30 research outputs found

    ๊ณต์‹œ์™€ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ–‰ํƒœ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ฒฝ์˜๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ตœ๊ฐ€์˜.This dissertation is comprised of two essays on corporate disclosure activity and corporate behavior. The first essay, entitled Perceived Tax Audit Risk and Corporate Tax Behavior: Using Footnotes in 10-K Filings, examines the association between firms tax audit risk and its tax behavior. Utilizing a machine learning methodology, I measure the tax audit risk perceived by each firm as the extent of tax audit discussion in firms 10-K filings. I find that firms comply more with tax laws when they are subject to stronger tax enforcement. I validate the tax audit discussion in 10-K filings capturing tax audit risk rather than a rhetoric of managers by showing the correlation with the IRS audit probability. The results are robust when including both tax audit topic and the IRS audit probability, implying that firms tax audit discussion delivers incremental information to the IRS audit rate. Also, I find that there exists heterogeneity in the effect of tax audit risk across firms. The result is attenuated when there are stronger external monitoring mechanisms and when the firm operates in foreign jurisdictions. The second essay, entitled The Effect of Financial Reporting Readability on Foreign Investors Information Acquisition Activity, examines the effect of financial reporting readability on foreign investors information acquisition activity. I contend that more readable financial reports facilitate foreign investors information collection activities, and this in turn increases foreign investors investment in U.S. stocks. As anticipated, I find that foreign investors more frequently access 10-K filings that are more readable. Their frequent access leads to higher foreign institutional ownership of U.S stocks in the subsequent period. I also find that the positive association between foreign access and financial reporting readability is stronger when readers are from countries of which language shares more similarities with English. Overall, findings suggest that financial reporting readability plays an important role in facilitating foreign investment, further highlighting the benefit of making financial reports more readable.Essay 1. Perceived Tax Audit Risk and Corporate Tax Behavior 1 1. Introduction 2 2. Related Literature and Hypothesis Development 8 2.1. The Effect of Tax Enforcement 8 2.2. Textual Information in Corporate Disclosure 10 2.2. Hypothesis Development 11 3. Data, Research Design, and Descriptive Statistics 13 3.1. Measuring the Tax Enforcement Risk 13 3.2. Sample 15 3.3. Regression Design 16 3.4. Descriptive Statistics 17 4. Empirical Results 18 4.1. The effect of tax audit risk on tax compliance 18 4.2. Validation Test 20 4.3. Cross-sectional tests 21 4.3.1. The role of institutional investors 21 4.3.2. The role of foreign operations 22 4.4. Robustness checks 23 5. Conclusions 23 References 25 Appendix 37 Essay 2. The Effect of Financial Reporting Readability on Foreign Investors Information Acquisition Activity 41 1. Introduction 42 2. Related Literature and Hypothesis Development 48 2.1. Financial Reporting Readability 48 2.2. Information Disadvantages of Foreign Investors over Domestic Investors 49 2.3. Hypothesis Development 51 3. Data, Research Design, and Descriptive Statistics 53 3.1. Data 53 3.2. Key Variable Definition 54 3.2.1. Foreign Access to 10-K filings (FOREIGN_ACCESS) 54 3.2.2. Foreign Investors Additional Information Search (COSEARCH) 55 3.2.3. Financial Reporting Readability (BOG) 56 3.3. Research Design 57 3.4. Descriptive Statistics 58 3.5. Correlation Matrix 59 4. Main Analysis Results 59 4.1. Test of H1 59 4.2. Does the frequent access lead to foreign investments? 61 4.3. Post-reading behavior 62 5. Additional Analysis and Robustness Tests 63 5.1. Language similarity 63 5.2. Does readability of 10-Ks affect portfolio selection for foreign investors? 65 5.3. Robustness tests 67 6. Conclusions 69 References 71 Appendix 92๋ฐ•

    ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ์†Œ๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์ด์ƒํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ๋™์–‘ํ™”๊ณผ, 2018. 2. ๊น€์„ฑํฌ.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ด์ƒ(๏งคๆƒณ)์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋„์‹œ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๊ต์ฐจ์ ์— ์œ„์น˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๊ฐ๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋™โ€ง์„œ์–‘์„ ๋ง‰๋ก ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋นŒ์–ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘์˜ ๋ฌด๋ฆ‰๋„์›์€ ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„๊ฝƒ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๊ณ , ์„œ์–‘์˜ ๋‚™์›์€ ์—๋ด๋™์‚ฐ์˜ ํ’์š”๋กœ์šด ์ž์—ฐํ’๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋œ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์€ ๋ณธ๋ฐ›๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์–‘์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด์ž ๋จธ๋ฌด๋ฅด๋ฉฐ ๋…ธ๋‹๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๊ณผ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋“ค์„ ์„ฑ์ •(ๆ€งๆƒ…)์ด๋ผ ์นญํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋น—๋Œ€์–ด ๋ฌด๋ฆ‡ ๊ตฐ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋ฒ” ์‚ผ์•„์•ผ ํ•  ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์ž‘ ๊ณผ์ •์€ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ์‹ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ จํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ช…์‚ฐ๋Œ€์ฒœ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜๋งˆ ์œ ๋žŒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์ •๋ณด ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ๊ตํ†ต์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์—ฌ๋Š ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“ ์ง€ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์–ด๋””๋“ ์ง€ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ณตโ€ง์ƒ์‚ฐโ€ง์œ ํ†ต ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„๋‹ค. ์š•๊ตฌ์— ๋งž์ถ”์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ์ƒํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€๋Ÿ‰์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์€ ๋” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ ์†ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๋น„ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์›Œ์ฃผ๋Š” ์žฌํ™”๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์— ๋“ค์–ด ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ๊ด‘๋ฒ”์œ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์€ ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฉ€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ž€ ๋ถ„์ฃผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณต์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ํ™”๋œ ์ผ์ƒ๊ณผ ํ˜„์‹ค์— ๋Œ€๋น„๋˜๋Š”, ํœด์‹๊ณผ ์œ ํฌ๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ช…๋ ฅ ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์ด์ƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์€ ์ข…์ข… ์ž์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ผํƒˆ์„ ๊ฟˆ๊พผ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ์ผํƒˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ์š”๊ตฌ๋œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์‹ ์†โ€งํŽธ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฐ์—…ํ™”๋œ ๋„์‹œ์—์„œ ์ƒํ™œํ•˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ž€ ๊ธฐํšŒ๋น„์šฉ์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜์•ผ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์‰ฝ๊ณ  ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋งค์ฒด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ์ƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ๋ฌธ์ธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์™€์œ (่‡ฅ้Š, ๋ˆ„์›Œ์„œ ์œ ๋žŒํ•˜๋‹ค)ํ–ˆ๋“ฏ์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์ž์—ฐ ๊ฐ์ƒ๋ฒ•์ด ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ช…์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‹ค์ œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ด๋ž˜๋กœ ๋ฐ”์œ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์ข…์ข… ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์›ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์š•๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฑ„์šฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œ€์ž์—ฐ์˜ ํ’๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ์ œ์•ฝ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ผ์ƒ ์†์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๊ฐ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ž์•„ ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ ์ž ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์‹ฌ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ํ™”๋ฉด์— ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ ๊ฐ์ƒ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฌดํ•œ๋Œ€์˜ ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†์— ๋ฏธ๋ฏธํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ์œ ์ผ๋ฌด์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ์ž์•„๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ด‘ํ™œํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ž์—ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ๋น„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ, ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€โ€”๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์  ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ๋”ํ•ด์ง„โ€”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ž€ ๊ทธ ์ž์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋น„๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ž„๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์ƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์ž‘์—…ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—ฐ์ž‘์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ์ž‘๊ณผ ์—ฐ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ๊ฐ์ƒ์˜ ์šฉ์ดํ•จ์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์œก๋ฉด์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณตํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ฐ์ž‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์œก๋ฉด์ฒด ํ˜•ํƒœ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์กฐ๋ฆฝํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์‹œ๊ฐํ™”ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์ด ์ด๋‹ค. ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•œ ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š”, ๋” ์ด์ƒ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์ œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์†Œ๋น„๋จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ธ ์—ฐ์ž‘ ์† ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š”, ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ชจ์กฐํ’ˆ ๋˜๋Š” ์œ ์‚ฌํ’ˆ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ ์ž์—ฐ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์œผ๋กœ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์†Œ์žฌ๋“ค์„ ํ•œ ํ™”๋ฉด ์•ˆ์— ๋ฐฐ์น˜ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋„ค์˜จ์‚ฌ์ธ ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค๋‚ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์ž‘์—…์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š”, ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐํ˜ธ์™€ ํŽธ๋ฆฌ์— ์•Œ๋งž์€ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ž€ ์–ด๋””์—๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๊ฒŒ๋” ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ†ต ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ์™€ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ „์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ๋™์–‘์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ž์—ฐ๊ด€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๊ณ  ํ›„์ž์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•จ์ด๋‹ค. ๋™์–‘ํ™”์˜ ์ „ํ†ต ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ง€์™€ ์ข…์ดํ…Œ์ดํ”„ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ, ๋ผ๋ฒจ ์ž‘์—…๊ณผ ์ „์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ คํ•œ ์ฃผ์ œ์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋™์•„์‹œ์•„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ถŒ ์† ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋„์‹œํ™”๋œ ์†Œ๋น„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ๊ณผ ์ด์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฐ๊ด€์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „ํ†ต๊ณผ ํ˜„๋Œ€, ๋™์–‘๊ณผ ์„œ์–‘์˜ ํ™”๋ก ๊ณผ ์‚ฌ์ƒ, ํ‘œํ˜„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋“ฑ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ํ˜•์‹ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตโ€ง๋Œ€์กฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ ์ž‘์—…์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ์ฒดํ™”๋œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์งš์–ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•จ์— ์—ญ์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฃผ์š”์–ด : ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€, ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ, ์ด์ƒํ™”, ์†Œ๋น„์™€ ๊ฐ€๊ณต, ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ ํ•™ ๋ฒˆ : 2012-21199โ… . ๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ง 1 โ…ก. ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์ƒ์  ์ธ์‹ 5 1. ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 5 2. ์†Œ๋น„๊ฐ€๊ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€ 11 โ…ข. ์ด์ƒํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ์˜ ํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ์ • 18 1. ์ž์—ฐ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์™€ ์™€์œ - 18 2. ์†Œ๋น„๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต- 34 3. ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ณผ ์กฐ๋ฆฝ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ƒํ’๊ฒฝ- 40 4. ๊ฐ€๊ณต๋œ ์ด์ƒํ–ฅ- 50 โ…ฃ. ์กฐํ˜•์  ํŠน์ง• ๋ฐ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 75 1. ํ•œ์ง€์™€ ์ˆ˜๋ฌต์ฑ„์ƒ‰๊ธฐ๋ฒ• 75 2. ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ์ฑ„์ƒ‰๊ณผ ์ข…์ดํ…Œ์ดํ”„ 78 3. ๊ธฐํ•˜ํ•™์  ํ˜•ํƒœ-์„ ๊ณผ ์œก๋ฉด์ฒด 83 4. ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€์˜ ๋ณต์ œ-์ „์‚ฌ์™€ ๋ผ๋ฒจ 85 โ…ค. ๋งบ์Œ๋ง 88 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 91 ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋„ํŒ 95 Abstract 106Maste

    Azosemide์˜ ์ด๋‡จํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ์ƒ์ฒด๋‚ด์ด์šฉ๋ฅ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•„์Šค์ฝ”๋ฅด๋นˆ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ „

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    Thesis(master`s)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์•ฝํ•™๊ณผ ์•ฝ๋ฌผํ•™์ „๊ณต,2005.Maste

    ์ผ๋ณธ ์ค‘๋“ฑ๊ต์œก์ฒด๊ณ„์˜ ๋ณ€์šฉ๊ณผ ๊ต์œก๊ฒฉ์ฐจ

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ 2019๋…„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋ฏผ๊ตญ ๊ต์œก๋ถ€์™€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์žฌ๋‹จ์˜ ์ง€์›์„ ๋ฐ›์•„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž„(NRF-2019S1A5C2A02083314

    ์ค‘๊ตญ, ๋ฒ ํŠธ๋‚จ, ๋‚จํ•œ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ง€๋ถˆ์ œ ๋น„๊ต๋ถ„์„ : ๋ถํ•œ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ ํ™ฉํํ™” ๋ณต์›์— ์ฃผ๋Š” ํ•จ์˜

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2013. 8. ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ.This study examines the institutional arrangement of incentive-based policies on forest rehabilitation of China, Vietnam and the Republic of Korea (ROK) and synthesizes lessons learned especially relevant to the context of the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea (DPRK). These three countries were selected due to their successes in reforestation according to their government-led programs of forest rehabilitation. The programs are as following: Sloping Land Conversion Program (SLCP) in China, Program 661, also known as 5 Million Hectare Reforestation Program (5MHRP) in Vietnam and 1970s The First Ten-Year Forest Rehabilitation Plan in the ROK. These three programs played an important role in forest rehabilitation along with incentive programs, and logging bans, which aimed to reduce deforestation of native forests while increasing forest cover. They have also been called as either eco-compensation or Payment for Environmental Services (PES). Although the ROK reforestation policy does not fit the exact definition of PES, looking over their main efforts to restore forests implemented with various incentive programs including both cash and in-kind, it is regarded as a PES scheme in this research. By conducting a comparative analysis through the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework, many similarities have been found. All changes had started from the highest levels of governments understandings of the importance of forests shown by establishment of rules and incentives for forest conservation and shifted major policies in land tenure reform. This motivated households or communities to take over more responsibilities. On the other hand, many differences exist among the countries in terms of leading actors, payment mechanisms, legal frameworks, communication methods and causes of deforestation. Compared to the other two countries, the ROK had a good communication channel between the Central government and local government. The Vietnamese government gave long-term tenure ownership to the people, with a maximum period of 50 years, thus giving more responsibility to individuals. The China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development (CCICED) consisted of high-level and non-profit advisory body including Chinese leaders, international deputy and academics. It fulfilled the implementation of government and research activities in practice. Although many lessons learned from the experiences of three countries, the research has some limitations. Different political systems might be a barrier to proper application of findings in the context of the DPRK. In the last few decades, China and Vietnam has undergone rapid transitions from a command economy to market economy. Their market-based approach to forest conservation has been implemented along with the changes in social and political system. In contrast, the ROK is a market economy even though former President Park Chung-Hee strongly implemented a planned economy system during his reigning period while also implementing the reforestation policy in 1970s. Contrasting to these countries, the DPRK has a centrally planned economy system where the role of market mechanism is possibly limited. Therefore, different political and economic systems amongst the four countries should be carefully considered while looking into implications that might relate to the context of the DPRK.Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1. Research Background 1.2. Research Objectives 1.3. Previous Studies 1.4. Thesis Structure Chapter 2. Literature Review 2.1. The Current Status of Asian Forest 2.2. Payment for Environmental Services 2.2.1. Environmental Services 2.2.2. Market Instrument of Environmental Policy 2.2.3. Definition of PES 2.2.4. PES in the World 2.2.5. PES Development in Asia Chapter 3. Methodology 3.1. Comparative Case Study and Case Selection 3.1.1. Comparative Case Study 3.1.2. Case Selection 3.2. IAD Framework 3.2.1. Introduction 3.2.2. The Basic Framework 3.2.3. Analytical Framework Chapter 4. Results 4.1. Chinas Sloping Land Conversion Program 4.1.1. Background 4.1.2. Institutional Arrangement 4.1.3. Lessons Learned 4.2. Vietnams 5 Million Hectares Reforestation Program 4.2.1. Background 4.2.2. Institutional Arrangement 4.2.3. Lessons Learned 4.3. The ROKs The First Ten-Year Forest Rehabilitation Plan in 1970s 4.3.1. Background 4.3.2. Institutional Arrangement 4.3.3. Lessons Learned 4.4. The DPRKs Current Status of Deforestation 4.4.1. Background 4.4.2. Institutional Arrangement 4.4.3. Lessons Learned Chapter 5. Discussions 5.1. Lessons Learned from China, Vietnam and the ROK 5.2. Further Implications to the DPRK Chapter 6. Conclusion References Abstract (Korean)Maste

    Comparison of Development Process of Forest Recreation Policy in Korea, China and Japan

