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    (반)μ§€ν•˜, κ³ μ‹œμ›, μͺ½λ°©μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) -- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ‚¬νšŒκ³Όν•™λŒ€ν•™ 지리학과, 2021.8. κΉ€μš©μ°½.This study examines the mechanism by which inadequate housing is produced as a rental commodity. With inadequate housing considered the product of poverty, previous studies on this subject primarily illuminated the residents’ poverty levels and their poor living conditions. However, under capitalism, inadequate housing is being produced and consumed as a rental commodity. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze inadequate housing as a commodity and explore the production mechanism behind it. The main discussions are listed in detail as follows. First, from the beginning, the semi-basement, Gosiwon, and Jjokbang were born as rental commodities. Traditional inadequate housing of the 1960s Seoul were constructed by the shantytown settlers themselves, taking the form of a plankhouse. In the process of urbanization, these plankhouses were commercialized as rental commodities and subsequently dismantled. The semi-basements, Gosiwons, and Jjokbangs appeared in the dismantling process, having emerged as rental commodities from the beginning. Whereas traditional inadequate housing materialized as a result of, and a coping response to primary exploitation, the new inadequate housing became the method of secondary exploitation - clearly dividing the ones who profit from the ones who are exploited by those who profit. In this process, government's policies, producers' profit maximization, and the poor condition of residents all play into the narrative. Second, the rent of inadequate housing varies depending on how each of them is produced. The rent determinant of the semi-basement is almost the same as general multiplex housing although the rent itself becomes significantly lower if the housing type is a semi-basement. In the case of Gosiwon, factors related to the securing of personal space and essential facilities of the house greatly affect rent prices. As for the rent of Jjokbang, it is arbitrarily raised by the owner whenever there is a chance. The inadequate conditions persist as a combined result of the vertical and horizontal expansion of semi-basements, Gosiwons and Jjokbangs that are neither regulated by policy nor the market. Thirdly, the dual nature of inadequate housing as rental products and assets, the diversity of landlords, and government policies all operate as a mechanism for these housing being reproduced for rental purposes. With time, inadequate housing has changed from rental commodities to assets with investment potential. In the early stages, rent was the main profit for the owner, but the value as a rental commodity gradually decreased. At the same time, its value as an asset continued to increase due to the possibility of reconstruction. This value as an asset is then, one of the key reasons for the reproduction of inadequate houses despite the increasing poor quality of the house. Concurrently, the diverse spectrum of the landlord rangin from the entrepreneurial landlord through to the subsistence landlord, are also involved in the production of inadequate houses. This implies that, not