ์† ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ/์‚ฐ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๊ณ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ˆ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-์ฒ  ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ/ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ „๊ธฐํ™”ํ•™ ์ด‰๋งค ํšจ์œจ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-์ฒ  ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ/ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ์œ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์† ๊ณจ๊ฒฉ์ฒด (MOF)๋ฅผ ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ-์งˆํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด MOF์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์™€ ์กฐ์„ฑ์€ ์šฉ๋งค ์˜์กด์  ์„ฑ์žฅ ์—ญํ•™๊ณผ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ์™€ ์ฒ  ์—ผ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ๋งค์ฒด์—์„œ ์–ป์€ ์ ˆ๋ฌ˜ํ•œ ์„ฑ๊ฒŒ ๋ชจ์–‘์˜ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-์ฒ -MOF์˜ ์งˆํ™”๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ป์–ด์ง„ ๊ตฌ๋ฆฌ-์ฒ  ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ/ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ฒด๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋œ OER ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋ฉฐ 420mV์˜ ์ ์šฉ๋œ ๊ณผ์ „์••์—์„œ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹จ 4.25mA์—์„œ 236.32mA๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์—ฌ 5460.47 % ๋กœ ํฐ ํญ์˜ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํŒŒ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ MOF์—์„œ ํŒŒ์ƒ ๋œ ์ฒ -๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด ์‚ฐ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ์ œ์ž‘๊ณผ ์ˆ˜์ „ํ•ด ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ -๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด ์‚ฐ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ์ด‰๋งค๋Š” ์ „๊ตฌ์ฒด MOF์˜ ๋‹ค๊ณต์„ฑ ๋ฏธ์„ธ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ 5-10 nm ๋‚˜๋…ธ ์ž…์ž๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์–ด ์ „ํ•ด์งˆ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์Šค ์ˆ˜์†ก์„์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ™œ์„ฑ ๋ถ€์œ„์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋น„์œจ๋กœ Mo๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์‹œ ๋Š๋ฆฐ Volmer ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด‰๋งค ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒ -๋ชฐ๋ฆฌ๋ธŒ๋ด ์‚ฐ์งˆํ™”๋ฌผ ์ด‰๋งค๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋œ ์•Œ์นผ๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜ ์ „ํ•ด์กฐ๋Š” ์ƒ์šฉ Pt/CRuO2 ์ „ํ•ด์กฐ (100mA cm-2์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ 1.89V)๋ฅผ ๋Šฅ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด‰๋งค ๊ฑฐ๋™(100mA cm-2์˜ ์ „๋ฅ˜ ๋ฐ€๋„์—์„œ 1.81V)๊ณผ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ๊ฐœ์งˆ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋น„๊ต๊ตฐ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์งˆ๋œ ์ด‰๋งค์˜ ๊ณผ์ „ํ•ฉ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ์ œ์–ด, ์ด์ค‘ ๊ธˆ์† ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ์งˆํ™” ์ „๋žต์ด ์ด‰๋งคํ™œ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์ƒ๋‹นํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Over the past several decades, nations have collectively acknowledged the necessity to slow global warming. Despite the political movements, the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere increased at an alarming rate, elevating climate change from a serious issue to a full-blown emergency. One of the most effective ways to tackle global warming is to convert the current carbon-based energy system to green hydrogen-based energy system. Hydrogen can be transformed into final energy such as electricity and thermal energy, and unlike electricity, it can be stored for a long time with a large capacity. As the current hydrogen production methods based on fossil fuels emit a considerable amount of carbon dioxide, green hydrogen production based on renewable energy is crucial. Green hydrogen can be produced through water electrolysis using an electrolyzer powered by renewable energy. Water electrolysis consists of the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the cathode and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode. However, the intrinsically sluggish catalytic kinetics result in low electrochemical efficiency for practical use. It is therefore necessary to develop highly active advanced electrocatalysts. In quest of such feasible electrocatalyst, noble metal groups such as Pt, Ru and Ir were first proposed for their high catalytic activity toward electrolysis, but their high cost, scarcity, and unreliable stability limits them for large-scale industrial applications. For these reasons, earth-abundant transition-metals have been intensively investigated as alternative electrocatalysts, in various forms such as transition-metal oxides, carbides, phosphides, sulfides, nitrides, and oxynitrides. Among them, transition metal nitrides/oxynitrides (TMN/TMON) are of great interest owing to their advantageous properties including chemical stability and conductivity. Transition metals such as Co, Ni, and Fe have been and still are extensively researched in various combinations and proven promising for electrolysis. Still, the relative lack of catalytic efficiency compared to the noble metal-based catalysts leaves plenty of room for further research. In this thesis, two examples of transition metal-based electrocatalysts efficient water electrolysis are presented. The first study demonstrates an environmentally benign synthesis of CuFeN/CNT as efficient OER catalyst by structural and electrochemical manipulation of its precursor MOF. The morphology and the composition of the precursor MOF can be easily controlled by adjusting the solvent-dependent growth kinetics and the ratio of the transition metal salts. An exquisite urchin-shaped CuFe-MOF obtained in aqueous medium is then rapidly transformed into CuFeN via microwave-assisted nitridation. The final catalyst CuFeN/CNT exhibits a greatly enhanced OER activity compared to its unmodified counterparts, exhibiting current density increase from a mere 4.25 mA to 236.32 mA at an applied overpotential of 420 mV, marking a 5460.47 % increase. The second study introduces a simple and energy-efficient synthesis route for MOF-derived FeMoON bifunctional catalyst. The final FeMoON catalyst derived from the precursor MOF is composed of 5-10 nm nanoparticles confined in the initial porous microstructure, providing multiple active sites and pathway for electrolyte and gas transport. The incorporation of Mo in optimal ratio significantly enhances the catalytic activity by tuning the sluggish Volmer step. The optimized FeMoON alkaline water electrolyzer shows catalytic behavior surpassing that of the commercial Pt/CRuO2 electrolyzer (1.81 V and 1.89 V, respectively, for current density of 100 mA cmโˆ’2) and good stability as well. The impact of structural control, secondary metal introduction, and nitridation on the enhanced electrocatalytic performances of the catalysts in both studies were confirmed by significantly increased overpotentials of the comparisons prepared in the absence of each conditions.Chapter 1. Introduction 17 1.1 Introduction to water electrolysis 17 1.1.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction 24 1.1.2 Oxygen evolution reaction 25 1.1.3 Overall water electrolysis 26 1.2 Transition metal-based catalysts 28 1.2.1 Strategies for developing transition metal-based catalysts. 34 1.2.2 Metal organic framework derived transition metal based catalysts 36 1.3 Perspective and outlook 41 1.4 Dissertation overview 44 Chapter 2. Bimetallic transition metal nitride/oxynitride-based catalysts for water electrolysis 47 2.1 CuFeN/CNT composite derived from kinetically modulated urchin-shaped MOF for highly efficient OER catalysis 47 2.1.1 Motivation 47 2.1.2 Experimental section 51 2.1.2.1 Reagents 51 2.1.2.2 Apparatus 52 2.1.2.3 Preparation of Cu2O nanoparticles 52 2.1.2.4 Preparation of CuFeO nanoparticles 53 2.1.2.5 Preparation of CuMOF urchins 53 2.1.2.6 Preparation of CuFeMOF urchins 54 2.1.2.7 Preparation of CuMOF/CNT/NH4HCO3 sponge 54 2.1.2.8 Preparation of CuFeMOF/CNT/NH4HCO3 sponge 54 2.1.2.9 Preparation of CuN/CNT catalysts 54 2.1.2.10 Preparation of of CuFeN/CNT catalysts 55 2.1.2.11 Electrochemical measurements 55 2.1.3 Results and discussion 57 2.1.4 Conclusion 101 2.2 Transformation of microwave synthesized highly uniform FeMo-MIL-88B nanorod to oxynitride derivate for overall water splitting reaction 102 2.2.1 Motivation 102 2.2.2 Experimental section 106 2.2.2.1 Reagents 106 2.2.2.2 Apparatus 106 2.2.2.3 Preparation of Fe-MIL-88B 107 2.2.2.4 Preparation of FeMo-MIL-88B 107 2.2.2.5 Preparation of FeMoON 108 2.2.2.6 Electrochemical measurements 108 2.2.3 Results and discussion 110 2.2.4 Conclusion 154 2.2.5 References 156 Chapter 3. Conclusion 182 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ๋ก (Abstract in Korean) 185๋ฐ•