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋†์—…์ƒ๋ช…๊ณผํ•™๋Œ€ํ•™ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ณผํ•™๋ถ€(์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•™์ „๊ณต),2019. 8. ๊น€์„ฑ์ผ.The paradigm of forest management is shifting from economic function oriented (wood production) to a more integrated management concept which emphasizes on environmental and societal function simultaneously, encompassing biodiversity conservation, resting area provision and more. The notably increased interests towards enhancement of the quality of life nowadays has subsequently led to the increase in expectations and demands of public functions of forests. Among those, demands of forest recreation, to enjoy the leisure time in forests, is expanding explosively. The northeast asian regions faced a rapid forest degradation due to illegal logging coupled with economic development after the World War II. Korea, China, and Japan however, have successfully achieved economic growth and reforestation through government-led reforestation initiatives. The demands of utilizing forest as a place for recreation and leisure is steadily increasing in all of the three countries based on higher income level and longer recreation time, thanks to their relatively faster economic growth in comparison to other asian countries. Comprehending forest recreation policy development process of each country not only enables a reality check of the current forest recreation status, but also provides an opportunity to ponder deeply on future policy direction through comparative analysis. This is of paramount importance for Korea, China, and Japan, considering that their cooperation in forestry sector will only going to become more active in time. Afterall, imprudent policy implementation without consideration of each countrys conditions would result in policy failures. In order to understand a countrys forest recreation policy development process, this study has performed an integrated analysis on external factor (structural environment) and internal factors (institutional context, stakeholder) in accordance with historical institutionalism, so as to reveal effects of each factor on the changes of policies. Historical institutionalism was selected as a proper theory for this study as it enables case analysis of individual countries through historical approach, explains how a same policy results in different outcomes in countries with similar conditions and how a policy is continued in a country. In addition, this study has segmented developmental phases depending on each countrys forest recreation policy development level and observed the characteristics of each phase, while also attempting to explain the varied results of policies among the countries by analyzing similarities and differences. Based on the findings, this study moved on to providing useful suggestions for cooperation measures between the countries. The results of this study are as follows. First, the changes in each countrys forest recreational policy takes place by an external factor (structural environment) providing internal factors (institutional context, stakeholder) opportunities to change or not. Factors such as rise of income stemming from economic development, expansion of leisureโˆ™recreation support policies due to changes in perception of leisure and awareness raising of environment conservation, altogether influence the direction of the forest law and national forest plan, resulting in gradual policy changes such as formation, displacement, and layering of forest recreation policy. Second, a comparison analysis of the three countries has revealed that Japan, with its relatively earlier economic growth in comparison to Korea and China, has witnessed changes in perception of leisure and increased income level, followed by the expansion in forest recreation policies. This provides that economic growth leads to rise of income level, changes in peoples perception of leisure strengthens national leisure policy, and also that environmental awareness promotion sets the direction of forest law and related policy along with the central forestry agencys basic plan, eventually resulting into a more detailed forest recreation policy. Such propensity was apparent in a highly similar fashion among Korea, China, and Japan with certain amount of time gaps in between. With differentiated economic growth levels, the chronological order was Japan, Korea and then China. Since the three countries forest recreation policies project rather similar developmental processes albeit minute differences in externalโˆ™internal factors, it is possible to forecast the late-starters policy development conditions based on the forerunners case. In fact, by observing the recreation policy of Japan and Korea switching into quality improvement and welfare-viewpoint as the polarization of recreational spendings takes place due to economic recessions, one could predict that the direction of Chinese forest recreation policy would be headed towards a similar path. Nowadays with the cooperation in forest recreation sector between the three countries becoming increasingly active, it would be necessary for Korea to learn from the case of Japan and to propel policies strategically by predicting Chinas policy direction. Korea has immense implications to take away from Japans focusing on quality improvement of the existing forest recreational facilities, active promotion of mountain village policy due to decrease and aging population of mountain village, and active progression of tourism resources for boosting domestic demand, as these are all similar future scenarios rapidly approaching Korea as well. Moreover, Korea-China cooperation has seen increased level of proactiveness starting from the Bilateral MOU on Forest Welfare Between China and Korea in March of 2015. With China hoping for the transfer of Koreas advanced forest recreationโˆ™welfare policy know-how, Korea is in a dire need of more strategic mindset as this could be an opportunity to create jobs through dispatching forest welfare expert and to create socio-economic profits through transfer of know-hows on facility construction and program operation. Such cases would also provide an epitome to those that seek economic growth through forest recreation based on forest restoration. In conclusion, this study holds an academic significance not only in its attempt towards a theoretical expansion of forest recreation policy studies through focused analysis of application of historical institutionalism framework on forest recreation policy development processes of Korea, China and Japan for the first time, but also in providing policy-related implications such as realistic mutual cooperation measures among the three countries.์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์ด ๋ชฉ์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์—์„œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ๋‹ค์–‘์„ฑ ๋ณด์ „, ํœด์–‘๊ณต๊ฐ„์˜ ์ œ๊ณต ๋“ฑ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ๋™์‹œ์— ๊ฐ•์กฐํ•˜๋Š” ํ†ตํ•ฉ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์‚ถ์˜ ์งˆ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์˜ ๊ณต์ต์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€์™€ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์—์„œ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฆ๊ธฐ๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™๋ถ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์ง€์—ญ์€ 2์ฐจ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Œ€์ „ ์ดํ›„ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ์ฑ„์™€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํ™ฉํํ™”๊ฐ€ ๊ธ‰์†ํžˆ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ํ•œ๊ตญโˆ™์ค‘๊ตญโˆ™์ผ๋ณธ(์ดํ•˜ ํ•œโˆ™์ค‘โˆ™์ผ)์€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ฃผ๋„์˜ ๋…นํ™”์‚ฌ์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋ณต์›์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ•œโˆ™์ค‘โˆ™์ผ 3๊ตญ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณด๋‹ค ๋น ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์†Œ๋“์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์„ ํœด์–‘ ๋ฐ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•œโˆ™์ค‘โˆ™์ผ 3๊ตญ์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋ณ„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์‹คํƒœ๋ฅผ ์ง„๋‹จํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ •์ฑ…์ „๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ํ–ฅํ›„ 