12 research outputs found

    Training Methods for Deep Neural Networks using Low Precision Dynamic Fixed-Point

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ³΅κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ 전기·정보곡학뢀, 2019. 2. 졜기영.심측신경망(Deep Neural NetworkDNN)은 데이터 인식, μˆ˜μ§‘, ν•©μ„± λ“±μ˜ λΆ„μ•Όμ—μ„œ 높은 정확도λ₯Ό 보이며 널리 μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλ‹€. 일반적으둜, 심측신경망 ν•™μŠ΅μ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” 연산은 수 ν‘œν˜„μ˜ μ •ν™•μ„±κ³Ό 넓은 ν‘œν˜„λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό ν•„μš”λ‘œ ν•˜κΈ°λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 32λΉ„νŠΈ 단일정밀도, λ˜λŠ” 64λΉ„νŠΈ λ°°μ •λ°€λ„μ˜ 뢀동 μ†Œμˆ˜μ  μˆ˜κ°€ μ‚¬μš©λœλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 뢀동 μ†Œμˆ˜μ  수 μ‚¬μš©μœΌλ‘œ μΈν•œ μ „λ ₯ μ†Œλͺ¨μ™€ μΉ© 크기, λ©”λͺ¨λ¦¬ λŒ€μ—­ν­μ„ 쀄이기 μœ„ν•΄ 심측 신경망 ν•™μŠ΅ μ—°μ‚°μ—μ„œμ˜ λΉ„νŠΈ 길이λ₯Ό 쀄이기 μœ„ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ가 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ·Έ 쀑, 동적 κ³ μ • μ†Œμˆ˜μ (Dynamic Fixed-PointDFP)은 뢀동 μ†Œμˆ˜μ κ³Ό κ³ μ • μ†Œμˆ˜μ μ˜ 결합적인 ν˜•νƒœλ‘œμ¨, 심측신경망 ν•™μŠ΅μ— 성곡적인 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ˜ 수 ν‘œν˜„ 체계 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μ΄λ‹€. 동적 κ³ μ •μ†Œμˆ˜μ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•œ 신경망 ν•™μŠ΅μ— λŒ€ν•΄ 16λΉ„νŠΈ μ—°μ‚°μœΌλ‘œ κ°€λŠ₯ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 연ꡬ듀이 μžˆμ—ˆμ§€λ§Œ, μ΄λŠ” κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈλ₯Ό μ œμ™Έν–ˆμ„ 경우둜 μ œν•œλœ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μž‘μ€ 값듀을 μΆ©λΆ„νžˆ μΆ•μ ν•˜μ—¬ 기쑴의 κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜μ— λ”ν•΄μ§μœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈ 된 κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ 값을 신경망 ν•™μŠ΅μ— λ‹€μ‹œ μ‚¬μš©ν•œλ‹€. λ”°λΌμ„œ 일반적인 μ‹ κ²½λ§λ“€μ˜ κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈμ—λŠ” 더 높은 정밀도가 ν•„μš”ν•˜κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 32λΉ„νŠΈ 뢀동 μ†Œμˆ˜μ μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν–ˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ μ—°μ‚°λ“€κ³Ό λΉ„νŠΈ 길이λ₯Ό 달리 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λ©΄ ν•˜λ“œμ›¨μ–΄ 섀계가 μ–΄λ €μ›Œμ§ˆ 수 μžˆλ‹€λŠ” λ¬Έμ œμ μ€ μ—¬μ „νžˆ λ‚¨μ•„μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ 논문은 κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈκΉŒμ§€ ν¬ν•¨ν•˜μ—¬ 전체적인 신경망 ν•™μŠ΅μ˜ 연산을 16λΉ„νŠΈ 동적 κ³ μ • μ†Œμˆ˜μ μ„ μ‚¬μš©ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 방법듀을 μ œμ•ˆν•œλ‹€. 첫 번째 방법은 'κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ 클리핑(Weight Clipping)'으둜써, κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ κ°’λ“€μ˜ λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜μ—¬ ν•΄λ‹Ή λ²”μœ„λ₯Ό μ΄ˆκ³Όν•˜λŠ” μ ˆλŒ“κ°’μ΄ 큰 κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜κ³  쑰금 더 λ§Žμ€ κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜λ“€μ΄ 신경망 ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ 값을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•˜λŠ” 방법이닀. '점진적 배치 크기 증가법'은 μž‘μ€ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈ κ°’μ˜ μ„ΈλΆ€ 정보λ₯Ό λ³΄μ‘΄ν•˜μ—¬ 16λΉ„νŠΈ κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈμ˜ μ—λŸ¬ λ°œμ‚°μ„ ν•΄κ²°ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ, λ³Έ λ…Όλ¬Έμ—μ„œλŠ” 이 두 가지 방법을 κ²°ν•©ν•¨μœΌλ‘œμ¨ 더 λ‚˜μ€ μ„±λŠ₯의 ν•™μŠ΅ κ°€λŠ₯성을 ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‹€ν—˜μ—λŠ” LeNet-5와 