(The) Locus of Control, Perceptions of Stress in Retirement and Life Satisfaction among the Retirees

본 논문은 은퇴제도가 보편화됨에 따라 노인의 은퇴후의 적응을 고찰하기 위해서 노인의 배경변인 및 은퇴변인과 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 그리고 생활만족도 사이의 관계를 인과모형으로 구성하여 검증해 보고자 하였다. 연구대상은 은퇴 후 다른 새 직장에 전임 (full-time)으로 고용되어 있지 않은 남자노인으로서 서울에 거주하는 노인 140명, 제주도를 제외한 지방에 거주하는 노인 121명으로 총 261명이었다. 측정도구는 노인의 배경변인중 내외통제성격을 측정하기 위해서 Rotter (1966)의 Internal-External Scale을 발췌, 번안하였으며, 은퇴변인 및 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각을 측정하기 위해서는 본 연구자가 관련 선행연구를 근거로 하여 작성하였고, 노인의 생활만족도 측정에는 윤 진 (1982) 노인생활만족도 척도를 사용하였다. 수집된 자료의 분석을 위해서 Chi검증, T-test, 일원변량분석, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Pearson의 적률상관계수 분석, 단계별 회귀분석, 경로분석을 하였으며 신뢰도 검증을 위해 Cronbach's α를 산출하였다. 주요 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 우리나라의 은퇴한 노인들은 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도가 비교적 높다. 2. 우리나라의 은퇴한 노인들은 은퇴후에 주관적으로 판단하는 생활수준과 건강상태, 그리 고 내외통제성격에 따라서 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도와 생활만족도에 유의한 차이를 보여, 생활수준이 낮고, 건강상태가 나쁠수록, 그리고 외적인 통제신념을 가질수록 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도가 높았고 생활만족도가 낮았다. 3. 은퇴와 관련하여 볼 때, 이전작업의 만족도, 은퇴후의 계획수립 정도, 노후 생활비에 대한준비에 따라서 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도와 생활만족도에 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 즉, 이전직업에서 덜 만족하고 은퇴 후의 생활 및 경제적인 문제에 대하여 계획을 충분히 세우지 못했을 때 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도가 높았고 생활만족도가 낮았다. 4. 건강상태가 좋을수록, 내적인 통제성격이 강할수록, 그리고 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도가 낮을수록 노인의 생활만족도가 증가하여 이들 변수는 직접적으로 영향을 미쳤고, 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도의 영향력이 가장 크게 나타났다. 또한 연령, 교육정도, 수입, 생활수준, 건강, 그리고 내외통제성격은 은퇴변인과 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각을 매개로 하여 노인의 생활만족도에 간접적으로 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.;The purpose of this study was to construct a path model in which showed how the background variables, retirement-related variables, and the perceptions of stress in retirement influenced life satisfaction among the retirees. The subjects of the study consisted of 261 retirees (140 men living in Seoul and 121 men living in local place) who were not employed as a full-time. As tools of measurement, Rotter (1966)'s "Internal-External Scale" was amended and Yoon (1982)'s "Life Satisfaction Scale," was used. Retirement - related variables and the perception of stress in retirement were constructed from the questionnaires based on several retirement studies. The data were analized by statistical procedures such as χ^(2), T-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Pearson' s product-moment correlation coefficient, Stepwise regresion, and Path analysis. Cronbach's α was also computed for verifications of the reliabilites of the scales. The major results of the study were summarized as follows; 1. The retirees perceived relatively high levels of stress in retirement. 2. The Significant differences appeared in the degree of perceived stress in retirement and life satisfactin according to different levels of living standard, health, and internal control: the higher degree of perceived stress in retirement and lower satisfaction with life itself reflected the lower level of living standard and the poorer health status and higher external control of the retirees. 3. Concerning the retirement related variables, significant differences appeared in the degree of perceived stress in retirement and life satisfaction according to previous job satisfaction, plans and preparations for the leisure activities and financial arrangement. Those with lower satisfaction with their previous job, inadequate plans and preparations contributed to the high degree of perceived stress in retirement and thus retirees were less satisfied with life itself. 4. While health status, locus of control, and the perceptions of stress in retirement influenced directly on life satisfaction, age, education, income, and activity level influenced indirectly through the retiement related variables and the perception of stress in retirement on life satisfaction. The Significant impact of the perception of stress in retirement upon life satisfaction received strong support.목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅷ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 A. 문제의 제기 = 1 B. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 = 2 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 = 6 A. 은퇴 = 6 B. 노인의 생활만족도 = 19 C. 은퇴와 노인의 생활만족도 = 20 D. 용어의 정의 = 30 Ⅲ. 연구 문제 = 31 Ⅳ. 연구 방법 = 33 A. 연구대상 = 33 B. 측정도구 = 34 C. 자료의 수집절차 = 38 D. 자료의 분석 = 39 Ⅴ. 결과 및 해석 = 40 A. 연구대상자의 일반적 특성 = 40 B. 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각정도 = 44 C. 배경변인과 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각 = 46 D. 배경변인과 은퇴변인의 관계 = 48 E. 은퇴변인과 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각 = 49 F. 배경변인과 노인의 생활만족도 = 51 G. 은퇴변인과 노인의 생활만족도 = 52 H. 인과모형의 검증 = 55 Ⅵ. 논의 및 결론 = 66 참고문헌 = 71 설문지 = 81 ABSTRACT = 9

