105 research outputs found
Modulation of the Transcriptional Activity of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma by Protein-Protein Interactions and Post-Translational Modifications
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARΞ³) belongs to a nuclear receptor superfamily; members of which play key roles in the control of body metabolism principally by acting on adipose tissue. Ligands of PPARΞ³, such as thiazolidinediones, are widely used in the treatment of metabolic syndromes and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Although these drugs have potential benefits in the treatment of T2DM, they also cause unwanted side effects. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing the transcriptional activity of PPARΞ³ is of prime importance in the development of new selective drugs or drugs with fewer side effects. Recent advancements in molecular biology have made it possible to obtain a deeper understanding of the role of PPARΞ³ in body homeostasis. The transcriptional activity of PPARΞ³ is subject to regulation either by interacting proteins or by modification of the protein itself. New interacting partners of PPARΞ³ with new functions are being unveiled. In addition, post-translational modification by various cellular signals contributes to fine-tuning of the transcriptional activities of PPARΞ³. In this review, we will summarize recent advancements in our understanding of the post-translational modifications of, and proteins interacting with, PPARΞ³, both of which affect its transcriptional activities in relation to adipogenesis.ope
κ°μ κΈμ± μ²μ μμ λͺ¨λΈμμ μ λ§₯ ν¬μ¬λ μ§λ°©μ λ μ€κ°μ½ μ€κΈ° μΈν¬μ Methylprednisoloneμ νμ°ν ν¨κ³Ό
This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant effect of intravenously injected adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AD-MSCs) in an acute canine spinal cord injury (SCI) model.
The antioxidant capacities of AD-MSCs, conditioned cell culture medium and methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS) were measured by total antioxidant capacity kit. Sixteen adult dogs were assigned to four groups according to the treatments after SCI by epidural balloon compression: control group (no treatment), MPSS group (MPSS treatment), MSCs group (AD-MSCs treatment), and MSCs+MPSS group (AD-MSCs treatment with MPSS). AD-MSCs of 1x107 cells were intravenously injected once a day for 3 days from 6 h after SCI. MPSS was also intravenously injected according to the protocol for acute SCI.
Three-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 4-hydroxynenonal (4-HNE) and protein carbonyl (PC) as markers for oxidative damage events were measured by ELISA kits. Deep pain perception and gastrointestinal hemorrhage were also evaluated with toe pinching and fecal occult blood (FOB) test kit.
The AD-MSCs (1x107 cells) and their conditioned medium (1 ml) showed antioxidant capacities as potent as 100 uM of alpha-tocopherol. 3-NT levels of MPSS and MSCs+MPSS groups were significantly lower than that of the control (p < 0.05). 4-HNE levels of all treatment groups were significantly lower than that of the control. PC levels of MSCs and MSCs+MPSS groups were significantly lower than that of control group. Groups treated with the MSCs and/or MPSS, were improved deep pain restoration clinically, but the groups with MPSS treatment had a side effect of gastrointestinal hemorrhage indicated by FOB test.
These results suggested that the intravenous injection of AD-MSCs with MPSS treatment in dogs with SCI had an antioxidant effect which might improve pain perception and prevent the gastrointestinal disorders.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ κ°μ κΈμ± μ²μ μμ λͺ¨λΈμμ μ λ§₯ ν¬μ¬λ μ§λ°©μ λ μ€κ°μ½ μ€κΈ° μΈν¬μ νμ°ν ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό μμ보기 μνμ¬ μνλμλ€.
μ€νμ μ¬μ©λ μ§λ°©μ λ μ€κΈ° μΈν¬, μ€κΈ° μΈν¬ λ°°μ λ°°μ§, methyl-prednisolone sodium succinate (MPSS)μ νμ°νλ₯μ total antioxidant capacity (TAC) ν€νΈλ₯Ό μ¬μ©νμ¬ νκ°νμλ€. μ΄μ¬μ― λ§λ¦¬μ λΉκΈ 견μμ μ²μκ° λ΄ balloon catheterλ₯Ό μ₯μ°©νμ¬ μ²μ μμμ μ λ°νμμΌλ©°, μ²μΉ λ°©λ²μ λ°λΌ λμ‘°κ΅°(μ²μ μμ μ λ° ν 무μ²μΉ, n=4), MPSS κ΅°(μ²μ μμ μ λ° ν MPSS μ²μΉ, n=4), mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) κ΅°(μ²μ μμ μ λ° ν μ§λ°©μ λ μ€κΈ° μΈν¬ μ²μΉ, n=4), κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ MSCs+MPSS κ΅°(μ²μ μμ μ λ° ν μ€κΈ° μΈν¬μ MPSS μ²μΉ, n=4)μ 4 κ΅°μΌλ‘ λλμ΄ μ€ννμλ€. μ€κΈ° μΈν¬μ μ²μΉλ 1 x 107 κ°μ μΈν¬λ₯Ό μ²μ μμ μ λ° 6μκ° νλΆν° 3 μΌ κ° μ΄ 3 ν μ λ§₯ ν¬μ¬ νμλ€. MPSSλ κΈμ± μ²μ μμ μ²μΉ κΈ°μ€μ λ°λΌ 30 mg/kg 1 ν ν¬μ¬ ν 5.4 mg/kg/h λ‘ 48 μκ° λμ μ μ ν¬μ¬ νμλ€. μμ μ²μμμ μ°νμ λ°μλ¬Όμ νμΈνκΈ° μν΄ 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE), κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ protein carbonyl (PC)λ₯Ό μΈ‘μ νμλ€. μμμ νκ°λ₯Ό μν΄ μ¬λΆ ν΅κ° λ°μκ³Ό λΆλ³ λ΄ μ ν λ°μ κ²μ¬λ₯Ό μ€μνμλ€.