VGG-16 λ„€νŠΈμ›Œν¬ μƒμ—μ„œ CIFAR10, CIFAR100 데이터셋을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©°, κ°€μ€‘μΉ˜ μ—…λ°μ΄νŠΈ 연산을 ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 전체적인 ν•™μŠ΅ 연산에 16 λΉ„νŠΈ 동적 κ³ μ •μ†Œμˆ˜μ μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ μš©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ κ²°κ³Ό, 이미지 λΆ„λ₯˜ 정확도 뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ ν•™μŠ΅ 손싀λ₯ λ„ 뢀동 μ†Œμˆ˜μ μ— κ·Όμ ‘ν•œ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μŒμœΌλ‘œμ¨ μ €μ „λ ₯ 칩으둜 λ™μž‘ ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 심측 μ‹ κ²½λ§μ˜ ν•™μŠ΅μ„ μ„±κ³΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are widely used in the areas of RMS (Recognition, Mining, and Synthesis) applications due to their high accuracies. In general, the operations in the DNN training simultaneously need wide dynamic range and high precision, thus the 32-bit single or 64-bit double precision floating-point operations are usually used. However, the hardware using floating-point requires many drawbacks. There have been many attempts to reduce the bit-widths of the DNN training operations, to reduce the power consumption, chip area, and memory bandwidth. One of the most successful attempts is the dynamic fixed-point (DFP), which is the combination of the floating-point and fixed-point formats. It has been reported that DFP can reduce the bit-widths of the training operations to 16 bits, except for parameter update operationsparameter updates for general networks need higher precision and are usually done with 32-bit floating point operations. In this paper, we propose two methods of using 16-bit DFP for all the training operations including parameter updates. One is weight clipping method, which clips big weight values that exceed a certain upper bound to preserve enough precision for DNNs to be trained. Another one is gradual batch size increase method, which addresses the error divergence issue of the 16-bit parameter updates by preserving the details of the small update values. Lastly, we combine the two methods to further explore their potentials. We successfully apply 16-bit DFP operations on the entire training process including parameter updates, and achieve the same accuracies with LeNet-5 and VGG-16 networks using CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 datasets.Abstract i Contents iii List of Tables v List of Figures vi 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 Training DNN with Dynamic Fixed-Point 6 2.1 Numerical Representation Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.1 Floating Point and Fixed Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2.1.2 Dynamic Fixed-Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 Training Result and Analysis of DNN using DFP . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3 Weight Clipping 15 3.1 Implementation of Weight Clipping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2.1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2.2 Error and Loss Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 4 Gradual Batchsize Increase 23 4.1 Implementation of Gradual Batchsize Increase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.2 Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 4.2.1 Error and Loss Result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5 Combined Version of Two Method 29 6 Summary 33 Abstract (In Korean) 39Maste

