18 research outputs found

    ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€์†Œ์ œ ATBC์˜ ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ ๋ฐฐ์•„-์น˜์–ด์™€ ์„ฑ์–ด๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๊ต๋ž€ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ, 2023. 2. ์ตœ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ.Acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) is a citrate used as a plasticizer to replace di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). ATBC has been increasingly used for various purposes, including food additives, product coatings, and pharmaceutical excipients, and hence has been detected in indoor environments and products including processed foods, packaging, and medical tubing. Because of a lack of information on the major metabolites of ATBC, biomonitoring studies on ATBC have seldom been performed. In the present study, we evaluated the thyroid hormone-disrupting potential of ATBC, using both embryo-larval and adult male zebrafish. Changes in major gene transcription related to thyroid hormone homeostasis and thyroid hormones were analyzed. Zebrafish embryos were treated with a series of sublethal concentrations of 0, 0.003, 0.03, and 0.3 mg/L. DMSO 0.01% (v/v) was used as a solvent. For embryo-larval fish, four replicates of 300 embryos and 30 embryos were employed for each concentration for five hormones (TSH, TT3, FT3, TT4, and FT4) and gene analysis, respectively. In the adult fish experiment, exposure was carried out for 14 days in 4 repeated groups of 10 organisms each in a 5L beaker containing 4L of ATBC exposure media: 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/L with DMSO 0.01% (v/v). On the last day of exposure, plasma collected from the caudal vein of the fish was diluted and TSH, TT3, and TT4 were measured. Following the exposure, larval zebrafish (5 dpf) showed a dose-dependent increase in T3 and T4 levels. Several key genes of the HPT axis showed alterations in transcription. ฮฒ and genes associated with the central regulations were upregulated. In addition, and genes showed upregulation, although statistical significance was not reached. Genes such as 1 and 15 which are related to thyroid hormone elimination were downregulated, supporting increased TH levels in whole-body larvae. In adult zebrafish after exposure to 14 days, TSH was significantly decreased, but TT4 level was increased except for the highest exposure group. These observations suggest that ATBC has the potential to disrupt thyroid hormone balance in both life stages in zebrafish but showed different patterns of alteration. This is the first observation to show the potential thyroid-disrupting effects of ATBC in zebrafish which is comparable to reported observations for DEHP. Further studies on its consequences are warranted.Acetyl tributyl citrate(ATBC)๋Š” DEHP๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” citrate๊ณ„์—ด์˜ ๋น„ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€์†Œ์ œ์ด๋‹ค. ATBC๋Š” ์‹ํ’ˆ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ œํ’ˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์ œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜์•ฝํ’ˆ ์ฝ”ํŒ…์ œ ๋“ฑ์— ์ด๋ฅด๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์šฉ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‹ค๋‚ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€๊ณต์‹ํ’ˆ, ํฌ์žฅ์žฌ, ์˜๋ฃŒ์šฉ ํŠœ๋น™ ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ œํ’ˆ์—์„œ ๊ฒ€์ถœ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ATBC์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ๋Œ€์‚ฌ์ฒด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐ”์ด์˜ค๋ชจ๋‹ˆํ„ฐ๋ง ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ญํ•™ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ”„ํƒˆ๋ ˆ์ดํŠธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์†Œ์ œ์˜ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ATBC์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ๋ฐ ๊ด€๋ จ ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ต๋ž€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ธ ๋ฐฐ์•„-์น˜์•„ ๋ฐ ์ˆ˜์ปท ์„ฑ์–ด์—์„œ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ํ•ญ์ƒ์„ฑ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ฃผ์š” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ์ „์‚ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ์•„๋Š” DMSO 0.01% (v/v)๋ฅผ ์šฉ๋งค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 0, 0.003, 0.03, 0.3 mg/L์˜ sublethalํ•œ ๋†๋„์˜ ATBC ๋…ธ์ถœ์ˆ˜์— 5์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฐ ๋‹น ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋ฐฐ์•„ 300๊ฐœ์™€ 30๊ฐœ์”ฉ 4๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋…ธ์ถœ์‹œํ‚จ ํ›„, ๋‹ค์„ฏ๊ฐœ์˜ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ(TSH, TT3, FT3, TT4, FT4)๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์„ฑ์–ด๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” DMSO 0.01% (v/v)๋ฅผ ์šฉ๋งค๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/L ๋†๋„์˜ 4L ๋…ธ์ถœ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ธด 5L ๋น„์ปค์— ๊ฐ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฐ ๋‹น 10๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์”ฉ 4๋ฐ˜๋ณต๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ 14์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋…ธ์ถœ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ๋‚ , ์„ฑ์–ด์—์„œ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•œ ํ˜ˆ์žฅ์„ ํฌ์„ํ•˜์—ฌ 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ (TSH, TT3, TT4)์™€ ๋‡Œ, ๊ฐ„, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„ ์—์„œ ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ATBC์— 5์ผ ๊ฐ„ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ๋ฐฐ์•„-์น˜์–ด ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” T3์™€ T4 ๋ชจ๋‘ Total form๊ณผ Free form์—์„œ ๋†๋„ ์˜์กด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ฮฒ ์™€ ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœํ˜„์˜ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์™€ ๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์ œ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๋‹นํ•˜๋Š” 1์™€ 15์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ATBC์— 14์ผ ๋…ธ์ถœ๋œ ์„ฑ์–ด ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” TSH๊ฐ€ ๋šœ๋ ทํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ATBC์— ๋…ธ์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๋•Œ, ์ œ๋ธŒ๋ผํ”ผ์‰ฌ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋‹จ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ํ˜ธ๋ฅด๋ชฌ ์กฐ์ ˆ์„ ๊ต๋ž€ํ•  ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” DEHP์˜ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฌผ์งˆ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒด๊ฐ€์†Œ์ œ ATBC์˜ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ๊ต๋ž€ ๋…์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ in vivo ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ด๋ฉฐ ํ•ด๋‹น ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Materials and methods 4 Chapter 3. Results 18 Chapter 4. Discussions 26 Chapter 5. Conclusions 32 References 33 Abstract in Korean 37์„

