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    Poverty and Economic Inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa: Fragile Political Institutions in Nascent Democracy

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    ์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๊ธฐ์กด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์›์ธ ํ˜น์€ ์ข…์กฑ ๋ถ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์—์„œ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์€ ์ผ์ •ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋”์šฑ์ด ์ข…์กฑ ๋ถ„์ ˆ์„ฑ์€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์˜ ์›์ธ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํ•˜๋ผ์ด๋‚จ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋นˆ๋ฒˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ด์ „์ด ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ์›์ธ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•œ๋‹ค. ์žฅ๊ธฐํ™”๋˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์žฌ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ธ๋„์  ์œ„๊ธฐ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‚ด์ „์€ ์ •์น˜์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ(governance)์˜ ์‹คํŒจ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •ํ•œ ์‹ ์ƒ ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์ œ๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์˜ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผํ™” ์ดํ›„ ์†Œ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ด์ต๋„ ํฌํ•จํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์›์  ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ œ๋„๋กœ์„œ ๋‹ค๋‹น์ œ๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋“ค ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์—์„œ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณต์œ ๋Š” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐํ•ฉ์ •๊ถŒ์œผ๋กœ ํƒ€๋ฝํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ผ๋‹น์ œ๋กœ ํ‡ด๋ณดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณต์œ ๋Š” ์—˜๋ฆฌํŠธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋Œ€์ถ”๊ตฌ(rent-seeking)๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถ€ํŒจ์™€๋„ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ๊ณต์œ ์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ด ์ •์น˜์  ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋นˆ๊ณค๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑ ํ•ด์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์ง€๋Š” ์•…์ˆœํ™˜์ด ์ด์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. This article attempts to examine various causes of poverty and economic inequality in Sub-Saharan Africa. This study evaluates the limitations of existing literature, which mostly focuses on geo-politics and ethnic fractionalization as key causes of the region's poverty and economic inequality. The findings of this paper demonstrate that protracted and violent civil wars have been primary causes of poverty and economic inequality in the region. Civil wars have often been the result of failed political governance that was ascribed to unstable and fragile political systems of nascent democracy. Although most of Sub-Saharan African countries have adopted a multi-party system, which includes all the parties involved, power-sharing in these countries has not been stable and has often become corrupted to non-transparent power coalition or one-party system. In addition, power-sharing has led to political chaos which results in the failure to manage poverty and to alleviate economic inequality
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