Modifiable Factors on Use of Adaptive Strategies Among Functionally Vulnerable Older Persons

Adaptive strategy; Behavioral change; Environmental modification; Frailt

The revised Stress Measurement of Female Marriage Immigrants in Korea: Evaluation of the psychometric properties

The twenty-one item Stress Measurement of Female Marriage Immigrants (SMFMI) was developed to assess stress of female marriage immigrants in Korea. This study reports the psychometric properties of a revised SMFMI (SMFMI-R) for application with female marriage immigrants to Korea who were raising children. Participants were 190 female marriage immigrants from China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other Asian countries, who were recruited using convenience sampling between November 2013 and December 2013. Survey questionnaires were translated into study participants' native languages (Chinese, Vietnamese, and English). Principal component analysis yielded nineteen items in four factors (family, parenting, cultural, and economic stress), explaining 63.5% of the variance, which was slightly better than the original scale. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated adequate fit for the four-factor model. Based on classic test theory and item response theory, strong support was provided for item discrimination, item difficulty, and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.923). SMFMI-R scores were negatively associated with Korean proficiency and subjective economic status. The SMFMI-R is a valid, reliable, and comprehensive measure of stress for female marriage immigrants and can provide useful information to develop intervention programs for those who may be at risk for emotional stress

Analysis of Validity and Reliability of the Health Literacy Index for Female Marriage Immigrants (HLI-FMI)

The purpose of this study was to obtain an independent evaluation of the factor structure of the 12-item Health Literacy Index for Female Marriage Immigrants (HLI-FMI), the first measure for assessing health literacy for FMIs in Korea. Participants were 250 Asian women who migrated from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines to marry. The HLI-FMI was originally developed and administered in Korean, and other questionnaires were translated into participants' native languages. The HLI-FMI consisted of 2 factors: (1) Access-Understand Health Literacy (7 items) and (2) Appraise-Apply Health Literacy (5 items); Cronbach's α =.73. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated adequate fit for the 2-factor model. HLI-FMI scores were positively associated with time since immigration and Korean proficiency. Based on classical test theory and item response theory, strong support was provided for item discrimination and item difficulty. Findings suggested that the HLI-FMI is an easily administered, reliable, and valid scale. © 2016 APJPH

Development and psychometric testing of the Health Literacy Index for Female Marriage Immigrants (HLI-FMI) in Korea

This study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties of the Health Literacy Index for Female Marriage Immigrants (HLI-FMI). Study participants were 282 women who migrated to Korea from Asian countries to marry and had a mean age of 33.24 years and had immigrated a mean of 5.58 years ago. Data were collected between March 2013 and May 2013. An initial 31 preliminary items were developed based on literature reviews and focus group interviews, including three constructs of health literacy: skills (print, numeracy), tasks (access, understand, appraise, apply), and health contexts (health promotion and disease prevention, health care maintenance and treatment, health system navigation). Exploratory factor analyses of the HLI-FMI yielded 12 items in two factors: Access-Understand Health Literacy (seven items) and Appraise-Apply Health Literacy (five items; Cronbach’s alpha = 0.74). Criterion validity was supported through a significant correlation with the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine-Short Form. Guided by a classical test theory and item response theory, item difficulty and discrimination were within acceptable ranges. HLI-FMI scores were positively associated with participant education and Korean proficiency. The HLI-FMI appears to be the first valid and reliable comprehensive health literacy measure for evaluating health literacy in Korean female marriage immigrants. © 2016 Taylor & Francis

Effects of Health Status and Health Behaviors on Depression Among Married Female Immigrants in South Korea

Summary Purpose This study examined the effects of health status and health behaviors on depression in married female immigrants in South Korea. Methods Sampling 316 immigrant women from the Philippines, Vietnam, China, and other Asian countries, a cross-sectional research design was used with self-report questionnaires that assessed sociodemographic characteristics, health status, health behaviors, and depression. Results There were significant differences in stillbirth experience, induced abortion, morbidity, perceived health status, meal skipping, and physical activity between depressed and nondepressed immigrant women. After adjusting for sociodemographic variables, stillbirth experience, poorer perceived health status, more meal skipping, and less physical activity were associated with greater depressive symptoms. Conclusions Both health status and health behaviors had significant impacts on depression, suggesting that development of nursing interventions and educational programs should be targeted towards improving maternal health, healthy lifestyle, and subjective health perception to promote married female immigrants' psychological well-being. Copyright © 2015, Korean Society of Nursing Science

Prevalence and correlates of obesity and overweight among Asian immigrant women in Korea

This study examines the prevalence of obesity and overweight as well as associations between obesity and overweight and demographic, sociocultural, and lifestyle factors among Asian immigrant women in Korea. Data were collected from physical measurements and standardized questionnaires from 287 adult women from China, Vietnam, the Philippines, and other Asian countries. The mean BMI (body mass index) was 22.0 kg/m2; 15.0% of the sample were obese (BMI ≥ 25.0), and 17.1% were overweight (23.0 ≤ BMI < 25.0). The highest obesity proportion was found in Filipino (22.0%) and the lowest in Vietnamese women (7.8%). Adjusted for demographic, sociocultural, and lifestyle variables, individuals with greater length of residence (5+ years; odds ratio = 3.22, P =.010) were more likely to be obese or overweight. For prevention of excess body weight, public health efforts need to be targeted to immigrants starting at arrival in Korea. © 2012 APJPH