Low serum bilirubin level as an independent predictor of stroke incidence: a prospective study in Korean men and women.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Bilirubin is not only a waste end-product but also an antioxidant. Bilirubin is known to be associated with decrease in cardiovascular risk in men, but its relationship to stroke was not clearly understood. METHODS: Serum bilirubin concentrations were measured in 78 724 health examinees (41 054 men, aged 30-89 years) from 1994 to 2001. The subjects with potential hepatobiliary diseases or Gilbert syndrome were excluded from analysis. Stroke incidence outcome was collected from hospital records of admission attributable to stroke from 1994 to 2007. RESULTS: Serum bilirubin measurements were divided into 4 levels: 0 to 10.2, 10.3 to 15.3, 15.4 to 22.1, and 22.2 to 34.2 micromol/L. The number of stroke cases was 1137 in men and 827 in women. In Cox proportional hazard models, participants with a higher level of bilirubin showed lower hazard ratios in men with ischemic stroke after adjustment for multiple confounding factors compared to the lowest level of bilirubin (hazard ratio [HR], 0.72; 95% CI, 0.58-0.90 in level 3; HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.49-0.89 in level 4; P for trend=0.016). The risk of all stroke types also decreased as bilirubin levels increased (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.97 in level 3; HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.58-0.94 in level 4; P for trend=0.0071). However, these associations were not seen in hemorrhagic stroke or in women. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that serum bilirubin might have some protective function against stroke risk in men.ope

유전위험점수, 유전-유전 및 유전-환경 상호작용 이용 (한국인 암 예방연구 II : KCPS-II)

Dept. of Public Health/박사Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer deaths and can be caused by environmental factors as well as genetic factors. Therefore, this study was conducted to predict a CRC risk using an environmental risk score (ERS) as well as a genetic risk score (GRS) and gene-gene interaction and evaluate the effects of ERS, GRS, gene-gene interaction and gene-environment risk scores (GERS) on the risk for CRC among Koreans.Methods and Materials The Korean Cancer Prevention Study-II (KCPS-II) included 266,258 individuals, 20-77 years of age, who visited 16 health promotion centers nationwide from April 2004 to December 2008. This study included 325 confirmed CRC cases (men, 237; women, 88) and 977 randomly selected controls (men, 554; women, 422). Environmental risk score (ERS) included factors such as: age, smoking status, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI). For genetic factors, a genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed using the Affymetrix Genome-wide Human SNP array 5.0. GRS were calculated with most significantly associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) through GWAS. Gene-gene interactions were evaluated using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) analysis. Results For both men and women, inclusion of counted GRS or weighted GRS and further inclusion of gene-gene interaction by MDR analysis increased the area under the curve (AUC) by 6.2-10.8% and 0.1-0.5% beyond the AUC provided by environmental factors and the AUC provided by environmental factors plus counted GRS or weighted GRS, respectively. In combination of ERS and GRS (GERS) to determine the risk for CRC, men and women with ERS 1-4 points and GRS in the highest quartile had significantly increased risk for CRC compared to those with ERS 1-4 points and GRS in the lowest quartile of GRS. Moreover, in the highest quartile of GRS, the risk for CRC increased even more in men and women with ERS 8-10 points compared to those with ERS 1-4 points. Conclusion Our findings suggest that GRS as well as gene-gene interaction improved the prediction of CRC risk when considered in conjunction with environmental factors such as age, family history of CRC, BMI, physical activity and fasting blood glucose. Findings in this current study might provide a small piece of evidence in prediction of CRC risk for reducing its prevalence and incidence rates. The prediction of CRC risk in this study also needs to be validated or replicated in an independent population. Therefore, further studies are needed to be applied to the general population.prohibitio

직선경로 제어가 가능한 영상기반 비쥬얼 서보잉

학위논문(박사) - 한국과학기술원 : 자동화및설계공학학제전공, 2002.8, [ ix, 130 p. ]In this dissertation, we explore the curved trajectory problem in image-based visual servoing and propose a new image-based visual servoing method that can control the path linearly using the defined position and angle errors on image plane of stereo cameras. We analyzed that the cause of curved trajectory is the inadequate error definition on image plane and the control method to decrease the errors at the same rate. The defined errors on image plane cannot exactly correspond to the position and orientation errors in three-dimensional space. In case of general visual servoing, the image errors are normally defined by the difference of coordinates between the image point of features on the end-effector and the image set points. When the target pose is much different from the current pose of the end-effector, an attempt to decrease errors on image plane of stereo cameras causes one or more of the point features on the end-effector to move back and forth along z-axis (optical axis) of camera during visual servoing. This unnecessary movement along the z-axis direction could lead the robot to collide with other objects or to the limit of robot workspace. In this dissertation, we propose a new image-based visual servoing method that improves the linearity of path using the position and angle errors under large pose error. To implement the proposed method, first, we select one point on the end-effector to be moved linearly toward the set point, then we define the distance error between the selected point and set point. This selected point is a pivot point to rotate the end-effector. Next, we define the angle errors between the feature lines including the selected point on the end-effector and the corresponding target lines. When we make such defined errors to be reduced, the selected one point can be linearly moved toward the target point and the end-effector can be rotated around the selected point and finally can be located on the set points of the target position....한국과학기술원 : 자동화및설계공학학제전공