only the poverty of tenants but also the relative poverty of landlords, can be the driving force of re-production. Finally, government policy promotes the production of poor qualityhouses as housing benefits that help low income households to pay their rents, which usually ends up in the hands of the landlords. These findings suggest that inadequate housing as rental commodity is constantly reproduced and supported by various elements. Various elements may operate on their own, but eventually come together to work as many cogs in the whole machine to maintain the inadequate rental housing market. Even the poverty of landlords and inadequacy itself function as nut and bolt of the expropriation through housing. In conclusion, the reproduction of inadequate housing as rental commodity is a consequence of the wide-spread profiting through housing, as well as the result of poverty.이 μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 비적정 μ£Όκ±°κ°€ μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž¬μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ”κ°€λ₯Ό λ°νžŒλ‹€. κ·Έκ°„ 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λŠ” 빈곀의 결과둜 ν‘œμƒλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 비적정 μ£Όκ±° κ΄€λ ¨ λ…Όμ˜λŠ” κ±°μ£Όμžκ°€ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ λΉˆκ³€ν•œμ§€, μ£Όνƒμ˜ 물리적 ν™˜κ²½μ΄ μ–Όλ§ˆλ‚˜ μ—΄μ•…ν•œμ§€μ— μ΄ˆμ μ„ λ§žμΆ”μ–΄μ™”λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ‹œκ°μ— λ”ν•˜μ—¬, 자본주의 μ‚¬νšŒμ—μ„œ 비적정 μ£Όκ±°κ°€ μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μž¬μƒμ‚°λ¨μ„ μ£Όλͺ©ν•  ν•„μš”κ°€ μžˆλ‹€. 이에 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λ₯Ό μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μ‘°λͺ…ν•˜κ³  ν•΄λ‹Ή μƒν’ˆμ΄ μž¬μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ” 과정을 보고자 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ꡬ체적인 연ꡬ μ§ˆλ¬Έμ€ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 첫째, 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ˜€μœΌλ©° κ·Έ νŠΉμ„±μ€ 무엇인가? λ‘˜μ§Έ, 비적정 주거의 μž„λŒ€λ£ŒλŠ” μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ²°μ •λ˜λŠ”κ°€? μ…‹μ§Έ, μž„λŒ€μš© 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λŠ” λˆ„κ΅¬μ— μ˜ν•΄, μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ μž¬μƒμ‚°λ˜λŠ”κ°€? 연ꡬ결과λ₯Ό μš”μ•½ν•˜λ©΄ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό κ°™λ‹€. 첫째, (반)μ§€ν•˜, κ³ μ‹œμ›, μͺ½λ°©μ€ λ“±μž₯λΆ€ν„° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 1960λ…„λŒ€ μ„œμšΈμ˜ κΈ‰κ²©ν•œ 인ꡬ증가λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ λ§Œλ“€μ–΄μ§„ 전톡적 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λŠ” κ±°μ£Όμžλ“€μ΄ 직접 μ‘°μ„±ν•œ 판자촌의 ν˜•νƒœμ˜€λ‹€. 이후 판자촌 ν˜•νƒœμ˜ λ¬΄ν—ˆκ°€μ£Όνƒμ€ λ„μ‹œν™” 과정을 거치며 μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ μžλ¦¬ν•˜κ³  뒀이어 ν•΄μ²΄λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 판자촌의 해체 κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ (반)μ§€ν•˜, κ³ μ‹œμ›, μͺ½λ°©μ΄ λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λ§₯λ½μ—μ„œ λ“±μž₯ν•œ μ‹ (ζ–°) 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λŠ” μ²˜μŒλΆ€ν„° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. 