    The study of AlON-based UV light emitter using Printing methods

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    High-brightness and deep-ultraviolet (UV) light-sources with emission wavelengths ranging from 230~350 nm (3.54~5.39 eV) have various applications that include water purification, air sterilization, medical and bio-agent detection, skin treatment, white-light illumination, and light sources for high-density optical storage. The purpose of this study is on the synthesis of Aluminum Oxynitride (AlON)-based materials, which emit in the UV region, as well as fabrication of a novel UV light emitter using those AlON materials by printing method. In the chapter 1, I have explained the importance of UV emitters, the problem of present UV emitters, and the purpose of this study. Moreover, field emission devices and printed electronics that are the basic information of this study have been introduced. In the chapter 2, synthesis of AlON powders for the ultraviolet (UV) emitter application have been investigated. I have sintered several AlONโ€™s by varying the growth conditions and raw powder composition. Also, This chapter provided how to make a UV field emitting device. I have applied ZnO, AlN and produced AlON powders as a UV emitting layer using screen printing method. A CNT field emission array was used as an excitation source. Finally, I have briefly explained the measurement methods used in this study. In the chapter 3, the shape, chemical composition, phase analysis, luminescence properties and structural characterizations of produced AlON have been characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD, CL, and TEM. In this chapter, I have found the emission wavelength of AlON could be tuned from 4.29 to 4.54 eV (289 to 272 nm) by changing the synthesizing conditions. A core-shell structure was confirmed for the AlON particles. In the chapter 4, I have characterized the properties of AlON UV field emitter. The current voltage (I-V) curve for the field emitter was monitored using a high-voltage supply and a picoammeter, and the UV light spectrum was recorded using a photon multiplier tube (PMT) and a monochromator system. In this chapter, It is confirmed that the device performance of a AlON-UV field emitter fabricated via a simple screen-printing technology was comparable to other field emission optoelectronics. I observed a strong UV luminescence from the device centered at 3.68 eV (337 nm). The origin of this luminescence is believed to derive from the local minimum state of the N-rich AlON, which was placed in the inner side of the naturally formed core-shell structure. In the chapter 5, results of this study have been summarized. Through this study, I have discovered the promising UV emitting material: AlON, and proved that the convenient novel UV device, which is introducing in this thesis has potential to be used for various applications in UV market in the future.๋ชฉ ์ฐจ List of Tables โ…ณ List of Figures โ…ด Abstract โ…ถ 1. ์„œ ๋ก  1 1.1 UV ๊ด‘์›์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 1.2 ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ UV ๊ด‘์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์  3 1.3 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ œ์•ˆ 4 1.4 ์ข…๋ž˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 5 1.5 ์ „๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ถœ์†Œ์ž(FED) 7 1.5.1 ์ „๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ถœํ˜„์ƒ ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 7 1.5.2 FED์˜ ๋™์ž‘์›๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 10 1.5.3 ํƒ„์†Œ๋‚˜๋…ธํŠœ๋ธŒ์™€ FED 12 1.6 ์ธ์‡„์ „์ž ๊ธฐ์ˆ  13 1.6.1 ์ธ์‡„์ „์ž๊ณต์ • 13 1.6.2 ์Šคํฌ๋ฆฐ ์ธ์‡„๋ฒ• 15 1.7 ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  17 2. ์‹ค ํ—˜ 18 2.1 UV ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด์‚ฐ์งˆํ™”์•Œ๋ฃจ๋ฏธ๋Š„(AlON) 18 2.2 ์ข…๋ž˜์˜ ํ•ฉ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  21 2.3 AlON ํŒŒ์šฐ๋” ํ•ฉ์„ฑ 22 2.4 UV ์ „๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ถœ์†Œ์ž ์ œ์ž‘ 24 2.5 ๋ถ„์„ ์žฅ๋น„ 27 2.5.1 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 27 2.5.2 Cathodoluminescence (CL) 31 2.5.3 Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) 33 2.5.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 34 2.5.5 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 35 3. AlON ์ž์™ธ์„  ๋ฐœ๊ด‘์ฒด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 37 3.1 Self propagating synthesis ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 37 3.1.1 ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„์„ 37 3.1.2 ๊ฒฐ์ •์ƒ๋ถ„์„ 39 3.1.3 ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 40 3.2 Combustion synthesis ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 42 3.2.1 ํ˜•ํƒœ๋ถ„์„ 42 3.2.2 ์กฐ์„ฑ๋ถ„์„ 43 3.2.3 ๊ฒฐ์ •์ƒ๋ถ„์„ 45 3.2.4 ๊ด‘ํ•™์  ํŠน์„ฑ ๋ถ„์„ 47 3.2.5 AlON ์ž…์ž์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„ 49 4. AlON ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ „๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ถœ์†Œ์ž์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ 52 4.1 ์Œ๊ทน ์ œ์ž‘ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์ตœ์ ํ™” 52 4.2 ZnO ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ „๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์†Œ์ž 54 4.3 AlN, AlON ์ž์™ธ์„  ์ „๊ณ„๋ฐฉ์ถœ ์†Œ์ž 56 4.4 ๋ฐœ๊ด‘ ์ŠคํŽ™ํŠธ๋Ÿผ ๋ถ„์„ 58 5. ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  61 ๊ฐ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ธ€ 63 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 65 List of publications/List of presentations 6