3๊ตญ๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฐœ๋ณ„๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋Š” ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์  ์—ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ณ ๋ ค๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…๋„์ž…์ด๋‚˜ ๋ชจ๋ฐฉ์€ ์ •์ฑ…์‹คํŒจ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ œ๋„์ฃผ์˜ ๊ด€์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์™ธ์ƒ์  ์š”์ธ(๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ)๊ณผ ๋‚ด์ƒ์  ์š”์ธ(์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ, ํ–‰์œ„์ž)์„ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์ด ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ œ๋„์ฃผ์˜๋Š” ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ๋ณ„์‚ฌ๋ก€์˜ ๋ถ„์„์„ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์ฑ… ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์ด ์ง€์†๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์œผ๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ์ „์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐœ์ „๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ณ„ ํŠน์ง•์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ์™œ ์ •์ฑ…๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ •์ฑ…์  ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์€ ์™ธ์ƒ์  ์š”์ธ(๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํ™˜๊ฒฝ)์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ƒ์  ์š”์ธ(์ œ๋„์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ, ํ–‰์œ„์ž)์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ธฐํšŒ ํ˜น์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์ œ์•ฝ์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์†Œ๋“์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€, ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€โˆ™ํœด์–‘ ์ง€์›์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ™•๋Œ€, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ์€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋ฒ•๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ฒด, ์ธตํ™” ๋“ฑ ์ ์ง„์  ์ •์ฑ…๋ณ€๋™์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ด์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, 3๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋จผ์ € ์„ฑ์žฅํ•œ ์ผ๋ณธ์—์„œ ์†Œ๋“์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์— ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…๋„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ™•๋Œ€๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์€ ์†Œ๋“์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฒฌ์ธํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€๊ด€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์—ฌ๊ฐ€์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ธ์‹ ์ฆ์ง„์€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋ฒ• ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ์ œ๋„์™€ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ์ค‘์•™๋ถ€์ฒ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ๊ณ„ํš์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์„ค์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€ ํ•œ์ค‘์ผ 3๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ๋งค์šฐ ํก์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ผ๋ณธ, ํ•œ๊ตญ, ์ค‘๊ตญ ์ˆœ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฐœ์ „์ •๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆœ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚จ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ 3๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์ด ๋งค์šฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์™ธ์ƒ์ โˆ™๋‚ด์ƒ์  ์š”์ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋ฐฐํƒœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ํ›„๋ฐœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…๋ฐœ์ „ ์–‘์ƒ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ, ์ผ๋ณธ๊ณผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ด ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์นจ์ฒด์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํœด์–‘์†Œ๋น„์˜ ์–‘๊ทนํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์ด์— ์งˆ์ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์ „ํ™˜๊ณผ ๋ณต์ง€๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œ์ผœ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฏธ๋ฃจ์–ด ๋ณด์•˜์„ ๋•Œ, ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์™„ํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ›„๋ฐœ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์ธ ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…๋ฐฉํ–ฅ๋„ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์˜ˆ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. 3๊ตญ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘๋ถ„์•ผ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์ด ๋”์šฑ ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ํ˜„ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ์ผ๋ณธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตํ›ˆ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์ค‘๊ตญ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ „๋žต์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•ด๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ณธ์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์‹œ์„ค์˜ ์งˆ์ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ , ์‚ฐ์ดŒ์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์‚ฐ์ดŒ์ง„ํฅ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํ™œ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ „๊ฐœํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ , ๋‚ด์ˆ˜์ง„์ž‘ ๋“ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ด‘์ž์›ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ง„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์  ๋“ฑ์€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ๋„๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ํ•œ์ค‘ ์–‘๊ตญํ˜‘๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 2015๋…„ 3์›” ์ฒด๊ฒฐ๋œ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘โˆ™๋ณต์ง€๋ถ„์•ผ MOU๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘์œผ๋กœ ๋”์šฑ ์ ๊ทน์ ์ธ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋„๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ค‘๊ตญ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์„ ์ง„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘โˆ™๋ณต์ง€ ์ •์ฑ… ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ ์ „์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํฌ๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ๋”์šฑ ์ „๋žต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋ณต์ง€์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ฒฌ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ผ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ , ์‹œ์„ค ๊ฑด๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ ์šด์˜ ๋…ธํ•˜์šฐ ์ „์ˆ˜ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์ด์ต์„ ์ฐฝ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธ์ ์ž์› ๊ต๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘๋ณต์ง€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์—ญ๋Ÿ‰๊ฐ•ํ™” ๊ณ„๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ๋„ ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ ์€ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผ๋ณต์›์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ๋„๋ชจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐํƒ€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—๋„ ๊ท€๊ฐ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋˜ ํ•œโˆ™์ค‘โˆ™์ผ 3๊ตญ์˜ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ… ๋ฐœ์ „๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์ œ๋„์ฃผ์˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€์„ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ง‘์ค‘ ๋ถ„์„ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์‚ฐ๋ฆผํœด์–‘์ •์ฑ…์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ™•์žฅ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์— ์žˆ์–ด ํ•™์ˆ ์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๊ฐ„ ์ƒํ˜ธ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์œ ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ฐจ์ด์ ์„ ๋„์ถœํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–ฅํ›„ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ˜‘๋ ฅ์— ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋„์ถœ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ์„ ์ œ๊ณตํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ •์ฑ…์  ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.Docto