일차적 착취의 결과이자 이에 λŒ€μ‘ν•˜λŠ” μˆ˜λ‹¨μœΌλ‘œ ν˜•μ„±λ˜μ—ˆλ˜ 전톡적 λ¬΄ν—ˆκ°€μ£Όνƒκ³ΌλŠ” 달리 (반)μ§€ν•˜, κ³ μ‹œμ›, μͺ½λ°©μ€ μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ λ“±μž₯ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. κ·Έ λ°°κ²½μ—λŠ” κ΅­κ°€ 및 λ„μ‹œ μ •λΆ€μ˜ 각쒅 μ •μ±…κ³Ό μ œλ„, 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μƒμ‚°μžμ˜ 이윀 좔ꡬ, κ±°μ£Όμžλ“€μ˜ 빈곀과 ν•„μš” 등이 총체적으둜 영ν–₯을 λ―Έμ³€λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€λ£ŒλŠ” 각 비적정 주거의 ν˜•μ„± 방식에 따라 달라진닀. (반)μ§€ν•˜μ˜ μž„λŒ€λ£Œ κ²°μ •μš”μΈμ€ 일반 μ—°λ¦½Β·λ‹€μ„ΈλŒ€μ™€ 거의 μœ μ‚¬ν•˜λ©° (반)μ§€ν•˜ μ—¬λΆ€ μžμ²΄κ°€ μž„λŒ€λ£Œλ₯Ό 크게 ν•˜λ½μ‹œν‚¨λ‹€. κ³ μ‹œμ›μ€ 개인적 κ³΅κ°„μ˜ 확보와 κ΄€λ ¨λœ λ³€μˆ˜λ“€μ΄ μž„λŒ€λ£Œ 결정에 크게 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€. μͺ½λ°©μ˜ 경우 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ μžˆμ„ λ•Œλ§ˆλ‹€ 건물주가 μž„μ˜λ‘œ μž„λŒ€λ£Œλ₯Ό μƒμŠΉμ‹œν‚€λŠ” 양상이 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚œλ‹€. 일반적 μ£Όνƒμ˜ 경우 λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ κ³ λ €μ‘°μ°¨ λ˜μ§€ μ•Šμ•˜μ„ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ΄ μž„λŒ€λ£Œμ— 크게 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 상황은 ν•΄λ‹Ή μ£Όνƒμ˜ 열악함을 보여쀀닀. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 열악함은 수직적 ν™•μž₯, μˆ˜ν‰μ  λΆ„ν• , μ œλ„μ™€ μ‹œμž₯ λ°–μ—μ„œμ˜ μž¬μƒμ‚°μ΄λΌλŠ” μ£Όνƒμ˜ λ…νŠΉν•œ 생산 방식에 따라 μ’Œμš°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ…‹μ§Έ, μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆκ³Ό μžμ‚°μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 이쀑적 성격, μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„±, μ •λΆ€μ •μ±… 및 μ œλ„λŠ” μž„λŒ€μš© 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λ₯Ό μž¬μƒμ‚°μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 기제둜 μž‘λ™ν•œλ‹€. μ‹œκ°„μ΄ 지남에 따라 비적정 μ£Όκ±°λŠ” μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ—μ„œ 재개발, μž¬κ±΄μΆ• 이읡을 κΈ°λŒ€ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μžμ‚°μœΌλ‘œ λ³€ν™”ν•˜λ©° μž„λŒ€μΈμ€ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이윀 창좜의 기회λ₯Ό νšλ“ν•œλ‹€. λ™μ‹œμ— μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ μƒλŒ€μ  λΉˆκ³€μ€ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž¬μƒμ‚°μ˜ 동λ ₯이 λœλ‹€. κΈ°μ—…ν˜• μž„λŒ€μΈλΆ€ν„° μˆ˜κΈ‰μžκΉŒμ§€ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ΄ 비적정 주거의 곡급에 κ΄€μ—¬ν•˜λ©°, μ΄λŠ” μž„μ°¨μΈμ˜ 빈곀뿐만 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ μƒλŒ€μ  λΉˆκ³€κΉŒμ§€λ„ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž¬μƒμ‚°μ˜ 기제둜 μž‘λ™ν•¨μ„ 보여쀀닀. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ μ •λΆ€μ •μ±… 및 μ œλ„λŠ” 비적정 주거의 μž¬μƒμ‚°μ„ λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•œλ‹€. κ³ μ‹œμ› κ΄€λ ¨ 각쒅 κ·œμ œλŠ” λ…Έν›„ κ³ μ‹œμ›μ— μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이윀 창좜의 기회λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜κ³ , μ£Όκ±°κΈ‰μ—¬λŠ” κ±°μ£Όμžλ“€μ„ μž μ‹œ 거쳐 건물주의 이윀으둜 κ·€μ†λœλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” 비적정 μ£Όκ±°κ°€ μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μž¬μƒμ‚°λ˜λ©°, μ΄λ•Œ λ‚˜λ¦„μ˜ ν–‰μœ„μ„±μ„ μ§€λ‹ˆλŠ” 각쒅 ν–‰μœ„μžμ™€ 물리적 μš”μ†Œ, μ œλ„ 등이 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μ‹œμž₯을 μœ μ§€ν•˜λŠ” ν†±λ‹ˆλ°”ν€΄λ‘œ μž‘λ™ν•¨μ„ 보여쀀닀. λ‹€μ‹œ 말해 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μš”μ†Œλ“€μ€ 각각의 μ˜λ„μ™€ λͺ©μ μ„ 가지고 μ›€μ§μ΄μ§€λ§Œ, μ˜λ„ν•˜λ“  μ˜λ„μΉ˜ μ•Šλ“  비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ„ λŠμž„μ—†μ΄ μž¬μƒμ‚°ν•˜λŠ” 기제둜 κΈ°λŠ₯ν•œλ‹€λŠ” 것이닀. 