    Anti-neoplastic effect of selective COX-2 inhibitor on gastric cancer cells

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    Thesis(master`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜ν•™κ³Ό 내과학전곡,2006.Maste

    Effects of organic Ca supplements on Ca bioavailability and physiological functions in growing rats and ovariectomized osteoporotic model rats

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‹ν’ˆμ˜μ–‘ν•™κ³Ό, 2011.2. μ΄μ—°μˆ™.Maste

    Development and Evaluation of a Tailored Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Management Smartphone Application

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : κ°„ν˜Έν•™κ³Ό, 2014. 8. λ°•ν˜„μ• .λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 μžκΈ°κ΄€λ¦¬λ₯Ό 돕기 μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 관리 μž„μƒ μ‹€λ¬΄μ§€μΉ¨μ—μ„œ μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 관리에 ν•„μš”ν•œ 지식을 μΆ”μΆœν•˜κ³  μ‚¬μš©μž μš”κ΅¬λ„ 쑰사λ₯Ό ν•œ ν›„ 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ λ§žμΆ€ν˜• κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆμ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜κ³  슀마트폰 앱을 κ°œλ°œν•˜λŠ” 데 μžˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ κ°œλ°œν•œ μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 관리 앱은 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ 개발 생λͺ…주기에 κ·Όκ±°ν•˜μ—¬ 뢄석 - 섀계 - κ΅¬ν˜„ – ν‰κ°€μ˜ 과정에 따라 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 싀무 κ°€μ΄λ“œλΌμΈκ³Ό μ‚¬μš©μž μš”κ΅¬λ„ 쑰사λ₯Ό 톡해 9개 κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜μ—­μ˜ 지식과 15개의 μ‹œμŠ€ν…œ κΈ°λŠ₯을 μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μΆ”μΆœν•œ 9개 κ΄€λ¦¬μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ 14개 일반적 κ΅μœ‘λ‚΄μš©κ³Ό 49개 λ§žμΆ€ν˜• κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆμ„ μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 섀계 λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•±μ˜ κΈ°λŠ₯ μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­μ„ λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬μš©μž μΈν„°νŽ˜μ΄μŠ€, 지식 λ² μ΄μŠ€μ™€ λ°μ΄ν„°λ² μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό μ„€κ³„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 그런 λ‹€μŒ 데이터와 λ§žμΆ€ν˜• κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆμ„ μ—°κ²°ν•˜λŠ” μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜μ„ κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ΅¬ν˜„ λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œ Eclipse κ°œλ°œν™˜κ²½μ—μ„œ Android Developer toolsλ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ Android 2.2λ²„μ „μ—μ„œ 4.4λ²„μ „κΉŒμ§€ 운영 κ°€λŠ₯ν•œ 앱을 Java둜 κ°œλ°œν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν‰κ°€λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ•±μ˜ 였λ₯˜ 평가와 μ‚¬μš©μ„± 평가, 수용 μ˜λ„ 평가λ₯Ό ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ•±μ˜ 였λ₯˜ ν‰κ°€μ—μ„œλŠ” 2λͺ…μ˜ ν‰κ°€μžκ°€ μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€λ₯Ό 보고 μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆκ³Ό 각 μ‹œλ‚˜λ¦¬μ˜€μ— μ œμ‹œλœ 데이터λ₯Ό 앱에 μž…λ ₯ν•˜λ©΄ 앱이 μ œμ‹œν•˜λŠ” κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆμ„ λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 평가 κ²°κ³Ό 였λ₯˜κ°€ μ—†λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. μ•±μ˜ μ‚¬μš©μ„± ν‰κ°€μ—μ„œλŠ” μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 μž„μ‚°λΆ€ 5λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ 앱을 1주일간 μ‚¬μš©ν•œ λ’€ System Usability Scale을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ‚¬μš©μ„± 평가 κ²°κ³Ό 평균 69.5점으둜 λ³΄ν†΅μˆ˜μ€€μœΌλ‘œ λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. 수용 μ˜λ„ ν‰κ°€λ‹¨κ³„μ—μ„œλŠ” μ‚¬μš©μ„± ν‰κ°€μ—μ„œ μ œμ‹œλœ μ˜κ²¬μ„ λ°˜μ˜ν•˜μ—¬ 앱을 μˆ˜μ •ν•œ ν›„ μ‚¬μš© μ˜λ„ 및 μ‚¬μš© μ˜λ„μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” λ‚΄μž¬μ  동기, μ§€κ°λœ μš©μ΄μ„±, μ§€κ°λœ μœ μš©μ„±μ„ ν‰κ°€ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 평가 κ²°κ³Ό 7점 λ§Œμ μ— 각각 5.5점, 4.3점, 4.6점, 5.0점으둜 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚¬λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 처음으둜 μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 μž„λΆ€μ˜ μž…λ ₯값에 λ”°λ₯Έ λ§žμΆ€ν˜• κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆμ„ μ œκ³΅ν•˜λŠ” 슀마트폰 앱을 κ°œλ°œν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λ‘œμ„œ, λ³Έ 연ꡬ κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 얻은 지식, λ§žμΆ€ν˜• κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆμ€ μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 관리에 도움이 될 수 μžˆμ„ 것이닀.ꡭ문초둝 β… . μ„œλ‘  1. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ ν•„μš”μ„± 2. 연ꡬ λͺ©μ  3. μš©μ–΄ μ •μ˜ β…‘. λ¬Έν—Œ κ³ μ°° 1. μž„μ‹ μ„± 당뇨병 관리 2. λͺ¨λ°”일 ν—¬μŠ€μΌ€μ–΄ 3. 기술수용λͺ¨ν˜• β…’. 연ꡬ 방법 1. 지식 및 κΈ°λŠ₯ μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­ 뢄석 2. 섀계 3. κ΅¬ν˜„ 4. 평가 5. μˆ˜μ • 및 보완 6. μ•±μ˜ 수용 μ˜λ„ 평가 7. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 윀리적 κ³ λ € β…£. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό 1. 지식 및 κΈ°λŠ₯ μš”κ΅¬μ‚¬ν•­ 뢄석 2. 섀계 3. κ΅¬ν˜„ 4. 평가 5. μˆ˜μ • 및 보완 6. μ•±μ˜ 수용 μ˜λ„ 평가 β…€. λ…Όμ˜ β…₯. κ²°λ‘  및 μ œμ–Έ μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ λΆ€ 둝 뢀둝 1. 연ꡬ 윀리 μ‹¬μ˜ κ²°κ³Ό ν†΅λ³΄μ„œ 뢀둝 2. 연ꡬ 도ꡬ μ‚¬μš© ν—ˆκ°€μ„œ 뢀둝 3. μš”κ΅¬λ„ 섀문지 뢀둝 4. Data Dictionary 뢀둝 5. μ•Œκ³ λ¦¬μ¦˜ 뢀둝 6. λ§žμΆ€ν˜• κΆŒκ³ μ•ˆ 뢀둝 7. μ•± μ‚¬μš© μ„€λͺ…μ„œ 뢀둝 8. μ•± μ‚¬μš©μ„± 평가 섀문지 뢀둝 9. 수용 μ˜λ„ 평가 섀문지 AbstractMaste

