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    ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ - ์ด์ง๋ฅ  ๋ฐ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„ ๋น„๊ต ๋ถ„์„ -

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ–‰์ •๋Œ€ํ•™์› ๊ณต๊ธฐ์—…์ •์ฑ…ํ•™๊ณผ, 2018. 8. ๊ณ ๊ธธ๊ณค.์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์€ ์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ ๊ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํ‰๊ท  ์ˆ˜๋ช…์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๊ณ„์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋ฐ ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์„ ์ง„๊ตญ๋“ค์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด ์ธ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€๋น„ 65์„ธ ์ด์ƒ์˜ ๊ณ ๋ น์ธ๊ตฌ ๋น„์ค‘์ด 2017๋…„์— 14%๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด ๊ณ ๋ น์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ง„์ž…ํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , 2025๋…„์— 20%๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด ์ดˆ๊ณ ๋ น ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ƒ์‚ฐ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์ธ๊ตฌ(15-64์„ธ) ์ค‘ 50-64์„ธ ๊ณ ๋ น์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ์€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ˆ์ธก๋˜์–ด, ๋…ธ๋™๋ ฅ์€ ๋˜ํ•œ ์ ์ฐจ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋งํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค(ํ†ต๊ณ„์ฒญ Kosis, ์žฅ๋ž˜์ธ๊ตฌ์ถ”๊ณ„, 2016). ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์„ ํฌํ•จํ•œ ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์ถ”์„ธ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ, ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‘๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹์ด ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์œผ๋กœ, ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์˜ ๊ธ‰์†ํ•œ ์ง„์ „์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ๋ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์ด ๊ฐ€์ค‘๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ง‰์—ฐํ•œ ๋ถ€์ •์  ์ธ์‹๊ณผ ์šฐ๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ์ข€ ๋” ๋ช…ํ™•ํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉํŒŒ์•… ๋ฐ ๋Œ€์ฑ…๋งˆ๋ จ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ, ๊ธฐ์—… ๋‚ด ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€, ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ธ์ง€ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์ •๋…„์ด ์—ฐ์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ ์—์„œ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์— ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ใ€Œ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒด ํŒจ๋„์กฐ์‚ฌ(Workplace Panel SurveyWPS)ใ€์˜ 2007๋…„, 2009๋…„, 2011๋…„, 2013๋…„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์„์€ SAS์˜ CALIS ํ”„๋กœ์‹œ์ €๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ๊ด€ ํŠน์„ฑ์ƒ ์ˆ˜์ต์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต์„ฑ์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฏ€๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์—๋„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์—๋„ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค๋งŒ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ณ ์šฉ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋‚ฎ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด์ง์ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๋ถ€๋ฌธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ƒ์‹œ์  ์ธ๋ ฅ์กฐ์ •์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๊ณ  ๊ฒฝ๋ ฅ์ง ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์‹ ์ž…์ธ๋ ฅ ์ฑ„์šฉ ์œ„์ฃผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด์ง์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ์ •์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์ ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ถฉํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ํŠน์ง• ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋œ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค๋„ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๊ด€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ธ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์— ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์€ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ • ๋˜์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์— ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์—๋Š” ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์œผ๋ฉฐ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„ค์„ ์ฑ„ํƒํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์ฒด๊ธฐ๊ด€์„ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ๊ณต๊ณต๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์ข…ํ•ฉํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ์ธ๋ ฅ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋กœ์จ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋ก ์  ์„ค๋ช… ์ค‘ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ์ด๋ก  ๋“ฑ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ธ์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ด๋ก  ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋…ธํ™”์ด๋ก  ๋“ฑ์˜ ๋ถ€์ •์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์˜ ์ด๋ก ์ด ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ๋” ์ž˜ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์— ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์œจ์ด ๋†’์€ ์ง์žฅ์ด ์ƒ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ •๋…„๋ณด์žฅ ๋ฐ ๊ณ ์šฉ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ํ™•๋ณด๋œ ๊ธฐ์—…์ผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด, ์ง์žฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ์ด์ง์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ์ด๋ก ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด์ง๋ฅ ๊ณผ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„์—์„œ ๋ณด๋“ฏ, ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์ด ๋†’์•„์ง€๋ฉด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ด๋Š” ์ด์ง์ด ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์ •์  ์˜ํ–ฅ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๋Š” ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์™€ ๋ถ€(-)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ๋ถ„์„ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด ๊ณ ๋ น์ธ๋ ฅ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๋†’์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๋Š” ๋‚ฎ์•„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์ƒ์Šน์— ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ๋Š๋‚€ ๊ธฐ์—…๋“ค์ด ๊ณ ๋ น์ธ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์ง์ด๋‚˜ ํŒŒํŠธํƒ€์ž„์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฑ„์šฐ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• ๋“ฑ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ ๋ น์ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„๋ฅผ ์ค„์—ฌ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์™€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์€ ์ •(+)์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ถ„์„๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„ ์ƒ์Šน์ด ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์ „๋ฌธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ์ธ๋ ฅํˆฌ์ž…์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ์ ์ž๋ณธ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ์ •(+)์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„์„๋œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์—…์ฒดํŒจ๋„์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„, ์ด์ง๋ฅ ์„ ๋งค๊ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ์— ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ชจํ˜• ๋ถ„์„์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ ์ €ํ•˜์˜ ์›์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ๋ฏผ๊ฐ„๊ธฐ๊ด€ ๋น„๊ต๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฐ๊ฐ์˜ ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๋ถ„์„ํ•ด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.Population aging and labor shortages due to declining birthrate and increasing life expectancy have already become global phenomena. In particular, the aging of Korea's working population is proceeding sharply compared to other advanced countries. The proportion of elderly people over 65 years old compared to the total population is expected to exceed 14% in 2017 and entered the aging society, and Korea is predicted to become a super-aged society in 2025 with a level of 20%. It is also expected that as the proportion of the aged 50-64 of the producible population(15-64) will increase rapidly, the aging of the workforce is expected to accelerate gradually(Statistical Office Kosis, Future Population Estimation, 2016). As a result, the aging of the workforce within the enterprise has been raised as the workforce ages around the world. Recognition of the problem of aging workforce is generally negative. This is because the idea that the personal and social burdens are increased due to the rapid progress of aging is dominant. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of the aging of the workforce on the productivity at the time when it is necessary to grasp the situation more clearly and to take countermeasures rather than the vague negative perceptions and concerns about aging. First, public and private institutions were analyzed separately on how workforce aging affects productivity. And The median analysis was used to examine indirect effects of labor aging on productivity by using the labor cost and the turnover rate as parameters. In the case of labor costs as a mediator, we analyzed whether the aging manpower would lead to an increase in labor costs, and if so, how such a change in labor costs would affect productivity. In addition, when the turnover rate is used as a mediator, the effect of the aging of manpower on the turnover rate and the change of turnover rate on the productivity are examined at the point of aging and the retirement age. The 2007, 2009, 2011 and 2013 data from the Workplace Panel Survey (WPS) were utilized. The SAS CALIS procedure was used as the statistical program. First, the results of the analysis on the public institutions showed that the aging of the workforce did not have a significant effect on the productivity in public institutions. It is estimated that aging does not have a significant effect on productivity as a result of the fact that due to the nature of work and institutions of public institutions, there is a tendency to pursue publicness rather than profitability and the use of accumulated human capital. Also, the aging of the workforce did not have a significant effect on the turnover rate, and the aging of the workforce had no significant effect on the labor cost. However, it is statistically analyzed that the turnover rate has a negative effect on productivity. In the case of public institutions, the turnover rate is very low due to strong employment stability, but if job turnover occurs, it will be difficult to adjust personnel regularly like the private sector and recruitment is mainly focused on new recruits rather than experienced ones. Therefore, it is presumed that this is due to the difficulty of supplementing adequate manpower in time to respond to turnover. As a result, the hypothesis that the aging of the public sector personnel will have a significant impact on productivity through mediation of labor costs was not statistically significant and was rejected. The hypothesis that aging manpower will affect productivity by mediating turnover rate was also rejected. Analysis of the results of the analysis of private institutions shows that the aging of the workforce has a statistically significant negative relationship with productivity. In addition, in the case of the turnover rate, which is one of the parameters of this study, it was statistically significant that manpower aging had a negative effect on the turnover rate. On the other hand, the impact of turnover on productivity was negative (-), but this was not statistically significant. Lastly, aging of manpower has a negative effect on the labor cost, which is statistically significant. Labor costs were positively associated with productivity and statistically significant. Therefore, the hypothesis that aging manpower will affect productivity through mediation of labor costs was adopted. Finally, comprehensive analysis was conducted by combining data from public and private institutions. In detail, the results show that aging manpower affects productivity(-). This indicates that aging theory explains reality better, which emphasizes negative aspects of aging rather than human capital theory, which emphasizes positively on aging manpower. As a result of analyzing whether the aging of manpower affects the productivity by mediating the turnover rate in the indirect effect analysis through the mediating variables, The aging of manpower has a negative relationship with the turnover rate, which also has a negative relationship with productivity. As we have seen in the previous theories, the higher the stability of the workplace, the lower the turnover intention. This is because the workforce with a high workforce aging rate is likely to be a company with relatively stable retirement and employment security. In addition, as the relationship between turnover and productivity shows, the higher the turnover rate, the lower the productivity, which is related to the negative impact of turnover. Next, we analyzed the effects of aging on labor productivity through mediation of labor costs. As a result, The aging of the manpower has a negative relationship with the labor cost and the labor cost has a positive effect on the productivity. According to the analysis results, the higher the ratio of the older workforce, the lower the labor cost of the enterprise. These results suggest that firms that have been burdened by rising labor costs have reduced the labor costs of older workers by replacing older workers with contract workers or part-time workers. In addition, the labor cost and productivity were statistically analyzed with positive (+) relationship. This means that the increase in the labor cost implies the input of people with experience and expertise, and this positively affects the productivity through the utilization of human capital. This study examines the effect of aging on productivity using the panel data of the business, and examines the effect of aging on labor productivity through mediation of labor cost and turnover rate. In this study, we analyzed the causes and problems of productivity deterioration by analyzing the path model using these mediators and analyzed the situations each of them has been confronting through the comparison of public and private institutions, of which the significance of this study can be found.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜์™€ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  5 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋…ผ์˜ 5 1. ์ธ๊ตฌ ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” 5 2. ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 16 3. ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™”์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฑด๋น„์™€์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 17 4. ์ด์ง๊ณผ ์กฐ์ง์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„ 19 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒ€ํ†  22 1. ์ธ๋ ฅ๊ณ ๋ นํ™” ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 22 2. ์ด์ง ๊ด€๋ จ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ 26 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฌธ์ œ ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 30 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Œ€์ƒ ๋ฐ ์ž๋ฃŒ์ˆ˜์ง‘ 30 1. ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ 31 2. ๊ณต๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ด€ 32 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค ๋ฐ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 34 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€์„ค 34 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ชจํ˜• 34 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์กฐ์ž‘์  ์ •์˜ 35 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 35 2. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 35 3. ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 35 4. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 36 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์„ค๊ณ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก  38 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์‹ค์ฆ๋ถ„์„ 39 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 39 1. ๋…๋ฆฝ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 39 2. ๋งค๊ฐœ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 42 3. ์ข…์†๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 42 4. ํ†ต์ œ๋ณ€์ˆ˜ 43 5. ์ƒ๊ด€๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 46 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๊ฐ„ ์ธ๊ณผ๊ด€๊ณ„ ๋ถ„์„ 48 1. CALIS ํ”„๋กœ์‹œ์ €๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•œ ๋งค๊ฐœํšจ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ • 48 2. ํšŒ๊ท€๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 63 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ๊ฐ€์„ค๊ฒ€์ฆ ์ข…ํ•ฉ 72 ์ œ 4 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 73 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์  76 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์š”์•ฝ 76 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ์‹œ์‚ฌ์ ๊ณผ ์ •์ฑ…์  ํ•จ์˜ 80 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„ ๋ฐ ํ–ฅํ›„ ๊ณผ์ œ 82 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 84Maste

    ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ธ๋ฌธ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์„œ์–‘๊ณ ์ „ํ•™์ „๊ณต,2020. 2. ๊ฐ•์ƒ์ง„.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ์š”์•ฝใ€์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์‹œ๊ธฐ์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์ธ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ•ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆœ๊ต์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐํžˆ๊ณ  ์ˆœ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์ €์ˆ ๋˜์—ˆ์Œ์„ ๋ฐํžŒ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ์š”์•ฝใ€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ดํ•€๋‹ค. ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋„ค์•„๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ์ •์˜ ๋…ผ๋ณ€์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์—ฌ์„œ ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์ด ์ •์˜๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์Œ์„ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•˜๊ณ , ๋‹ค์‹œ ์นด๋ฅด๋„ค์•„๋ฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์ธ๋“ค์€ ์ •์˜๋กœ์šฐ๋ฉฐ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กœ์›€์„ ๋…ผ์ฆํ•œ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ์š”์•ฝใ€์—๋Š” ์นด๋ฅด๋„ค์•„๋ฐ์Šค์˜ ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜(์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ์ •์˜์™€ ์ž์—ฐ์  ์ •์˜)์™€ ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ์ด ๋ช…์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจใ€ ์›๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋…ผ์ฆ์„ ๊ณ ์ฐฐํ•œ๋‹ค. ์„ธ์†์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ ์ •์˜๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ •์˜๋กญ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กญ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์–ด๋Š ํ•œ ์ชฝ์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ๋“ค์—ฌ์˜ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ •์˜์™€ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์  ์ •์˜๊ด€์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ด ๋…ผ์˜์— ๋ง๋ถ™์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์—์„œ ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์ธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฒช๋Š” ๊ณ ๋‚œ๊ณผ ์ˆœ๊ต๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ™”ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋„๋ก ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์ธ๋“ค์„ ๋…๋ คํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Œ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ์š”์•ฝใ€์— ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต ๋•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์‹  ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๋ฐ”์ณ๋“œ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•  ์ฐธ๋œ ์ œ๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋•์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ๋•์ด๋ฉฐ, ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ณ ๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒฌ๋””๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฉธ(immortalitas)์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณด์ƒ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด ๋˜๋Š” ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜๋ฌด๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ(religio)์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘(caritas)์ด๋‹ค. ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์ฃผ์ธ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ๋‘๋ ค์›Œํ•˜๊ณ , ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์„ ํ˜•์ œ๋กœ์„œ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ณ , ์•„๋ผ๊ณ  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ์ฒซ ๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ผ์น˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•จ(innocentia)์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์™„์„ฑํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ์• ๊ธ(misericordia)์ด๋‹ค. ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจใ€ ์›๋ฌธ์„ ์ฐธ๊ณ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด, ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ๊ทธ ์ค‘์—์„œ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•จ๊ณผ ์• ๊ธ์˜ ๋•์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋จผ์ € ์•…๋•์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์•…๋•์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ฃผ์š”ํ•œ ๊ฐ์ •์ธ ๋ถ„๋…ธ(ira), ๋ฌผ์š•(avaritia, cupiditas), ์พŒ๋ฝ์š•(libido)์„ ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์•…๋•์„ ์ œ๊ฑฐํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์„ธ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ๋ณธ๋ž˜์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์˜ค์šฉํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•จ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ์„œ ์ œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ๋•๋ชฉ์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๋ฉด ๋ฝํƒ„ํ‹ฐ์šฐ์Šค๋Š” ์‹ญ๊ณ„๋ช…์„ ํญ๋„“๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์• ๊ธ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ก€๋กœ๋Š” ์ดํ›„์— ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต์˜ ์ž์„  ํ–‰์œ„(์ผ๊ณฑ ๊ฐ€์ง€)๋กœ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ๋‚ด์šฉ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฏฟ์Œ(fides)์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ, ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ์„ ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฏฟ์Œ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋˜์–ด ์ •๊ฒฐ(castitas)์˜ ๋•์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์™„์ „ํ•œ ์ •์˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํšŒ๊ฐœ(paenitentia)์™€ ๊ฒธ์†(humilitas)์˜ ๋•์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.This paper argues that Lactantius Epitome Divinarum Institutionum(Epitome) was written during the persecution of Christians in the early years of Christianity to clearly the meaning of their martyrdom and justify martyrdom. To demonstrate this, we concentrate on the concept of Iustitia(justice) in Epitome. Lactantius draws Carneades' argument for justice to argue that persecutors are not just, and by refuting Carneades again, he argues that the Christians are just and wise at the same time. Since Lactantius interpretation on Carneades concept of justice(civil justice and natural justice) and his arguments are not explicitly revealed in Epitome, we discuss Lactantius argument by referring to the original text of Divinae Institutiones. From a secular point of view, one had to choose either civil justice that is wise but unjust or natural justice that is just but unwise. Lactantius incorporates justice and wisdom by bringing in Christian values. Here we can see a Christian justice being presented. The conclusion added to this discussion shows that the purpose of Lactantius was to encourage Christians to keep faith by justifying their suffering including martyrdom. The concept of Iustitia as Christian virtue shown in Epitome is as follows. Human justice is a true sacrifice to God who does not need material things. Justice is the best virtue covering all virtues, and those who pursue justice and endure the hardships of life are rewarded with immortality. The two main duties at the heart of justice are reverence for God(religio) and love for man(caritas). The reverence for God is to recognize God, to fear as master, and to love as father. Love is recognizing, caring and loving human beings as brothers and sisters. The first stage of love for human beings is not to harm others(innocentia), and the stage of completing it is to help others(misericordia). Referring to the text of Divinae Institutiones, we find that the reverence for God is more important, and among other things it is most important to recognize God. Before practicing the virtues of innocentia and misericordia, you must first remove the vice. Vice is the tendency to use three main human emotions, anger(ira), lust(avaritia, cupiditas) and pleasure(libido) in the wrong direction, and to eliminate vice, three emotions must be used for their original purpose, not abused. If we look at the virtues presented as examples of innocentia, Lactantius has a broad interpretation of the Ten Commandments. Examples of the misericordia are presented similar to what become later Christian acts of charity. Another virtue included in justice is faith(fides), which comes first when it comes to keeping faith in God, and the virtue of chastity(castitas) is important in relation to keeping faith especially in marriage. Finally, humans who cannot have complete justice need the virtue of penitence(paenitentia) and humility(humilitas).โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 โ…ก. ๋ณธ๋ก  8 1. ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์ €์„œ, ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ์š”์•ฝใ€ 8 ๊ฐ€. ์ƒ์• ์™€ ์ €์„œ 8 ๋‚˜. ใ€Ž๊ฑฐ๋ฃฉํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์นจ ์š”์•ฝใ€์˜ ํ•„์‚ฌ๋ณธ, ๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ๋‚ด์šฉ 11 2. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต ์ •์˜๊ด€์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ณ€ ๊ตฌ์กฐ 24 ๊ฐ€. ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ •๋‹นํ™” ๋…ผ๋ณ€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• 25 ๋‚˜. ๋ฐ•ํ•ด์ž๋“ค์˜ ์ •์˜๊ด€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• : ์นด๋ฅด๋„ค์•„๋ฐ์Šค์  ๋…ผ๋ณ€ 29 ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์™€ ์ง€ํ˜œ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ : ์นด๋ฅด๋„ค์•„๋ฐ์Šค ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ• 36 3. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ์Šค๋„๊ต ๋•์œผ๋กœ์„œ์˜ ์ •์˜ ๊ฐœ๋… 43 ๊ฐ€. ์ •์˜์˜ ์ •์˜(ๅฎš็พฉ), ์ •์˜์˜ ๋ณด์ƒ 43 ๋‚˜. ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ •์˜ : ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์น˜๋Š” ์ฐธ๋œ ์ œ๋ฌผ 46 ๋‹ค. ์ •์˜์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ : ํ•˜๋Š๋‹˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์™ธ์™€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ 47 ๋ผ. ๋•์„ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ 52 ๋งˆ. ์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ : ๋ฌดํ•ดํ•จ๊ณผ ์• ๊ธ 55 ๋ฐ”. ์ •์˜์— ํฌํ•จ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋• : ๋ฏฟ์Œ๊ณผ ์ •๊ฒฐ 58 ์‚ฌ. ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ •์˜๋กœ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋• : ํšŒ๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ฒธ์† 59 โ…ข. ๊ฒฐ๋ก  61 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 64 Abstract 67Maste

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™๊ณผ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ „๊ณต,2002.Maste

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    Performance of Filtration Efficiency, Pressure Drop and Total Inward Leakage in Anti-yellow Sand Masks, Quarantine Masks, Medical Masks, General Masks and Handkerchiefs

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (์„์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋ณด๊ฑด๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋ณด๊ฑดํ•™๊ณผ(์‚ฐ์—…๋ณด๊ฑด์ „๊ณต), 2014. 2. ์œค์ถฉ์‹.Objective In these days, anti-yellow sand mask, quarantine mask, medical mask during foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks and even handkerchief are used with a belief that it can protect wearer, vary widely in style, and can be found in a broad range of markets, hospital and health care settings. Still little data has been published about the effectiveness of these masks while wearer is rapidly increasing in hospitals year around or during an episodic period for general citizens. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the filtration efficiency and pressure drop of various types of masks mentioned above and to compare the test results using MFDS protocol and NIOSH protocol. In this study, we also evaluate the facial fit test of anti-yellow sand masks and quarantine masks using MFDS protocol. Methods For filtration efficiency and pressure drop test, after consultation with several health care workers, we selected a total of fortyfour different models approved by the MFDS along with non-approved commercially available anti-yellow sand mask, quarantine mask, medical mask, general mask, and handkerchief. The two TSI 8130 Automatic Filter Testers, which were designed in compliance with MFDS protocol and NIOSH protocol, were used for NaCl Initial and loading tests. 