    ์„ฑ์‹คํ•จ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์ง„ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ-The Remains of the Day ์™€ Never Let Me Go์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๊ต์œก๊ณผ(์˜์–ด์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ๋ฏผ๋ณ‘์ฒœ.์นด์ฆˆ์˜ค ์ด์‹œ๊ตฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ž‘์€ 1989๋…„ ๋งจ๋ถ€์ปค์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•œ ใ€Ž๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋‚ ใ€ The Remains of the Day (1989) ๊ณผ ใ€Ž๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋งˆใ€ Never Let Me Go (2005)์ด๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์†Œ์„ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ์˜ํ™”๋กœ ๊ฐœ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์†Œ์„ค๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ์ด์‹œ๊ตฌ๋กœ์˜ ๋Œ€์ค‘์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋”์šฑ ๊ฒฌ๊ณ ํžˆ ํ•ด์ค€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์ด๋‹ค. ๋น„๋ก ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ์ง€๋งŒ, 1์ธ์นญ ์„œ์ˆ ์ž ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์„œ์ˆ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ์–ต๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ์˜ ์กฐํ™”๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ณตํ†ต์ ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค. ์†Œ์„ค ์† ๋‘ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์™€ ํ˜„์žฌ์—์„œ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ข…์ข… ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ™”๋ฒ• (unreliable narration)์œผ๋กœ ์„œ์ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํ™”๋ฒ•์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋‘์–ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋น„ํ‰๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์ ์ธ ์„œ์ˆ  ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒด์ œ์— ์ˆœ์‘ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋น„ํ‰์€ ์„œ์ˆ  ์†์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์™€ ์ฃ„์ฑ…๊ฐ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ข€ ๋” ๊ณต๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ทจํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ, ์ด ๋‘ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ ์ด ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ ์ž ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ”ผํ•œ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ์ฐํ˜€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์šฐ์„  ๊ธฐ๋งŒ์ ์ธ ์„œ์ˆ ์˜ ์›์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์ธ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋“ค์ด ๊ธฐ์–ต์˜ ํšŒ์ƒ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์‹ค๊ฐ๊ณผ ํŠธ๋ผ์šฐ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต๋“ค์˜ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ด์‹œ๊ตฌ๋กœ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ฆฌ์žก์€ ํ–ฅ์ˆ˜(nostalgia)์˜ ์—ญํ• ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‚ดํŽด๋ณธ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ๊ธ€์€ ใ€Ž๋‚จ์•„์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋‚ ใ€๊ณผ ใ€Ž๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ง€๋งˆใ€์— ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚œ ์ฃผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ž„์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋‘ ์†Œ์„ค ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ์„ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์ผ์œผํ‚จ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์ด์‹œ๊ตฌ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ํŠน์ • ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋†“์—ฌ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ง„์‹ค์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ํ™•๊ณ ํ•œ ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์œ„ํ˜‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Š์ž„์—†์ด ๋„๋ง์น˜๊ณ  ์ˆจ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‘ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ์„ฑ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์”์“ธํ•œ ์‹คํŒจ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ • ์†์—์„œ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์œ„์•ˆ์„ ์–ป๊ณ  ์กด์—„์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด์กดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.The most well-known and discussed of Kazuo Ishiguros works are The Remains of the Day (1989), which won the Man Booker Prize for Fiction in 1989, and Never Let Me Go (2005). Both were adapted for the big screen, confirming Ishiguro's status as a novelist within the popular imagination. Though set in seemingly very different worlds and voicing out different concerns, they both share a prominent first-person narrator who offers ones personal memory as a way to reconcile with the public context. Often, their narration is unreliable in their accounts of past reactions to crises. While many critics have examined the subjectivity of the protagonists' unreliable voice and criticized their conformism in submitting themselves to a grand narrative, they fail to unveil the personal dilemma and psychological complexity which drive the narratives to be unreliable. In this thesis, by taking a more sympathetic stance towards the narratives, I attempt to connect the two novels by focusing on the inevitable dilemma which humans are constantly faced with in their earnest quest of meaningful life. My thesis unfolds as follows. I examine the protagonists' private trauma as the source of self-deceptive narrative and explain how the working of memory functions as a way to overcome the sense of loss and cope with trauma. Then, I claim that nostalgia, which is a distinct feature and a core attraction characterizing Ishiguros novels, works as a necessary means to create an allegorical setting to express the protagonists dilemma. I finally argue that the themes in The Remains of the Day and Never Let Me Go can converge to arouse universal sympathy that can be commonly experienced by individuals beyond cultural boundaries. The novels are an allegorical representation for general human condition. Within the established context Ishiguro cleverly inquires ways humans respond to their particular condition, more specifically ways in which they seek truth but also constantly hide from what may threaten their firmly established self-concept. In his inquiry, Ishiguro portrays how consolation might be found and dignity preserved when human beings are brought face to face with all that they have failed to achieve.CHAPTER I. Introduction 1 CHAPTER II. Memory and Narrative of Trauma 17 CHAPTER III. Nostalgia as a Sign of Insoluble Human Dilemma 39 CHAPTER IV. Sustaining Self-Integrity in the World of Predicament 54 CHAPTER V. Conclusion 67 WORKS CITED 70 ๊ตญ ๋ฌธ ์ดˆ ๋ก 79Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์–ธ๋ก ์ •๋ณดํ•™๊ณผ, 2015. 