우리나라 과학기술용어의 표준화 방안에 관한 나의 제언

조국 광복과 더불어 거의 모든 문화와 과학을 새로 시작한 우리나라의 경우 전문용어의 빈곤은 불가피한 현상이었다. 이러한 현상은 과학기술분야의 전문용어에서 특히 두드러졌음은 그 용어의 절대 다수가 서양용어에서 유래하였기 때문이었다. 이 때문에 우리나라 과학기술계는 그동안 용어와 관련한 여러 가지 시행착오와 혼란을 겪어야 했고 혼란은 아직도 계속되고 있다. 그 혼란의 중심에는 용어의 표준화 부재가 자리 잡고 있다. 본인은 이와 같은 사실에 입각하여 우리나라 과학기술용어 생성의 역사적 배경과 현실 그리고 앞으로 표준화 되어야 할 당위성과 그 방안에 대해 토의하고 몇 가지 제언을 하려한다

의학전문대학원 제도에 대한 나의 제언

전에는 들어보지 못했던 의학전문대학원이란 용어가 이제 일반인들에게 익숙하게 되었지만 아직도 이것이 기존의 의과대학과 어떻게 다른지 정확하게 아는 사람은 많지 않다. 의학전문대학원은 일반대학 졸업생(학사학위 소지자)이 의과대학에 다시 입학하여 4년 공부하여 의사국가시험을 쳐서 의사가 되는 교육제도라고 할 수 있다. 그런데 의학전문대학원에서 전문이란 용어는 무슨 의미인지 모르겠다. 우선 일반대학을 졸업하고 다시 의과대학에 들어오는 것이라서 대학원이라고 한다면 의학대학원이면 될 것이기 때문이다. 구미식으로는 `medical school하면 될 것을 "medical specialty graduate school이라고 하는 것과 같다. 부적절한 용어라고 생각한다. 그리고 의학전문대학원은 엄밀한 의미에서 대학원이라고 할 수 없다. 의사가 되기 위한 모든 과목을 공부하는 과정이 어떻게 의학의 한 분야를 집중적으로 전공해야 하는 대학원일 수 있는지 모르겠다. 또 의학전문대학원은 그 성격상의 의학대학원이 아니라 의과대학원이라야 용어가 성립된다. 학술대학원이 아니라 직업대학원(professional school)이기 때문이다

Polysplenia in one of conjoined twins

The term "polysplenia" is used to indicate a characteristic constellation of visceral anomalies. of which the outstanding feature is a strong tendency for normally asymmetric organs to develop more or less symmetrically. Associated anomalies of the polysplenia include various cardiovascular anomalies, symmetrically bilabed lungs, and symmetrical hy poarterial bronchi, while asplenia is accompanied by cardiac malformations, symmetrically trilobed lungs and epiarterial bronchi. There is no reported case of polysplenia in Korean literature, although a few cases of asplenia have been reported. We studied a case of polysplenia in one of conjoined twins, and this unusual combination of rare anomalies is presented. This monoamniotic, monochorionic conjoined twins were delivered by caesarian section to a 29-year-old mother after 36 weeks of gestation, Prenatal diagnosis was twin pregnancy with breech presentation and premature rupture of membrane. The conjoined twins had two heads, two legs and two arms connected side by side (dicephalus dipus dibr-achius). In one individual (A) there were one heart, two lungs, one spleen and one kidney. In the other one (B) of conjoined twins, there were two bilobed lungs without heart, two spleens and one kidney. The spleens were of same size, connected by loose connective tissue. They were located both in the left upper quadrant of the body and weighed 8gm together. Both of them had caudal indentations and showed normal red and white pulps microscopically. As a whole, gastrointestinal tract was duplicated down to the level of distal ileum, where Meckel's diverticulum was found. There were one liver with two gallbladders and three adrenals. The anomalies of heart and great vessels of the individual (A) were hypoplasia of left atrium and ventricle, three superior vena cavae, atrial septal defect, partial anomalous pulmonary venous return, and vascular ring caused by aorta and pulmonary artery. The individual (B) had no heart but was connected to the cardiovascular system of individual (A) via the descending aorta. Special interest is put in this case on the concurrence of poly splenia and conjoined twins. The heart and the spleen develop at the same embryologic period, during the gestation age from the .il st to the 10th day. It is considered that ucurrence of acardia and polysplcnia only in one side of the conjoined twins implies the importance of intrauterine environmental factors related to genesis of the anomalies of the heart and the spleen