    Typology on the Bernward’s Door

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    A Study on the Intracellular Distribution of Transaminases in the Liver of Mouse

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    Intracellular fractionation was carried out by ultracentrifugal analysis in order to obtain the nuclear, mitochondrial, and supernatant fractions in the liver of mouse. Colorimetric analysis was performed to estimate the distribution patterns of GOT and GPT levels among the fractions. Cortisone was administered intraperitoneally to study the response of the transaminase activities among the three intracellular fractions. Along with study on the influence of cortisone, the effects of dietary protein and fasting were investigated to observe their effects of gluconeogenic activity exerted upon the transaminase activity in the liver of mouse, with the following conclusions. 1. The distributions of GOT and GPT are common to all fractions, the activities in mitochondial fractions being the highest and the nuclear the lowest. 2. GOT level is higher than GPT in every intra-cellular fractions. :l. Cortisone administration causes an increase in the activities of both transaminases in all intracellular fractions, and its magnitude exerted upon GPT being more stronger than GOT. 4. Conditions known to display gluconeogenic action, such as high protein intake and fasting, cause increased levels of GOT and GPT in all intracellular fractions, the magnitude of which is far higher in GPT than in GOT level, as observed with cortisone administration. 5. In the conditions mentioned above, as cortisone administration, increased level of mitochondrial GPT is most pronounced among the three intracellular fractions. A brief discussion was made on the results, especially on the significance of nuclear GOT and GPT as well as variations of these enzymes in the intracellular fractions resulting from gluconeoengesis

    μŠ€νƒ€ν‹΄μ— μ˜ν•œ λŒ€μž₯μ•” 세포와 이식 μ’…μ–‘μ˜ 세포 사멸 μœ λ„ 효과 및 μž₯μ—Ό-κ΄€λ ¨ λŒ€μž₯μ•”μ˜ μ–΅μ œ 효과

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    Thesis(doctors) --μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜ν•™κ³Ό(λ‚΄κ³Όν•™ 전곡),2009.2.Docto

    Design of a Dual-Band Patch Antenna with Rectangular, Triangular Slots

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    Maste
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