2. ์ด์€์ฃผ.๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณผ์ •์—์„œ ํ„ฐํด(Turkle, 2011)์ด ์ œ์‹œํ•œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ ๊ฐœ๋…์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์†Œ์…œ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ด์šฉ์ด ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ๋‚ด์  ๊ฐ€์น˜ ๊ธฐ์ค€๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋ณ€์ธ์ธ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ (other-directedness)์„ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ์— ์ ์šฉ, ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ƒ์—์„œ ํƒ€์ธ์˜ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์˜์‹ํ•œ ์ธ์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„๊ต ์˜ ๋‘ ํ•˜์œ„ ๊ฐœ๋…์œผ๋กœ ์„ธ๋ถ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋•Œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ด์šฉ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๊ณ ๋ ค, ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์šฉ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ฒ€์ฆํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ•˜์œ„ ์š”์ธ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ๊ณผ ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ์ž 316๋ช…(๋‚จ์ž 151๋ช…, ์—ฌ์ž 165๋ช…)์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์„œ๋ฒ ์ด๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ํฐ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ƒ์—์„œ ์ธ์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„๊ณผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„๊ต ํ–‰ํƒœ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ์ธ์ƒ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ• ์ˆ˜๋ก ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋Š” ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ•๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ๋งŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜, ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•œ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ƒ์˜ ์ž๊ธฐํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์— ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์นจ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋น„๊ต๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์— ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ฐ์ •์  ์ง€์ง€์™€ ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ์ง€์ง€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์„œ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ •์  ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„๋˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๋‘ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ํƒ€๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ท€๊ฒฐ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ์ด์šฉ์ด ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ƒ์˜ ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ์—…๋กœ๋“œ ๋นˆ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์ธ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ์™€ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”์ง€ ํƒ์ƒ‰ํ•˜์˜€๋Š”๋ฐ, ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน/์ด๋ฒคํŠธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ด์šฉ, ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์—…๋กœ๋“œ, ์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ ๋ฐ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ด€์ฐฐ, ์ •์น˜์  ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ  ๊ณต์œ  ๋“ฑ์˜ ์‹ค์ œ์  ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ์™€ ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํƒ€์ธ์„ ์˜์‹ํ•œ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์†๋  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด๋Š” ์˜๋„ํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐ”์™€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ์†Œ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค.์ œ 1์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  ์ œ 2์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ์ œ 1์ ˆ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ 1. ๋””์ง€ํ„ธ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์—์„œ ๊ณผ๋„ํ•œ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ(hyper-other-directedness) ๊ฐœ๋… 2. ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด ์ด์šฉ 3. ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ๊ณผ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์†Œํ†ตํ–‰ํƒœ 1. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 2. ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ SNS ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด 3. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์˜จ๋ผ์ธ ์†Œํ†ต๊ณผ ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 1. ์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท ์ด์šฉ์ด ๋Œ€์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 2. SNS ์ด์šฉ์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ƒํƒœ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ 3. SNS ์ด์šฉ์ด ๊ด€๊ณ„์  ์ธ์‹์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์ œ 4์ ˆ ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ๊ณผ ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ 1. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ˆ˜ ๋ฐ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์˜ ํ™œ์šฉ 2. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ์ƒ ํŠน์ • ์ฝ˜ํ…์ธ ์˜ ๊ณต์œ  ์ œ 3์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฌธ์ œ ์ œ 4์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์ž๋ฃŒ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์ธก์ • ์ฒ™๋„ 1. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ธ 2. ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ๊ฐ•๋„ 3. ํƒ€์ธ์ง€ํ–ฅ์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉ 4. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ 5. ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ง€์ง€๊ฐ 6. ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์ด์šฉํ–‰ํƒœ ์ œ 5์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์ฒ™๋„์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ œ 2์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค ๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ œ 6์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ ์ œ 1์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์š”์•ฝ ๋ฐ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ์ œ 2์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ•จ์˜ ์ œ 3์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ›„์† ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ œ์–ธ ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ AbstractMaste