A Human Embryo of Streeter Age Group XII

A human embryo that is thought to belong to age group XII of Streeter's developmental horizon, is described. This embryo was obtained from a tubal gestation to a 35-year old woman. Although the large part of head portion was lost 212 serial sections could be made in fairly good condition. The ovulation age of the embryo was 28 days. The length of the embryo and the number of somites could not be calculated because of the lost portion. This embryo was characterized by forelimb bud, optic vesicle, lung bud, bilateral active invasion of epithelial cords in hepatic diverticulum, narrow yolk sac, allantois, prominent mesonephric duct and meso" nephric tubules, single atrium and urogenital sinus

A Human Embryo of Streeter Age Group XXI

A human embryo of age group XXI of Streeters developmental horizon is described. The embryo was 。b t a i n ed from the right uterine tube of a 42-year-old woman who was operated for an ectopic pregnancy in 1980. The estimated age of the embryo was 45 days, and CR length was 19mm. The embryo was erially cut , and 493 sagittal sections were made in 4μm thickness. Summary descriptions and scores of eight key-organs were as follows 1. The cornea was delaminating into three layers (4 points) 2. The optic stalk had no lumen , but ependymal remnant was presen t. (5 points) 3. Distal tip of cochlea was turning down. (4 points) 4. The stalk of adeno- hypophysis was threadlike. (4 points) 5. The vomero-nasal organ was a blind sac with its small opening. (3.5 points) 6. The submandibular gland showed simpIe primary branching. (5 points) 7. The kidney had many spoon-sha~ed capsules and some S·shaped ones. (4 points) 8. Osteoblasts were forming in bng bones. (5 points) Taking all these things into consideration, the embryo was believed to fall into age group XXI. Total score was 34.5 after adding all the points above, and this also corresponded to the same age grou

A Human Embryo of Streeter Age Group XXII

A human embryo was obtained from a hysterectomy specimen from a 41 years old woman who was operated for the termination of pregnancy. The embryo was 23.6mm, in length, and it was serially sectioned in 4,um thickness and reconstructed with 701 section slides. This embryo was cbaracterized by the thick cornea forming the mesothelial layer, the optic nerve beginning to form the sheath layer, turning down and transitional stage of cochlear tip, remnant of incomplete stalk of the hypophysis, reduced oral opening of the vomeronasal organ, the submandibular gland with the definite lumen in the oral part of the duct and much branched long duct, few large spoon-shaped capsule of the kidney with short secretory tubules and early shaft shell in the cartilage and bone. From above findings, we concluded that this em bryo belonged to the age group XXII of Streeter's developmental horizon

Neuroanatomic Study on Holoprosencephaly

In 1882 Kundrat grouped a number of cerebral malformation under the designation of arhinencephaly. In 1959, Yakovlev carefully studied 10 cases and pointed out that the term arhinencephaly was a misnomer because parts of rhinenceph alon were present. Subsequently, the term holoprosencephaly has come into use for this brain deformity. In the past years , a number of reports have appeared, pointing out the relationship between the facial and cerebral manifestations, (DeMyer et aI. , 1963: DeMyer et aI., 1964) familial occurrence, (DeMyer et al .. 1963: Hintz et aI. , 1968) endocrine dysgenesia, (Edmonds, 1950; Haworth et aI. , 1961; Hintz et aI., 1968) chromosomal abnormalities, (Godin et aI. , 1968; Lorch et aI., 1978) bony change, (Siebert et aI. , 1981) radiologic, (Kulander et aI. , 1966) echoen cephalographic (Patel et aI., 1980) and computerized tomographic changes (Derakhsh et aI. , 1980). In this report, we are concerned about the relationship between the facial and cerebral manifestations and the certainty of the anteriorposterior gradient. We also laid emphasis on the changes of the pituitary gland and cerebelllum. And on the basis of our observations, we reconsidered the pathogenesis of the holoprose" ncephaly which has so far been presente

