Chemistry of bread aroma: A review

The roles of ingredient formulation, dough fermentation, and baking conditions on bread aroma are reviewed. More than 540 volatile compounds have been reported in bread. However, only a relative small portion of the volatile compounds in bread contribute to the desirable aroma properties. The primary odorants reported to contribute to the flavor of wheat bread crust were 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, (E)-2-nonenal, 3-methylbutanal, 2,3-butanedione, methional, and (Z)-2-nonenal, whereas for bread crumb, (E)-2-nonenal, (E,Z)-2,6-nonadienal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2,3-butanedione, methional, 1-octen-3-ol, and (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal were identified. One compound, in particular, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline has been suggested to be the key odorants of the crust and is considered to be responsible for the cracker-like odor properties. These compounds are primarily generated during thermal processing but also influence by ingredient composition and fermentation conditions. © KoSFoST and Springer 2010

The compositions of volatiles and aroma-active compounds in dried omija fruits (schisandra chinensis baillon) according to the cultivation areas

Differences in the compositions of volatiles from dried omija fruits (Schisandra chinensis Baillon) cultivated in different areas (Mungyeong, Jangsu, Jechon, and Hoengseong) in South Korea were determined by applying principal component analysis to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data sets. Quantitative assessments revealed that terpene hydrocarbons, such as germacrene D, β-selinene, α-ylangene, β-elemene, α-selinene, and (E)-β-farnesene, were the main volatiles in all omija fruit samples. On the other hand, (E)-β-ocimene, calarene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-selinene, nonanal, 2-methylbutanoic acid, benzoic acid, 2,3-butanediol, and phenethyl alcohol were the major volatile components that contributed to the discrimination between omija fruit samples from the four cultivation areas. In addition, aroma-active compounds in four dried omija fruits were investigated and compared by gas chromatography-olfactometry using aroma extract dilution analysis. (E)-β-Ocimene (floral and herbaceous), α-pinene (pine-like and woody), hexanal (cut grass-like), 5-methylfurfural (burnt sugar-like and sweet), and α-terpinene (minty, green, and fresh) were important aroma-active compounds in all omija samples. Interestingly, the flavor dilution factors of most aroma-active compounds were lower for omija sample cultivated in Hoengseong than for those cultivated in Mungyeong, Jangsu, and Jechon. © 2011 American Chemical Society