    ๆ—ฅๆœฌใงใฎๅญใฉใ‚‚ใฎ็›ธๅฏพ็š„่ฒงๅ›ฐใจ็คพไฟ้šœๅˆถๅบฆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ตญ์ œํ•™๊ณผ(๊ตญ์ œ์ง€์—ญํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2011.8. ํ•œ์˜ํ˜œ.Maste

    Deformation Behavior of Austenite Base Lightweight Fe-Mn-Al-C Steel Containing ฮบ-Carbide Precipitates

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    MasterIt is well known that the performance of transportation systems such as automobiles can significantly be improved by using lightweight materials, with concurrent reduction in fuel consumption and the emission of exhaust gases. One of the most effective ways of reducing the weight of transportation systems is using the materials with low density. Therefore automotive companies are trying to expand the usage of low density alloys such as Al alloys and Mg alloys. This imposes a serious threat to steel industries whose major products are for automotive applications. Recently, new type of high strength steels, so-called lightweight steels, has been developed. These lightweight steels have high specific strength and stiffness, and excellent ductility and formability. One of lightweight steels developed is the austenite base steel containing nano-sized ฮบ-carbide particles as strengthening precipitates. Deformation behavior of the steels can be very complex, including transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), Twinning-Induced Plasticity (TWIP), shear band induced plasticity and microband induced plasticity. However, the exact mechanism of deformation is not clear. In the present study, deformation behavior of austenite base Fe-28Mn-9Al-0.8C and Fe-28Mn-10Al-0.8C steel has been investigated, with particular emphasis on the effect of nano-sized ฮบ-carbide precipitates. Aging conditions were varied to have variations in the size and volume fraction of ฮบ-carbide precipitates based on the hardness test results. Detailed deformation behavior of the steel with various morphologies of ฮบ-carbide precipitates has been investigated by TEM and correlated with tensile properties. Observation of microstructure of same area after each step also analyzed using EBSD to understand the mechanism of deformation behavior
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