    ํ‘œ๋ฉด ์ฆ๊ฐ• ๋ผ๋งŒ ์‚ฐ๋ž€ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ๋‚˜๋…ธํ”„๋กœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ „๋ฆฝ์„ ์•” ๋ฉด์—ญ๋ถ„์„ ํ”Œ๋žซํผ ์œ ํšจ์„ฑ ๊ฒ€์ฆ์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์‚ฌ๋ฒ”๋Œ€ํ•™ ๊ณผํ•™๊ต์œก๊ณผ(ํ™”ํ•™์ „๊ณต), 2018. 8. ์ •๋Œ€ํ™.SERS (Surfaced-enhanced Raman Scattering) based immunoassay have drawn significant attention as the diagnostic tools for the detection of biochemical targets because of their high sensitivity, lower photobleaching and multiplexing capability. However, some troubles have been existed when diverse SERS-based immunoassay platforms are applied to practical or commercial use due to lack of validation and optimization study about each immunoassay step. In this research, we try to validate and develop a SERS-based immunoassay platform for getting reproducible and reliable assay results using sandwich immunocomplex concept with chip-based platform. Experiments were carried out by three approaches for validating immunoassay platform: (1) synthesis about three different kinds of SERS Dots and characterization with SERS signal for validating uniformity and stability of SERS Dots by single particle detection. (2) validation of nanoprobes: optimization of antibody conjugation technique and evaluating of bioactivity (3) chip substrate validation: optimization of capture antibody onto substrate, evaluating of bioactivity and non-specific binding control test. To confirm our validation approaches, we performed SERS-based immunoassay with prostate specific antigen (PSA) as a target biomarker, and then PSA could be detected high sensitivity (ca. 0.05 pg/mL LOD) with a wide dynamic range (0.0001 โ€“ 1 ng/mL). Our validated and developed SERS-based immunoassay platform will be applied to other types of biomarkers detection with any other different platforms for its step-by-step validation data.1. Introduction 1 2. Experimental 6 2.1. Chemicals and Materials 6 2.2. Synthesis of SERS Dots 7 2.3. Bio-functionalization of SERS Nanoprobe 8 2.4. Preparation of Chip Surface 10 2.5. Immunoassay Protocol for PSA Detection 11 2.6. Instrument and SERS Measurement 12 3. Results and Discussion 14 3.1. Characterization of SERS Dots 14 3.2. Evaluation of Bio-functionlaity about SERS Nanoprobe 19 3.3. Optimization of Capture Antibody onto Chip Surface 29 3.4. PSA Detection with SERS-based Immunoassay 36 4. Conclusion 39 5. References 41 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 46Maste

    Involvement of DDX6 gene in radio- and chemoresistance in glioblastoma

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ „๊ณต, 2016. 2. ํ™ฉ์˜์ผ.๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข…(Glioblastoma multiforme, GBM) ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ˆ  ํ›„ ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์˜ˆํ›„๋Š” ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์•” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ํ›„ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์•„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์•”์„ ์ผ์œผํ‚ค๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ(radiation therapy)์™€ ์•ฝ๋ฌผ ์น˜๋ฃŒ(temozolomide, TMZ) ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ์ฐพ๋Š” ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋Š” shRNA๋ฅผ ๋„์ž…ํ•œ ํ™˜์ž์œ ๋ž˜์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ TMZ ์ฒ˜์น˜๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•„๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ™˜์ž์œ ๋ž˜์„ธํฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ •์œ„์  ์ด์ข…์ด์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ(orthotopic xenograft model)์—์„œ ์œ ์ „์ฒด ์„ ๋ณ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ(shRNA screening)๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ  DDX6 ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ตดํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐœ๊ตด๋œ DDX6์˜ ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด DDX6์— ํŠน์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” shRNA๋ฅผ ๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข… ํ™˜์ž์œ ๋ž˜์„ธํฌ์— ๋„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค(shDDX6 ์„ธํฌ). ์„ ๋ณ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๋„๋ก shDDX6 ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ •์œ„์  ์ด์ข…์ด์‹ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์— ๋น„ํ•ด shDDX6 ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•œ ๋งˆ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ํ‰๊ท  ์ƒ์กด ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์งง์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ์•” ๋ฉ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ž˜ ํ˜•์„ฑ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ in vitro ์—์„œ ์„ธํฌ ์ƒ์‚ฌ ํŒ๋ณ„ ์‹คํ—˜๊ณผ sphere ์ƒ์„ฑ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•˜์—ฌ shDDX6 ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ TMZ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ํš๋“ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€ ii ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด shRNA๋ฅผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์„ธํฌ๋ผ ํ• ์ง€๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์ด๋‚˜ TMZ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ DDX6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๋ถ„์„์—์„œ๋„ ์˜๋ฏธ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์žฌํ˜„๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ, ์›๋ฐœ์•”-์žฌ๋ฐœ์•” ์Œ ๋‚ด์˜ DDX6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ๋ฐœํ˜„์„ ๋น„๊ตํ•˜์˜€์„ ๋•Œ ์›๋ฐœ์•”์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ํ›„ ์ƒ๊ธด ์žฌ๋ฐœ์•”์—์„œ DDX6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋‚ฎ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ 500๋ช… ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข… ํ™˜์ž ์ •๋ณด(The Cancer Genome Atlas, TCGA)์—์„œ๋„ DDX6 ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด ๋†’์€ ํ™˜์ž์— ๋น„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚ฎ์€ ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ „์ฒด์ƒ์กด๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์งง์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข…์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ๊ณผ TMZ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์•” ์„ธํฌ๊ฐ€ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ „์— DDX6 ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐœ์ž…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๋กœ ํ™˜์ž ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ „ DDX6 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข… ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์˜ˆํ›„๋ฅผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™œ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋œ๋‹ค.์„œ๋ก  1 ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชฉ์  9 ์žฌ๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 10 ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 19 ๊ต๋ชจ์„ธํฌ์ข… ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ• ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์œ ์ „์ž ๋ฐœ๊ตด์„ ์œ„ํ•œ shRNA ์„ ๋ณ„ ๊ฒ€์‚ฌ 19 ์ •์œ„์  ์ด์ข…์ด์‹ ๋™๋ฌผ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ DDX6 ์œ ์ „์ž ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ํ™•์ธ 23 ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„  ๋˜๋Š” TMZ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ DDX6 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ๋ณ€ํ™” ํ™•์ธ 30 DDX6 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ €ํ•˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ์ข…์–‘ ํŠน์„ฑ ํ™•์ธ 33 DDX6 ๋ฐœํ˜„ ์ €ํ•˜ ์„ธํฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์‚ฌ์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒ ์ €ํ•ญ์„ฑ ํš๋“ ํ™•์ธ 36 ์›๋ฐœ์•”-์žฌ๋ฐœ์•” ์Œ์—์„œ ํ‘œ์ค€์น˜๋ฃŒ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ DDX6์˜ ๋ฐœํ˜„๋ณ€ํ™” 46 ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 54 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 59 ABSTRACT 71Docto

    Glycogen synthase kinase-3ฮฒ๊ฐ€ ์œ„์•”์„ ์ข…์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ฆ์‹๊ณผ ์ƒ์กด์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ

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    Thesis(masters) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ (ํ•ด๋ถ€ํ•™์ „๊ณต),2009.2.Maste

    ๊ตญ๋ฆฝ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ํšŒ๊ณ„์ œ๋„์˜ ๊ฐœ์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ๋ณต์‹๋ถ€๊ธฐยท๋ฐœ์ƒ์ฃผ์˜ ๋„์ž… ๋ฐ ํšŒ๊ณ„ํ†ตํ•ฉ์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ๊ฒฝ์˜ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

    ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ, 2012. 2. ์ฃผ๊ฒฝ๋ฏผ.Cell therapy using stem cells is a promising approach to treating ischemic diseases including stroke. However, low survival rates of implanted cells undermines the therapeutic efficacy of the cell-based treatment. Therefore, developing an alternative approach to direct transplantation of stem cells might be required, which could also ensure the safety of stem cell-based therapies. The use of stem cell-conditioned media (CM) instead of direct implantation of stem cells may be a feasible approach to overcome the limitations of cell-based therapy. In the present study, we examined the therapeutic effect of CM against ischemic brain injury. The CM was prepared by culturing human adipose-derived stem cells in a three-dimensional spheroid form, which increases the secretion of angiogenic factors such as VEGF and bFGF. Ischemic stroke was induced by standard MCAO methods in the right cerebral hemisphere of 8 week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. Continuous infusion of CM or MEM media (0.5 ul/h, n = 9 and 8, respectively) into the left lateral ventricle was initiated 8 days after the MCAO surgery using a brain infusion cannula (Alzet brain infusion kit) and maintained for 7 days. Continuous CM infusion significantly reduced the infarction volume and maintained motor function (Rota rod test). Because the CM was prepared to contain high angiogenic factors, alteration in microvessel density and neural cell apoptosis (TUNEL assay) were examined in the penumbra region. The microvessel density increased significantly by the treatment and the number of TUNEL-positive neural cells were significantly reduced. In this study, the therapeutic effects of the CM against stroke was confirmed in an animal model. Endothelial cell proliferation and reduced neural cell apoptosis may play important roles in the treatment effects of CM.์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์„ธํฌ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ์งˆํ™˜์— ์žˆ์–ด ์ฃผ๋ชฉ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์‹๋œ ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ƒ์กด์œจ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ์˜ ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ์ด์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์™ธ์˜ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•˜๊ณ  ํšจ์œจ์„ฑ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด๋ฒ•์˜ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์ด์‹๋Œ€์‹  ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธํฌ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฒ•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์†์ƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์€ VEGF, bFGF๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ์ธ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋ถ„๋น„๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ 3์ฐจ์› ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ—ˆํ˜ˆ์„ฑ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์€ 8์ฃผ๋ น์˜ Sprague-Dawley ๋ ›๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์˜ค๋ฅธ์ชฝ ์ค‘๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋‡Œ๋™๋งฅํ์‡„๋กœ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค. ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ ํ•œ ํ›„ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก๊ณผ ๋Œ€์กฐ๊ตฐ์ธ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์–‘ ์ „ ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„brain infusion kit๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์™ผ์ชฝ ์™ธ์ธก๋‡Œ์‹ค์— 7์ผ ๋™์•ˆ 0.5 ul/h๋กœ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋œ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋Š” 9๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์™€ 8๋งˆ๋ฆฌ์ด๋‹ค. ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์— ํ˜ˆ๊ด€์‹ ์ƒ์ธ์ž๋“ค์ด ๋†’์€ ์ˆ˜์ค€์œผ๋กœ ํฌํ•จ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋ณ‘๋ณ€ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ์‚ด์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์กฐ์ง ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธํฌ ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฉธ (apoptosis, TUNEL assay) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์„ธํ˜ˆ๊ด€์˜ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐTUNEL์‹œํ—˜์— ์–‘์„ฑ์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์„ธํฌ๋“ค์€ ์ค„์–ด๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋™๋ฌผ๋ชจ๋ธ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ค„๊ธฐ์„ธํฌ๋ฐฐ์–‘์•ก์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ ์ค‘ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€๋‚ดํ”ผ์„ธํฌ์ฆ์‹์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์™€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ธํฌ์˜ ์„ธํฌ์ž์—ฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ค„์ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‡Œ์กธ์ค‘ ๋ณ‘๋ณ€์˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ์— ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ์›์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.Maste

    Multilevel Analysis of Factors AffectingChild Immunization in12 to 23 months old Children in Indonesia

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(๋ณด๊ฑด์ •์ฑ…๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•™์ „๊ณต),2020. 2. ๊น€์„ ์˜.์•„๋™ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค. ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์˜ ์•„๋™ ์‚ฌ๋ง์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฐฑ์‹  ๋ฉด์—ญ์—ฐํ•ฉ(Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, GAVI)์˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹  ์ง€์›์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ์•„์ง๋„ ์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ถˆํ‰๋“ฑํ•œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งŽ์€ ์ค‘์ €์†Œ๋“๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ์—์„œ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„๋กœ ์ƒ์ดํ•œ ๋ถ„ํฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋‚˜๋ผ์—์„œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ์‹ค์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์€ 2๊ฐœ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ค€์„ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ชจํ˜•์— ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€๊ณผ ์ƒ์œ„ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, DHS ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ์œ„๊ณ„์  ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์š”์ธ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ๋“ค์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€์ธ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„๋Š” ๋™๋‚จ์•„์‹œ์•„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ์„ฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋กœ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ 4๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ ํฐ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋‹ค. ์‹ ์ƒ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ ์ถœ์ƒ์•„ 1,000๋ช…๋‹น 12.7๋ช…, ์˜์•„ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 21.1๋ช…, 5์„ธ ๋ฏธ๋งŒ ์•„๋™ ์‚ฌ๋ง๋ฅ ์€ 25๋ช…์ด๋ฉฐ, ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์€ 2018๋…„ ๊ธฐ์ค€ 61%๋กœ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ 12-23๊ฐœ์›” ์•„๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋Š” 2017๋…„ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ณด๊ฑด์กฐ์‚ฌ(Demographic and Health Survey, DHS)์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ ์•„๋™์˜ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ธฐ๋ก, 2017๋…„ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์žฌ์ •๋ถ€ ์ž๋ฃŒ(Sistem Informasi Keuangan Daerah), 2017๋…„ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์ „๊ตญ ๋งˆ์„ ์ธ๊ตฌ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ(Statistik Potensi Desa Indo-nesia)๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ฑด๋ถ€์—์„œ ์ •ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…(BCG, DPT1/2/3, HB0/1/2/3, OPV0/1/2/3, Measles)์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค ๋งž์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(fully vaccinated), ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ๋งž์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(partially vaccinated), ํ•˜๋‚˜๋„ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ(non-vaccinated)๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑํ•œ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋‹ค. ์•ค๋”์Šจ ํ–‰๋™ ๋ชจํ˜•์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฐœ๋… ํ‹€์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด 4,495๋ช…์ด ํฌํ•จ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ 12-23๊ฐœ์›” ์•„๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„(multilevel multinomial logistic regression) ์„ ์‹ค์‹œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ์•„๋™์˜ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๋ฐฑ์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค ๋งž์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ 29%, ์ผ๋ถ€๋งŒ ๋งž์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 59%, ์•„์˜ˆ ๋งž์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” 12%๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ชจํ˜•(์˜๋ชจํ˜•(๋ชจํ˜• 1), ๊ฐœ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋งŒ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•(๋ชจํ˜• 2), ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜•(๋ชจํ˜•3))์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ์ด ์ค‘ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๋ฐ ์ง€์—ญ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ๋ชจํ˜• 3์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์ธ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์€ ์•„๋™์˜ ์ถœ์ƒ ์ˆœ์„œ, ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด, ์‚ฐ์ „๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์‹œ์„ค์ถœ์‚ฐ ์žฅ์†Œ, ์‚ฐํ›„๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์—ฌ๋ถ€, ์ง€์—ญ๋ณ„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ๋ถ€๋ฌธ ์ง€์ถœ์•ก, ์ธ๊ตฌ 1,000๋ช…๋‹น ๊ณต์ค‘ ๋ณด๊ฑด์„ผํ„ฐ์˜ ์ˆ˜, ์ง€์—ญ ๋นˆ๊ณค ์ˆ˜์ค€, ๋ณด๊ฑด ์‹œ์„ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ‘๊ทผ์„ฑ์˜ ์–ด๋ ค์›€์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ(province)๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์— ํŽธ์ฐจ์™€ ๋ถˆ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ์žˆ์Œ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ง€์—ญ ๊ฐ„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์— ๋งž๋Š” ์ „๋žต ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ธ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ ์ ‘์ข…์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•œ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ทธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐํ˜€ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์˜์˜๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Background: Child deaths still have many challenges to solve. Most child deaths are preventable, and immunization can help to reduce it. This was improved by GAVIs vaccine support, but it still shows unequal distribution around the world. In many low- and middle-income countries, vaccination related studies have identified factors at the individual level, but in countries with different regional distri-butions, multilevel analysis has been insufficient. The multilevel analysis allows us to look at both the individual and the higher level impact by considering the analytical model. Due to the hierarchical characteristics of the DHS data, the factors affecting the vaccination rate were identified as factors at the individual and provincial levels. Indonesia, study setting of this research, is Southeast Asias largest island country and one of the worlds fourth largest populations. The neonatal mortality rate was 12.7 per 1,000 births, the infant mortality rate was 21.1 and the mortality rate for children under the age of 5 was 25 and the vaccination rate was 61% as of 2018. Methods: This study identified the factors affecting immunization rates in Indonesian children 12 to 23 months through multilevel analysis. Data for analysis were used by the Demographic and Health Survey(DHS) for 2017 of childrens recode(KR), the Ministry of Finance(Sistem Informasi Keuangan Daerah) data for 2017 and the Indonesian National Village Population Survey(Statistik Potensi Desa Indonesia). The outcome variables are categorical consisting of three levels- fully vaccinated, partially vaccinated and non-vaccinated defined by the Indonesian Ministry of Health as basic immuni- zation(BCG, DPT1/2/3, HB0/1/2/3, OPV0/1/2/3). The framework for this study was based on the Andersons behavioral model with a total of 4,495 people. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression was performed in analyzing the factors on affecting immunization rates in Indonesian children. Results: Findings of this study, the immunization rate for Indonesian children was 29%(fully vaccinated), 59%(partially vaccinated), and 12%(non-vaccinated). Three models(model 1(null model), model 2(individual level model), model 3(individual and provincial level model)) were used to perform multilevel analyses, and model 3 including factors at both the individual and provincial levels found to be best suited. Finally, the factors affecting immunization were birth order, womens age, antenatal care history, place of delivery, postnatal care history, health expenditure per province, number of public health center per 1,000 population, provincial poverty level, and difficulty in accessing health facilities. Conclusion: In Indonesia, there were deviations and imbalances in vaccination rates by region, and it seems necessary to establish strategies and policies that fit the context of the provinces to reduce differences. This study shows that it has identified the need for multilevel analyses and their impact on the analysis of factors affecting immunization in Indonesia, considering regional differences.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ 1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์  7 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์„ ํ–‰ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 8 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์•„๋™ ์‚ฌ๋ง๊ณผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• 8 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์š”์ธ 11 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ธ๋„๋„ค์‹œ์•„ ๋ณด๊ฑด ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 13 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 19 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ž๋ฃŒ ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ƒ 19 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ชจํ˜• 22 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 25 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 32 ์ œ 5 ์ ˆ ์œค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ณ ๋ ค 35 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ ‘์ข…๋ฅ  ์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ถ„ํฌ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 36 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ƒ๊ด€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 48 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์ค€ ๋ฒ”์ฃผํ˜• ๋กœ์ง€์Šคํ‹ฑ ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 50 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๋…ผ์˜ 60 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 60 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ์˜์˜ 66 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 68 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 71 ๋ถ€ ๋ก 83 Abstract 97Maste
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