The Country-level Responses to European REACH Regulations

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 행정대학원 행정학과(정책학전공), 2021. 2. 구민교.Technical Barriers to Trade (TBTs) are being spotlighted at a time when the shadow of protectionism grows ominous over the entire global economy. They are known to be trade-restrictive and some of them place more burdens, especially on foreign suppliers. The primary question of this study is who embraces technical barriers to trade better than others and why. This study examines how different countries have responded to the European Union’s REACH regulations, and what factors have induced some, if not all, of them to harmonize their domestic policies with the REACH regulations. Through a panel regression analysis, this study finds a strong statistical support for three policy harmonization mechanisms, namely transnational communication, intergovernmental institution and competitive pressure for export markets, which show that TBTs themselves are not necessarily restrictive to trade. It is noteworthy that TBTs can promote regulatory innovation and race to the top, depending on how exporting countries react to new foreign regulations.보호무역주의의 그림자가 전 세계 경제에 드리워지는 상황에서 기술무역장벽(Technical Barriers to Trade, TBTs)이 부각하고 있다. 이들은 무역행위에 제약을 주는 것으로 알려져 있으며 그중 많은 경우는 특히 해외 공급업자에게 더 많은 부담을 주고 있다. 이 연구의 주요 의문은 누가 그리고 왜 다른 이들보다 타국의 기술무역장벽을 더 잘 수용하느냐는 것이다. 본 연구는 대표적 기술무역장벽 사례인 유럽연합의 화학물규제법(REACH)에 여러 국가들이 어떻게 대응해왔는지, 어떤 요인들이 해당 규제에 국내정책을 조화시키도록 동기를 부여했는지 살펴본다. 패널 회귀분석을 통해 본 연구는 기술무역장벽 자체가 반드시 무역행위에 제약을 주는 것은 아님을 보여주는 세 가지 정책조화(Policy Harmonization and Convergence) 메커니즘을 확립한다. 그것은 다국적 교류 및 통신(Transnational Communication), 다자간 기구 또는 제도(Intergovernmental Regime or Institution), 수출시장에 대한 경쟁 압력(Competitive Pressure for Export Markets)이다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 기술무역장벽이 수출국들이 수입국의 새 규제에 어떻게 반응하느냐에 따라 규제 혁신과 규제의 상향경쟁(Regulatory Race to the Top)을 촉진할 수 있다는 점을 언급한다.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Theoretical Backgrounds 7 2.1. Three Mechanisms of Regulatory Harmonization 7 2.2. Transnational Communication 9 2.3. Intergovernmental Regime or Institution 10 2.4. Competitive Pressure for Export Markets 12 Chapter 3. Empirical Setting for Analysis 14 3.1. Estimation Model and Method 14 3.2. Dependent Variable 16 3.3. Independent Variables 19 3.4. Control Variables 25 Chapter 4. Estimation Results 28 Chapter 5. Conclusion and Implications 33 References 36 Appendix 46 Abstract in Korean 58Maste

뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 한 동작관찰 훈련을 활용한 상상연습이 작업수행 향상에 미치는 효과

Dept. of Occupational Therapy/박사The purpose of this study was hence to investigate the effects of mental practice on both occupational performance and motor function to complement studies relevant to mental practice with action observation training and to prove its persistent effects through follow-up evaluation two weeks later. The subjects of this study were 3 individuals who were diagnosed with stroke. We used an A-B-A study design with follow-up evaluation, which is a type of reversal single experimental research design. A total of 20 experimental sessions took place. These sessions were divided into the baseline phase and mental practice phase. The Pre-MP phase consisted of 5 sessions, the MP phase consisted of 10 sessions, and the Post-MP phase consisted of 3 sessions, without the application of MP. To assess the long-term effect of the MP, follow-up baseline measurements were made after 2 weeks without MP. In each of the 20 sessions, 3-D motion analysis and EMG were conducted. The FMA, MAL, and AMPS were measured 3 times: in the Pre-MP phase, the Post-MP phase, and the 2-week follow-up phase. In this study, the analyses of 3-D motion and EMG changes were conducted by visual analysis of the graphs. These changes are presented as the mean, standard deviation (SD), and the percent change between the baseline period and after intervention. Furthermore, the 2-standard-deviation (2SD)-band method was used to measure the changes between baseline and intervention. The study result showed improvement of occupational performance after intervention in all three subjects when applying a mental practice task of pouring beverage into a cup from a kettle and drinking it, using action observation training. All subjects showed improvement of motor functions including smoothness of movement, agonistic muscle activation and coordination. The treatment effect continued after two weeks. From this study, it is concluded that mental practice using action observation training in patients with stroke is an effective treatment protocol to improve occupational performance and motor function. Based on these results mental practice using action observation training in this study may be applicable not only for treatment of patients with stroke while they are in the hospital but also at a client’s home or community.restrictio

Syntheses of Modified Nucleoside Triphosphates and Study of Biological Properties

MasterWe synthesized three kinds of modified nucleoside triphosphates which have hydrophobic group or fluorescent group. The C5 position was modified by benzyltrizole, pyrenyl and ethynyl moieties. Modified nucleoside triphosphates were incorporated by DNA polymerase to synthesize short oligonucleotide. The efficiency of polymerase incorporation was determined. In case of pyrene modified deoxyuridine triphosphate, bulky moiety reduced incorporation efficiency. Nucleoside triphosphate that has hydrophobic character at C5 position was incorporated in an aptamer sequence and binding affinity was tested for four types of proteins. We observed the effect of linker structures. We also synthesized oligonucleotide triphosphate. The oligonucleotide triphosphate was synthesized by using solid phase technique

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND HYPOTHESIS GENERATION USING GENERATIVE MODEL

생성모델을 이용한 실험 최적화 및 실험 가설 생성 시스템 및 방법이 제시된다. 일 실시예에 따른 생성모델을 이용한 실험 가설 생성 방법은, 실험 디자인을 구성하는 요소를 수치화하는 단계; 수치화된 상기 실험 디자인을 구성하는 요소를 전달 받아 심층 신경망 기반의 생성 모델을 이용하여 실험의 특정 실험 변수들을 인코딩하는 단계; 및 인코딩된 상기 실험 변수들의 조합을 통해 사용자가 의도한 실험 변수의 조합으로 실험을 재구성하는 단계를 포함하여 이루어질 수 있다