6 samples of each model, 3 for MFDS protocol and 3 for NIOSH protocol, were tested. For TIL test, we selected a total of five masksthree anti-yellow sand mask and two quarantine mask. Tested masks were shown greatest filtration ability at filtration efficiency and pressure drop test. TIL test had been established in compliance with the MFDS regulations and guidelines for anti-yellow sand mask and quarantine mask criteria. Results Wide variation of filtration efficiency and pressure drop values were observed by mask types. The lowest average filtration efficiency was measured in the quarantine mask. This was followed in order by the anti-yellow sand mask, the medical mask, the general mask, and the handkerchief. No significant difference in filtration efficiency was noted between the MFDS protocol and the NIOSH protocol. However, the pressure drop values was significantly different between mask types in both the MFDS protocol and NIOSH protocols. In case of TIL test, TIL values of anti-yellow sand mask and quarantine mask were significantly higher than filtration efficiency values. All anti-yellow sand mask and one of the quarantine mask shown low TIL values than MFDS criterion. But the other quarantine mask exceeded MFDS criterion. Conclusion Quarantine mask shown the greatest itself filtration efficiency than other masks. However, when the test panel wear the masks to validate TIL values, because of one of the quarantine mask is not well fitted to facial skin and masks, anti-yellow sand masks shown the lowest TIL values than other masks. To reduce the risk for general citizens, MFDS need to do quality control system and need to reexamine the test protocol for anti-yellow sand masks, quarantine masks and other masks which is can used by general citizens in Korea.Abstract ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ฐ Contents ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ณ List of Tables ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ต List of Figures ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท โ…ถ โ… . Introductionยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 1 โ…ก. Material and Methods ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 8 1. Study design ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 8 2. NaCl and Paraffin oil tests ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 12 3. Total inward leakage test ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 15 4. Statistical analysisยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 17 โ…ข. Results ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 18 1. Particle size distribution of NaCl and Paraffin oil aerosol ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 18 2. Filtration efficiency ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 20 3. Pressure drop ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 29 4. Total inward leakage ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 36 โ…ฃ. Discussion ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 44 โ…ค. Conclusion ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 54 Reference ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 56 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก ยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยทยท 65Maste

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    Development of information security management framework for personal health record service

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    ์ƒ์ฒด๊ณตํ•™ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ์ • ์˜๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด์ „๊ณต/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก(์ดํ•˜ PHR) ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ž€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์ด ์›น ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ๋˜๋Š” ์–ดํ”Œ๋ฆฌ์ผ€์ด์…˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ, ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ‰์ƒ ๋™์•ˆ ๋‚ด์›ํ•œ ๋ณด๊ฑด์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€์˜ ์ง„๋ฃŒ์ •๋ณด์™€ ๊ฐ€์ •์ด๋‚˜ ํ—ฌ์Šคํด๋Ÿฝ, ๋˜๋Š” ์ด๋™ ์ค‘์— ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ง์ ‘ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ธก์ •๋œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ •๋ณด๊ฐ€ ์ถ•์ ๋œ ๊ฐœ์ธ๊ฑด๊ฐ•๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์ค€์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์— ์–ธ์ œ ์–ด๋””์„œ๋‚˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ํ•˜์— ์ด๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜๋ฃŒ๊ธฐ๊ด€๊ณผ ์Œ๋ฐฉํ–ฅ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐœ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์ฆ์ง„์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋Š” ์„œ๋น„์Šค์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” PHR ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…ยทํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ „์ œ์กฐ๊ฑด์ธ PHR ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋ธ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ์‚ฌํ•ญ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ PHR ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ •์˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ง€ํ‘œ์™€ ๋ณ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ณ„์ธต๋ถ„์„์  ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ์˜ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ์ธก์ • ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PHR ์„œ๋น„์Šค์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๋Š” ์ด 3๊ฐœ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜์—ญ๊ณผ ์ด 17๊ฐœ์˜ ์ง€ํ‘œ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด 70๊ฐœ์˜ ํ†ต์ œ ์˜์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ง€ํ‘œ์˜ ๊ฐ€์ค‘์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋Š” ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณด์•ˆ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์  ๋ณด์•ˆ, ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ˆœ์ด์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ ‘๊ทผ ํ†ต์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋“  ํ†ต์ œ ํ•ญ๋ชฉ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๊ณ , ํ”„๋ผ์ด๋ฒ„์‹œ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜์‹ ๊ฐ•ํ™” ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ ๋ณด์•ˆ์˜ ์ค‘์š”๋„๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ ํŠนํžˆ ๋ฌธ์„œ์˜ ๋ฌด๊ฒฐ์„ฑ ๋ณด์žฅ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์„œ ์ฆ๋ช…์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์ง€ํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋†’์€ ์ค‘์š”๋„๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. PHR์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ƒํ™œ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ๋ฏผ๊ฐํ•œ ์ •๋ณด์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ์ œ๊ณต ์‹œ PHR์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ œ๋„์ , ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ , ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์  ์žฅ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค. PHR์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ณด ์ž๊ธฐํ†ต์ œ๊ถŒ์„ ๋ณด์žฅํ•จ๊ณผ ๋™์‹œ์— PHR ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ์ˆ˜๋ฐ˜๋˜๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„๊ณผ ์˜๋ฌด ๋˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๊ณผํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋„๋ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” PHR ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์ œ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” PHR์˜ ์ •๋ณด๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ ํ”„๋ ˆ์ž„์›Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๋ จ ์„œ๋น„์Šค ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ ๋ฐ ์ •์ฑ… ์ˆ˜๋ฆฝ์— ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์„ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ]This study was done with the goal of developing a PHR service information protection model which is a precondition for the introduction and expansion of PHR service. To this end, the function of PHR service was defined based on the demand items of users, and an information security management model were developed. The PHR service information security management index proposed by this study is composed of three broad security areas and 17 control areas which are subdivided