μ€κΈ° μΈν¬(1 x 107κ°) μ μ€κΈ° μΈν¬ λ°°μ λ°°μ§(1 ml)μ νμ°ν λ₯λ ₯μ λΉνλ―Ό E (μν ν μ½νλ‘€)μ 100 uM μμ€μΌλ‘ νμΈλμλ€. λμ‘°κ΅°κ³Ό λΉκ΅νμ¬, MPSSμ MSCs+MPSS μ²μΉ κ΅°μμ 3-NTμ λλκ° μ μμ μΌλ‘ κ°μνμλ€ (p < 0.05). 4-HNE λλλ λͺ¨λ μ€νκ΅°μμ μ μμ μΌλ‘ κ°μνμλ€. PC λλλ MSCsμ MSCs+MPSS μ²μΉ κ΅°μμ μ μμ μΌλ‘ κ°μνμλ€. μ€κΈ° μΈν¬μ MPSS μ²μΉ κ΅°μμ μ¬λΆ ν΅κ° λ°μμ νλ³΅μ΄ λΉ λ₯΄κ² κ°μ λ¨μ νμΈνμμΌλ, MPSS μ²μΉ κ΅°μμ μμ₯κ΄ λ΄ μΆνμ λΆμμ©μ λΆλ³ λ΄ μ ν λ°μ κ²μ¬λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νμΈνμλ€.
μ΄μμ κ²°κ³Όλ‘ λ³΄μ μ€κ°μ½ μ€κΈ° μΈν¬μ MPSSμ μ λ§₯μ£Όμ¬λ κΈμ± μ²μ μμ κ°μμ νμ°ν ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό 보μ΄λ©° κΈμ μ μΈ μΉλ£ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κΈ°λν μ μλ€.INTRODUCTION βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 1
MATERIALS AND METHODS
1. Isolation, culture, and differentiation test of AD-MSCs ββββββββ 4
2. Animals βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 5
3. Induction of SCI ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 5
4. Injection of AD-MSCs and MPSS ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 7
5. Sampling of injured spinal cord tissue ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 7
6. Clinical assessments βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 7
7. Oxidant metabolites assessments βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 8
8. In vitro TAC assay ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 8
9. Statistical analyses βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 8
RESULTS
1. Clinical assessments βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 9
2. Oxidant metabolites levels ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 11
3. TAC assay βββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 13
DISCUSSION ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 14
REFERENCES ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 18
κ΅λ¬Έμ΄λ‘ ββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββββ 25Maste
μμκ³ λ° μ΄μκ³ μ‘°κ±΄μμ κ·Ήμ μ¨ μ€μ μ λμ λΆμμ μ±
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : κΈ°κ³ν곡곡νλΆ, 2015. 2. μ€μλΉ.Instability characteristics of cryogenic swirl flows were experimentally investigated. The cryogenic liquid nitrogen was injected into a high-pressure chamber through a simplex swirl injector under subcritical to supercritical conditions of nitrogen. High-speed photography with backlight imaging was used to obtain images of the temporally changing flow. The set of images was analyzed by the image processing method. The instability frequency was measured by flow image processing and the laser beam diagnostics.
Surface instability of the flow under subcritical to supercritical condition was investigated. Comparing the flow images of the cryogenic and conventional swirl flows, different behaviors were noted, and it was hypothesized that the instability of the cryogenic swirl flow was dominated by the precessing vortex core in the central toroidal recirculation zone. When the ambient condition of the flow was changed from subcritical to supercritical, the phase change and subsequent density change of the injectant differed and flow actions, such as the behavior of the downstream flow, the spray angle, the wavelength, and the propagation velocity, changed drastically. When measuring the frequency of the flow instability, it was found to correspond to that of the precessing vortex core instability. The frequency decreased with the ambient pressure due to the decreasing flow velocity, but it did not change drastically when the surrounding conditions changed from subcritical to supercritical. This implies that the interface of the flow is highly affected by the density of the phase-changed injectant, but that the instability of the flow is determined by the flow in a liquid state.