A Morphological Observation on Maturation of Fetal Ovary

To evaluate the maturing process of female gonad during the intrauterine life, a light microscopic study was made based on 71 normal human ovaries ranging in gestational age from 16 to 40 weeks. These fetuses were the products of induced deliveries and all were proven by autopsy to have no associated disease or congenital malformation. Following observations were made: 1. Between gestation ages of 16 to 17 weeks the ovaries were characterized by a diffuse grouping of undifferentiated germ cells and scattered oogonia that occasionally showed first maturation division. At this period the ovary was very much reminiscent of dysgerminoma of adult ovary under lower power microscopy. 2. Secondary cortex became apparent by 18 to 22 weeks of gestation. and oogonia showed active maturation division and began to have primordial follicles. All stages of leptotene, zygotene and pachytene were seen in this period. 3. The primordial follicles were increased in number rapidly during 23 to 28 weeks, and the maturation became less active. Occasional primary follicle was seen in this period. ~. During 29 to 32 weeks the nuclei of primordial follicles were most in dictyoterie stage, and there appeared gradual increased in the number of primary follicles at the zone between secondary cortex and medulla. 5. From 33 weeks on, the secondary cortex of the ovary was gradually replaced by fibrous connective tissue with primordial and primary follicles underneath, thus first showing st igmata of adult ovary

A Human Embryo of Streeter Age Group XVII

A human embryo that is thought to belong to age group XVII of Streeter s developmental horizon is described and reported. This embryo was obtained incidentally from the hysterectomy specimen. It was serially sectioned and was reconstructed with the 643 section slides The length of the embryo was llmm. This embryo was characterized by the formation of pituitary, for' mation of one semicircular duct at the inner ear,thin lens vesicle. marked pigmentation of the retina, complete separation of the right and left atrioventric' 비a r canals , formation of the semilunar valves, incom plete interventricular septum, and the separation of aorta and pulmonary artery. The gonad was undiffe· rentiated and Muellerian duct was not observed From the above findings, we concluded that this embryo belonged to age group XVII of Streeters delopmental horizon

Incidence of so-called in situ Neuroblastoma in the Fetal Adrenals

Neuroblastic cell nests seen in infant adrenal gland are often called in situ neuroblastoma. The significance of these neuroblastic cell nests in adrenals of neonates is still in debate. It has been the mainpoint of discussion whether these neuroblastic cell nests could develop into clinical neuroblastoma, and if so, what would be chance? It was our purpose to examine the fetal adrenal glands to determine the incidence of neuroblastic cell nests in varying gestational periods. A total 113 pairs of adrenal from fetuses ranging from 10 to 42 weeks and 13 neonates within one week of age were removed at autopsy and serially sectioned. The following results were obtained: l. Neuroblastic cell nests were fairly commonly seen in fetal adrenal glands, being 37. 2% in overall incidence. 2. The incidence of neuroblastic cell nests in fetal adrenals was remarkably different by different gestational periods. In general the earlier the gestational age, more often these cell nests were observed. Full term fetuses and neonates were almost completely devoid of neuroblastic cell nests in adrenal glands. 3. Although cytologically neuroblastic cell nests seen in this study are indistinguishable from clinical neuroblastoma, these cell nests showed a tendency of regression in terms of frequency of finding neuroblastic cell nests as fetal age advances. 4. Neuroblastic cell nests seen in fetal adrenal do not appear to be normal embryological phenomenon of adrenal medullary maturation