    Chaucer์˜ ์‹œํ•™ : ์‹œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜์™€ ์‹œ์ธ์˜ ๊ถŒ์œ„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜์–ด์˜๋ฌธํ•™๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ•™์ „๊ณต,1998.Docto

    John Donne์˜ Anniversaries:์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์น˜์œ ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ

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    Donne์˜ Anniversaries๋Š” Donne์˜ patron์ด๋˜ Robert Drury์˜ ๋”ธ Elizabeth Drury์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ์• ๋„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์–ด์ง„ ์‹œ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ์ง€๋‚˜์นœ ์นญ์†ก๊ณผ ๊ณผ์žฅ๋œ ์ด๋ฏธ์ €๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์  ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์‹œ๋Š” ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. Donne์„ ์ž˜ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋˜ ์นœ์šฐ Ben Jonson ์กฐ์ฐจ๋„ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค. That Dones Anniversarie was profane and full of Blasphemies;...if it had been written of the Virgin Marie it had been something ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ Donne์€ ๋น„๋ก ๊ทธ๋Š” Elizabeth Drury๋ฅผ ๋ณธ์ ์ด ์—†์œผ๋‚˜ so very good testimony of her worthiness๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฒƒ, ํ˜น์€ the Idea of Woman ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ๊ฒƒ์ผ ๋ฟ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ์‹ค Donne์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ์นœ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์ฃฝ์Œ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๆ‚ฒๆญŒ(elegy)๋“ค์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด, ๊ฒฉ์‹์„ ์ฐจ๋ฆฐ ์–ด๊ตฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ํฌ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋‚˜๋งˆ ๊ทธ ์ฃฝ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ํŠน์ • ์„ ์งš๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ Anniversaries์—์„œ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„๊ฐ€์  ์š”์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ Donne์˜ ์Šฌํ””์ด๋‚˜, ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ์ธ๋ฌผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ Elizabeth Drury์˜ ํŠน์ง• ๋“ฑ์€ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ƒ์ง•์  ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ ์ด ์‹œ ์†์— ๋“ฑ์žฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฃฝ์Œ์€ ์ธ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ด ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ๋ช…์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ(occasion)๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค

    Rape and Ravishment in Troilus and Criseyde

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    In the Middle Ages, raptus connoted not only forced coitus, sexual assault, abduction, but also seizure, dragging off, transportation, appropriation and theft. The English derivatives, rape and ravish had almost the same connotation. The glissement of the seemingly disparate meanings in these words reveal that women were regarded as a property of men and that they were denied subjectivity, particularly in sexual matters. Troilus and Criseyde witnesses the aetheticization or eroticization of rape in Chaucers England. Abduction, rape and marriage or love were interchangeable terms just as women were thought to be exchangeable goods among men. Dreams of Pandarus, Criseyde and Troilus display their clandestine desire of rape which is represented to be indistinguishable from love. Bird imagery embedded in the inception and consummation of the love of Troilus and Criseyde show their conscious or unconscious involvement in rape. Cassandras historiography which emphasizes causation and recurrent historical patterns suggests that the suffering of the women in Thebes will recur in the lives of the women involved in the Trojan war

    ๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ œ์‹œ์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ท ์—ด

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    ใ€Ž๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ์˜ ์„œ์‹œ์™€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€ (The Wife of Baths Prologue & Tale)๋ฅผ ใ€Ž์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€(The Canterbury Tales)์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ(tale)๋“ค๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋•Œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ํŠน์ง• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ํ™”์ž ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ž์„œ์ „์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ์„œ์‹œ๊ฐ€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๊ธธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ใ€Ž์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋…ํŠนํ•œ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋‹ค.ใ€Ž๋ฉด์ฃ„์‚ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‹œใ€(The Pardoners Prologue)๋„ ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ๊ธด ๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ใ€Ž๋ฉด์ฃ„์‚ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‹œใ€๋Š” 462ํ–‰์ด๊ณ  ใ€Ž๋ฉด์ฃ„์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€(The Pardoners Tale)๋Š” 506ํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๊ธธ๋‹ค. ๋˜ ใ€Ž์บ”ํ„ฐ๋ฒ ๋ฆฌ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐใ€์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ๊ณผ ๋ฉด์ฃ„์‚ฌ์™ธ์— ๊ธด ์„œ์‹œ๋ฅผ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋‹น ์ฐธ์‚ฌํšŒ์›์˜ ์ข…์ž(Canon s Yeoman)๋ฅผ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ์˜ ์„œ์‹œ๋Š” ์ž์„œ์ „์ ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ธˆ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ž‘ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฉด์ฃ„์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ฉด์ฃ„์‚ฌ์˜ ์„œ์‹œ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์ดˆ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ใ€Ž๋ฐ”์“ฐ๋Œ์˜ ์„œ์‹œใ€์—์„œ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง€๋Š” ์ ์€ ๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด๋‹ค

    ์œ ๋ฌด๊ธฐ๋ณตํ•ฉ ํ•˜์ด๋ธŒ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „๊ทน๊ณผ ํ…๋ค๊ตฌ์กฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋‹ค์ƒ‰ ์ „๊ธฐ๋ณ€์ƒ‰ ๋””์Šคํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด ๊ตฌํ˜„

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    MasterWe prepared multicolor, dual-image, printed electrochromic displays (ECDs) based on three hybrid electrodes containing mesoporous titanium dioxide (TiO2) modified with various phosphonated viologens. By employing hybrid electrodes in ECDs, diverse colors (e.g., cyan, green, magenta, emerald, and yellow) are obtained depending on the electron affinity of the N-substituents of the viologen. The devices show fast switching speed (e.g., avg. coloration โˆผ 2.0 s and bleaching โˆผ 1.5 s) and high coloration efficiency (avg. โˆผ 328.8 cm2/C), which is attributed to the large surface area of the hybrid electrode. We also introduced a tandem configuration by placing double-sided fluorine-doped tin oxide electrode (dsFTO) between two hybrid electrodes to overcome the limitation of the achievable colors (one or maximum two) in a single cell. The dsFTO can serve as a counter electrode of both hybrid electrodes, allowing independent or simultaneous operation of each hybrid electrode through adjusting applied voltage. To extend the functionality of tandem ECDs, the patterned hybrid electrodes are fabricated using electrostatic-force-assisted dispensing printing and applied to ECDs. The resulting devices alternately exhibit two pieces of information in a variety of colors, in which the device operation is controllable in accordance with the direction of applied voltage and the combination of hybrid electrodes. The printed, tandem structured ECDs are expected to have high potential for next-generation transparent displays
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