The dynamic characteristics of a cryogenic swirl flow under supercritical conditions were experimentally investigated using a mode decomposition method. Superposed instability structures and vortex ring structures were found in the instantaneous flow image. The spray angle was decreased under supercritical conditions because of the unusual phase change of the injectant inside the injector. Two kinds of modes were deduced by POD analysis of the flow images. The analysis showed that two types of modes exist: a symmetric/tilted-ring shaped mode and an anti-symmetric shaped mode. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability mechanism generated the symmetric mode. The anti-symmetric structure was created by helical instability, which was generated by the instability of the liquid film inside the injector under subcritical conditions. However, under supercritical conditions, the precessing vortex core in the central toroidal recirculation zone determined the unstable behavior of the flow. A spatial and temporal analysis of the POD modes supported this explanation for the instability. Meanwhile, the spatial characteristics of the coherent structures became similar in the downstream region or under supercritical conditions, which implicates the strong influence of the state of the injectant in flow behavior.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background and Motivation 1
1.2 Survey of Relevant Literature 5
1.2.1 Characteristics of fluid under supercritical condition 5
1.2.2 Single and coaxial jet flow 6
1.2.3 Jet flow with external excitation 8
1.2.4 Simplex swirl flow 9
1.3 Scope of Study 10
CHAPTER 2. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD 11
2.1 Experimental Apparatus 11
2.1.1 Design procedure of swirl injector 11
2.1.2 High-pressure chamber 17
2.1.3 Cryogenic fluid feeding system 19
2.2 Flow Measurement 20
2.2.1 High-speed photography 21
2.2.2 Flow instability frequency measurement 23
CHAPTER 3. SURFACE INSTABILITY ON CRYOGENIC SWIRL FLOW UNDER SUB- TO SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS 24
3.1 Background and Objectives 24
3.2 Experimental Methods 27
3.2.1 Injector design 27
3.2.2 Experimental conditions 28
3.2.3 Experimental techniques 30
3.3 Results and Discussion 31
3.3.1 Characteristics of the cryogenic swirl flow 31
3.3.2 Effect of the ambient pressure on a cryogenic swirl flow surface 34
3.3.3 Instabilty analysis of a cryogenic swirl flow surface 43
CHAPTER 4. DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A CRYOGENIC SWIRL FLOW UNDER SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS 46
4.1 Background and Objectives 46
4.2 Experimental Methods 48
4.2.1 Injector design 48
4.2.2 Experimental conditions 50
4.2.3 Experimental techniques 51
4.2.4 Proper Orthogonal Decompsition 51
4.3 Results and Discussion 54
4.3.1 Static characteristics of a cryogenic flow 54
4.3.2 POD analysis of flow image 57
4.3.3 Analysis of POD mode 69
CHAPTER 5. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK 74
5.1 Conclusion 74
5.2 Recommendations for Future Work 76
APPENDIX. PROPER ORTHOGONAL DECOMPOSITION 77
A.1 Background 77
A.2 POD Analysis Procedure 77
BIBLIOGRAPHY 81
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 87Docto
κ° μ‘°μ§μ ν¬λλΉνμμ± μ μ§μμ TXNIPμ μν
Dept. of Medical Science/λ°μ¬Thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) has multiple functions in several pathways involved in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, inflammation and glucose metabolism. TXNIP is upregulated in the hyperglycemic state and represses glucose uptake into several peripheral tissues, resulting in a homeostatic imbalance of glucose. Although TXNIP has relevance to metabolic syndromes such as obesity and type I and II diabetes mellitus, the role and regulation of TXNIP in liver is unclear. To investigate a metabolic role of TXNIP in the liver, Ad-Txnip is administrated to normal mice and an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and pyruvate tolerance test (PTT) were performed. Overexpression of TXNIP resulted in an impaired glucose, insulin, and pyruvate tolerance in normal mice. After Ad-Txnip administration, the expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism, including glucose-6-phosphatase (G6pc) and glucokinase (Gck) were analysed using qPCR and western blot. Ad-Txnip transduction upregulated G6pc expression and caused a decrease in Gck levels in the liver of normal mice and primary hepatocytes. To understand increased G6pc expression in the liver as a result of TXNIP overexpression, pull down assays for TXNIP and small heterodimer partner (SHP) were performed and confirmed that TXNIP increased G6pc expression by forming a complex with SHP which is known to be a negative modulator of gluconeogenesis. To study for the regulation of Txnip gene expression, luciferase reporter assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays using the Txnip promoter were performed to elucidate the interrelationship between carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) and transcription factor E3 (TFE3) in the regulation of Txnip expression. Furthermore, Txnip expression in diabetic mouse models was decreased by
Ad-Tfe3 administration, suggesting that TFE3 may play a negative role through competition with ChREBP at the E-box of the Txnip promoter. These findings demonstrated that TXNIP impairs glucose and insulin tolerance in mice by upregulating G6pc through interaction with SHP and modulating TXNIP expression.ope
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