into 70 detailed control items. The degree of importance in the weight of the index was in the order of managerial security, technical security, and physical security. Among all control items, accessibility control was found to have the highest importance and the importance of privacy policy, training program and data security was also high, with the control of document authentication to guarantee document integrity particularly showing high importance. Since PHR is very sensitive information that greatly impacts an individualโ€™s social life, when this service is offered, a systematic, technical, and managerial apparatus to protect PHR needs to be put in place, and different levels of information protection should be assigned depending on the sensitivity of the information. This means that the blood sugar and blood pressure data measured by the individual should not be protected at the same level as psychiatry, contagious disease, or obstetrics and gynecology related medical records; and the key to the success of the service lies in the planning and developing a service model that enables the individual to control the accessibility level, such as making it accessible only to the physician in charge or only to consulting physicians. This is an outcome that confirms the importance of the most notable haracteristic of the PHR service, the individualโ€™s control over oneโ€™s own personal information. The PHR information protection management framework proposed in this study is forecasted to become a guide for PHR service development and related policy formulation.prohibitio

    LiCoO2 ์ „๊ทน ํ‘œ๋ฉดํ•„๋ฆ„์˜ ๊ณ ์˜จ ํ‡ดํ™”์™€ ์ด์˜ ์ „์ง€ํŠน์„ฑ ์˜ํ–ฅ ๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์™„ํ™”๋ฐฉ์•ˆ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)-- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ํ™”ํ•™์ƒ๋ฌผ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€(์—๋„ˆ์ง€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ํ™”ํ•™์œตํ•ฉ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ „๊ณต), 2018. 8. ์˜ค์Šน๋ชจ.Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are one of the most popular energy conversion and storage devices, currently, used in electronic devices and electric vehicles. Because they can be heavy-duty used or abused, LIBs are frequently exposed to moderately elevated temperature (ca. 60โ€“100 ยฐC). LIBs are often degraded at the temperature. The cells life is shortened or safety problems are caused. Therefore, to unravel the failure mechanisms of LIBs at moderately elevated temperature, and to find the appropriate countermeasures are very important. Surface films on electrodes generated by reduction/oxidation of electrolytes are electrically insulating, so further electrochemical decompositions of electrolyte are prevented. It is the passivating role of the surface films. It is known that surface films on the negative electrode are damaged, and lose its passivation ability. Electrolyte is electrochemically decomposed on the damaged and naked electrode surface, leaving new films on the electrode. This process leads to capacity fading and shortened cell life. Compared to surface films of negative electrodes, these studies are insufficient for surface films of positive electrodes. Based on the discussion above, the objectives of this study are to reveal the degradation of surface film on LiCoO2 electrode at moderately elevated temperature and its effect on cell properties, as one of the failure mechanism of LiCoO2 electrode, and to suggest an appropriate countermeasure. (1) In the first part, it is attempted to reveal whether the surface film on the LiCoO2 positive electrode is degraded upon exposure to moderately elevated temperature, if yes, what is the cause, and how the film degradation affects the cell performances. (2) In the second part, when the cell is exposed to elevated temperature at higher State-Of-Charge (SOC), how surface films behave, and how it affects cell performances are studied. (3) Finally, it is tried to suppress degradation of surface film at moderately elevated temperature to mitigate degradation of the cell. To reduce HF in the cell, which is the cause of surface film degradation at the temperature, CuO is added into LiCoO2 electrode as a HF scavenger. To simulate the high-temperature exposure, Li/LiCoO2 cells were fabricated and cycled to deposit surface films on the LiCoO2 surface, and then stored at moderately elevated temperatures (60 or 70 ยฐC). To investigate surface film degradation, the cells were stored at fully discharged state. To investigate the effect of SOC of the cell, they were stored at somewhat charged state. After the storage, the cells were cycled again at 25 ยฐC to check for signs of cell degradation. CuO-added LiCoO2 electrode and Li/LiCoO2 (CuO-added) cells were fabricated and stored at same conditions with above. Postmortem analyses were performed on the damaged LiCoO2 electrodes. As a result, (1) in the first part, it was revealed that the surface films on the LiCoO2 positive electrode is degraded at 70 oC, and it is caused by HF attack from LiPF6 salt. After storage, electrolyte oxidation occurs on damaged LiCoO2 surface and charge capacity of Li/LiCoO2 cell increases and Coulombic efficiency decreases. (2) In the second part, it was revealed that when the cell is exposed to elevated temperature at higher SOC, surface films are repaired due to electrolyte oxidation on the degraded LiCoO2 surface. After storage, electrolyte oxidation is suppressed on the repaired surface films due to its passivating ability, while it suffers from self-discharged capacity during high temperature exposure, due to surface film repairing. Repaired surface films are similar to that of before storage. (3) Finally, CuO, a HF scavenger, suppresses degradation of surface films of LCO electrode. Charge capacity after storage, and capacity loss during storage are mitigated. Abstract i Contents v List of figures viii List of tables xiii 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 6 2.1 Electrochemical cells 6 2.2 Lithium-ion batteries 7 2.2.1 Definition and properties 7 2.2.2 Positive electrode 8 2.2.3 Negative electrode 10 2.2.4 Electrolyte 11 2.2.5 Surface film (electrode-electrolyte interface) 13 3 Experimental 15 3.1 Electrode and cell preparation 15 3.2 Electrochemical experiments 15 3.3 Reactive species (HF and PF5) contact experiment 19 3.4 Measurement of dissolved materials in electrolyte 19 3.5 Spectroscopic investigations of surface film on the electrode 20 4 Results and discussion 23 4.1 Degradation of surface film on LiCoO2 electrode by hydrogen fluoride attack at moderately elevated temperature 23 4.1.1 Formation of surface films on LCO electrode through pre-cycling 23 4.1.2 Degradation of surface films on LCO electrode during storage at moderately elevated temperature 28 4.1.3 Unraveling the degradation mechanism of surface films 37 4.2 Behavior of surface film at higher State-Of-Charge (SOC) at moderately elevated temperature and its effect on cell performance 46 4.2.1 Degradation and repairing of surface films at moderately elevated temperature at its effect on cell performance 46 4.2.2 Identification of repaired surface films using spectroscopic experiments 56 4.2.3 Effect on the degradation of the full-cell 62 4.3 A countermeasure to mitigate cell degradation at moderately elevated temperature: HF scavenger (cupper(II) oxide, CuO) addition into LCO electrode to suppress surface film degradation 65 4.3.1 Effect of CuO on surface film degradation and cell performance degradation 65 4.3.2 Spectroscopic analysis of surface films on CuO-added LCO electrode 71 5 Conclusion 74 References 76 ๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก 89Docto

    Streptomyces coelicolor์—์„œ superoxide dismutase ์œ ์ „์ž๋“ค์˜ ์กฐ์ ˆ๊ณผ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ

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    Thesis (doctoral)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :๋ฏธ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™๊ณผ,1998.Docto

    A study on the Expression of Reality through the Meta-painting

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    This study describes the methodology of Jeong Zik Seong, which has continued to work for 21 years on recognizing modern society as a society dominated by capitalist production and a society where markets and products are fully developed, and how abstract forms can be reinterpreted and converted from a feminist perspective. I believe that the specificity of artists in modern society stems from a special economic structure position that the means of production is themselves, so they are both capitalists and workers who have to sell their works as goods. The artist believes that he should understand the characteristics of these human conditions in which he is located. On the other hand, he has been working under the awareness that he should produce works valuable to society on the premise of his special condition of being In this study, I first examine the basis of capitalist social structure analysis based on Karl Marx's capitalism theory to understand the artist's special economic structure position. And look into the details of life how human conditions are formed differently depending on social position and bring about different life experiences. Next, when implementing the themes of work set from a realist perspective based on the specific experiences of life in the form of paintings, we examine what kind of art historical context and topographic maps of the art world bring and appropriate forms to the work. Finally, in earnest, the works developed by classifying them by format and examine them in detail. It examines the logical development of modernism in modern painting represented by Clement Greenberg and its limitations influenced the Cold War period, resulting in a confrontation between Formalism and Minjung-Misul in the Korean art world, and describes how the relationship between paintings and abstracts is understood and judged. To me, painting seeks to find an appropriate expression method of painting under the premise of painting history that can express it flexibly and compressedly without missing the sense of personal identity formed by the social situations and conditions here. Who the artist himself defines himself is the most natural and inevitable process in the process of working, but above all, it is the point of absolute coordinate setting that defines the nature of the work. Under the limited premise of the artist's own condition of life, the part of who the artist himself wants to be is a part that cannot be separated from the nature of the work. I think each life should be able to be talked in an appropriate form independently. I live under the condition that I am a non-regular Korean woman and a mother of three children. Dedicating the precedents of art history in one's work is also a question of how one can rewrite art history, but at the same time, it is the most important point that there are always overlapping parts that reproduce and express what one has experienced in life. In other words, I would like to go beyond the dichotomy between representation and abstraction of life experienced under my own limited conditions and make it visible by referring to the forms and methodologies of various art history. This presupposes that the attitude of reality perception is taken in a way that the foundation expresses the upper structure beyond the general structure of reproducing the foundation. In formative speech, the role of conception and representation can specifically direct a specific object, and the role of abstraction can compress and reveal individual thoughts, ideologies, or feelings. Therefore, I think that in conducting the painting work, the two grammar methods can be included in a series of movements of concrete and ideological, foundation and superstructure, ideas and abstracts, representation and abstracts, and those commonly considered confrontational things. Through my own series of paintings, I would like to express that life is very intermediate, and that individual life is very private, but very political and universal. In general, people have a desire to think separately of private, political, universal, and ideological things, and to set up a hierarchy and recognize them under the name of rationality, but I want to express in the form of allegorical meta-painting that the separated things actually stick together and work dynamically.๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž ์ •์ง์„ฑ(ๆญฃ็›ดๆ€ง Jeong Zik Seong, ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋ช…)์˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์— ๊ด€ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•œ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ, ์‹œ์žฅ๊ณผ ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด ์ „๋ฉดํ™”๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ๋กœ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด์ž ์„ธ ์•„์ด์˜ ์—„๋งˆ๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ํšŒํ™” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘ํ’ˆํ™œ๋™์„ ์ง€์†ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์„œ๊ตฌ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํšŒํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ฐœ ์ดํ›„, ์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ํ˜„์‹ค ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํšŒํ™”์‚ฌ์˜ ๋งฅ๋ฝ์„ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ „์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ฃผ๋œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ์ด๋ž€, ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์ด ์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ์ด๋ฏ€๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ˆ˜๋‹จ์„ ์†Œ์œ ํ•œ ์ž๋ณธ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋™์‹œ์— ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋…ธ๋™์„ ์ƒํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ”์•„์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋…ธ๋™์ž ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ธํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์ธ๊ฐ„ ์กฐ๊ฑด์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋น„์ •๊ทœ์ง ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ ์กฐ๊ฑด์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ์‚ฌํšŒ์— ๊ฐ€์น˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž๊ฐ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ๋ฐœ ๋”›๊ณ  ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ, ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฑด๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์  ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ๋†“์น˜์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒํ™” ํ˜•์‹์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ์žฌํ˜„์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•œ์ • ์ง“์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์••์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ‘œํ˜„ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ ๋น„๋กฏํ•œ ํšŒํ™”์‚ฌ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ํ˜•์‹๋“ค์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•ด ์ฐพ๊ณ ์ž ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋กœ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ณ ๋„ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๊ทœ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ขŒํ‘œ ์„ค์ •์˜ ์ง€์ ์ด๋‹ค. ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์•„๋ž˜ ์ž‘๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ๊ณผ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜์—ฌ ๋–ผ์–ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ํ˜•์‹์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ์ž‘์—…์—์„œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ ์„ ๋ก€๋“ค์„ ์ „์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ๋™์‹œ์— ์–ธ์ œ๋‚˜ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์‚ถ์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ด๋ ค๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์ค‘์ฒฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ง€์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํ•œ์ •๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑด ์†์—์„œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ถ์„ ์žฌํ˜„๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ์ด๋ถ„๋ฒ•์„ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์–ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์˜ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋ก ์„ ์ฐธ์กฐํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ๋งฅ๋ฝ ์•„๋ž˜ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด๋Š” ์ƒ๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ† ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ๊ตฌ๋„๋ฅผ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋„˜์–ด ์ƒ๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค ์ธ์‹์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ์ „ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ตฌ์กฐ์  ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์œ„์น˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นด๋ฅผ ๋งˆ๋ฅดํฌ์Šค(Karl Marx)์˜ ์ž๋ณธ๋ก ์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ตฌ์กฐ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ์œ„์น˜์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜•์„ฑ๋˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ์  ๋”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ „์ œ๋กœ ๋“ค์—ฌ๋‹ค๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋‹ค์Œ์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ์ธ์ด ์‚ถ์˜ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์„ค์ •ํ•œ ์ž‘์—…์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋“ค์„ ํšŒํ™” ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„ํ•  ๋•Œ, ์–ด๋–ค ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์‚ฌ์  ๋งฅ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์˜ ์ง€ํ˜•๋„ ์†์—์„œ ํ˜•์‹๋“ค์„ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ์–ด์˜ค๊ณ  ์ „์šฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ, ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํšŒํ™” ์—ฐ์ž‘๋“ค์„ ๋ถ„์„์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋†“๊ณ  ์ „๊ฐœ๋œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์„ ํ˜•์‹๋ณ„๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ํด๋ ˆ๋ฉ˜ํŠธ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ„๊ทธ(Clement Greenberg)๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋˜๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€ ํšŒํ™”์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜์˜ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ ์ „๊ฐœ์™€ ๊ทธ ํ•œ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋ƒ‰์ „ ์‹œ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์ณ ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์— ํ˜•์‹์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๋ฏผ์ค‘ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•œ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ณ , ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์„ธ๋Œ€์˜ ํšŒํ™” ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋กœ์„œ ํšŒํ™”์˜ ์žฌํ˜„๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ดํ•ด, ํŒ๋‹จํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์กฐํ˜• ์–ด๋ฒ•์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ตฌ์ƒ, ์žฌํ˜„์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ๊ตฌ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํŠน์„ฑ, ์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์€ ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ๊ณผ ์ด๋… ํ˜น์€ ๋Š๋‚Œ์„ ์••์ถ•ํ•ด ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ํšŒํ™” ์ž‘์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•จ์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๊ทธ ๋‘ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–ด๋ฒ•์„ ํฌ๊ด„ํ•ด ๊ตฌ์ฒด์„ฑ๊ณผ ๊ด€๋…์„ฑ, ํ† ๋Œ€์™€ ์ƒ๋ถ€๊ตฌ์กฐ, ๊ตฌ์ƒ๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ, ์žฌํ˜„๊ณผ ์ถ”์ƒ, ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ”ํžˆ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์˜ ์šด๋™ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ์—ฐ์ž‘๋“ค๋กœ ์—ฎ์–ด ์ œ์‹œํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์˜€๊ณ , ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํšŒํ™”(Meta-painting)์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๋ณธ์ธ์˜ ํšŒํ™” ์—ฐ์ž‘๋“ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์‚ถ์€ ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์ค‘์ธต์ ์ด๋ฉฐ, ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์‚ถ์ด๋ž€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋™์‹œ์— ๋งค์šฐ ์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž„์„ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์ ์ด๊ณ  ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ, ๊ด€๋…์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ , ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๋ถ™์—ฌ ์œ„๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ •ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ์š•๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋ณธ์ธ์€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌ๋œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ถ™์–ด์„œ ์„œ๋กœ ์—ญ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€์ฆ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ํšŒํ™”์˜ ํ˜•์‹์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์‹œํ™”ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.๊ตญ๋ฌธ์ดˆ๋ก โ… . ์„œ๋ก  1 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋™๊ธฐ 1 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ชฉ์ ๊ณผ ์˜์˜ 5 3. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์œ„์™€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 7 โ…ก. ํ˜„์‹ค์ธ์‹ 9 1. ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ 10 (1) ์ž๋ณธ์ฃผ์˜์™€ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰ 10 (2) ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€์˜ ๊ณ„๊ธ‰์  ํŠน์ˆ˜์„ฑ 15 2. ํ˜„์‹ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜์˜: ๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ณผ ์žฅ์†Œ, ์  ๋” 19 (1) ๊ณต๊ฐ„ ์ด๋ก ์˜ ์ „๊ฐœ 19 (2) ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ํ˜„์‹ค: ์žฅ์†ŒํŠน์ •์„ฑ๊ณผ ์  ๋” 26 โ…ข. ํšŒํ™”ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ๋งฅ๋ฝ 39 1. ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ํšŒํ™”ํ˜•์‹ 39 (1) ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ๋ฒ„๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜๋ก  40 (2) ์ถ”์ƒ์˜ ํ˜•์‹๊ณผ ์ •์น˜์„ฑ 50 (3) ํ•œ๊ตญ ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ 75 2. ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํšŒํ™”: ํฌ์ŠคํŠธ๋ชจ๋”๋‹ˆ์ฆ˜ ํšŒํ™”์˜ ์ „๋žต 84 (1) ํ˜„๋Œ€๋ฏธ์ˆ ์˜ ์ „์šฉ๊ณผ ์•Œ๋ ˆ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ 87 (2) ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํšŒํ™”์˜ ์„ ๋ก€๋“ค 97 โ…ฃ. ํ˜„์‹ค์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฉ”ํƒ€ํšŒํ™” 108 1. ์ž‘ํ’ˆ ๋ถ„์„ 112 (1) ์—ฐ์ž‘ 115 (2) ์—ฐ์ž‘ 124 (3) ์—ฐ์ž‘ 134 (4) ์—ฐ์ž‘ 141 (5) , ์—ฐ์ž‘ 147 (6) ์—ฐ์ž‘ 155 โ…ค. ๊ฒฐ ๋ก  165 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 168 Abstract 177๋ฐ•
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