심지어 μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ 빈곀과 μ£Όνƒμ˜ 비적정성 κ·Έ μžμ²΄κΉŒμ§€λ„ 집을 ν†΅ν•œ μˆ˜νƒˆμ— 곡λͺ¨ν•˜κ²Œ λœλ‹€. 즉 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ˜ μž¬μƒμ‚°μ€ 빈곀의 산물인 λ™μ‹œμ—, 집을 ν†΅ν•œ 이윀 창좜이 λ³΄νŽΈν™” 되고 곡고해진 κ²°κ³Όλ‹€.제1μž₯ μ„œλ‘  1 1. 연ꡬ λ°°κ²½κ³Ό λͺ©μ  1 2. μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒκ³Ό 방법 4 1) 비적정 μ£Όκ±° 4 2) μ—°κ΅¬λŒ€μƒ 7 3) 연ꡬ 방법 9 3. 연ꡬꡬ성 12 제2μž₯ λ¬Έν—Œμ—°κ΅¬ 15 1. μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° 15 1) μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 주택과 κ·Έ νŠΉμ„± 15 2) 비적정 μ£Όκ±° κ΄€λ ¨ 선행연ꡬ 18 3) μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 비적정 주거에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜κΈ° 19 2. 비적정 주거의 μž„λŒ€λ£Œ 21 1) μƒν’ˆμ΄ μ§€λ‹Œ νŠΉμ„±μ— μ˜ν•œ μž„λŒ€λ£Œ κ²°μ •: 헀도닉 λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ ν†΅ν•œ μ ‘κ·Ό 21 2) μž„λŒ€λ£Œ 뒀에 μžˆλŠ” μ‚¬νšŒμ  관계에 μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜κΈ°: λ§‘μŠ€μ£Όμ˜μ  μ ‘κ·Ό 22 3. 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μ‹œμž₯의 ν–‰μœ„ 주체와 μ‹€μ²œ 26 1) 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μ‹œμž₯의 μž„λŒ€μ°¨ 관계 26 2) μ •λΆ€μ •μ±…κ³Ό 주거ꢌ μš΄λ™ 29 4. μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ 뢄석틀 33 제3μž₯ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ˜ λ“±μž₯κ³Ό κ·Έ νŠΉμ„± 36 1. 비적정 주거의 역사 36 1) 1980λ…„λŒ€ 이전 μ„œμšΈμ˜ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° 36 2) (반)μ§€ν•˜ μƒν’ˆμ˜ λ“±μž₯ 39 3) κ³ μ‹œμ› μƒν’ˆμ˜ λ“±μž₯ 43 4) μͺ½λ°© μƒν’ˆμ˜ λ“±μž₯ 45 2. 비적정 μ£Όκ±° κ±°μ£Όκ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 49 1) (반)μ§€ν•˜ κ±°μ£Όκ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 49 2) κ³ μ‹œμ› κ±°μ£Όκ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 51 3) μͺ½λ°© κ±°μ£Όκ³΅κ°„μ˜ νŠΉμ„± 52 3. 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ˜ 뢄포 55 1) (반)μ§€ν•˜, κ³ μ‹œμ›, μͺ½λ°© μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ˜ 뢄포 55 2) 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμ˜ 뢄포 νŠΉμ„± 60 4. μ†Œκ²° 62 제4μž₯ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€λ£Œμ˜ κ²°μ •μš”μΈ 64 1. 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€λ£Œ ν˜„ν™© 64 1) 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€λ£Œ κΈ°μ΄ˆν†΅κ³„λŸ‰ 64 2) (반)μ§€ν•˜, κ³ μ‹œμ› μž„λŒ€λ£Œ 뢄포와 곡간적 μžκΈ°μƒκ΄€ 68 2. 비적정 주거의 μž„λŒ€λ£Œ κ²°μ •μš”μΈ 73 1) 뢄석 방법 및 자료 κ°œκ΄„ 73 2) μˆ˜μ§μ μˆ˜ν‰μ  ν™•μž₯ μ‹œλ„μ™€ μž„λŒ€λ£Œ: (반)μ§€ν•˜μ™€ κ³ μ‹œμ› 77 3) 비곡식적 μ‹œμž₯의 μž„λŒ€λ£Œ: μͺ½λ°© 82 3. μ†Œκ²° 85 제5μž₯ 비적정 주거의 이해관계와 μž¬μƒμ‚° λ©”μ»€λ‹ˆμ¦˜ 88 1. μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆκ³Ό μžμ‚°μœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ 이쀑적 성격 88 1) μž„λŒ€μƒν’ˆμœΌλ‘œμ„œμ˜ κ°€μΉ˜ 상싀에 λ”°λ₯Έ μ†Œμœ κΆŒ λ³€λ™μ˜ 증가 89 2) μ‹œκ°„μ— λ”°λ₯Έ μž„λŒ€μΈκ³Ό 주택 μ‚¬μ΄μ˜ 거리 증가 95 2. 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 101 1) (반)μ§€ν•˜ μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 101 2) κ³ μ‹œμ›κ³Ό μͺ½λ°©μ˜ 운영 ꡬ쑰: μ†Œμœ μžμ™€ 운영자의 뢄리 103 3) κ³ μ‹œμ› 및 μͺ½λ°© μž„λŒ€μΈμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„± 106 3. μ •λΆ€μ •μ±… 및 μ œλ„λ₯Ό ν†΅ν•œ 비적정 μ£Όκ±° μž¬μƒμ‚° 113 1) μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ 이윀 창좜의 기회λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•œ κ³ μ‹œμ› κ΄€λ ¨ μ •μ±… 및 μ œλ„ 113 2) 볡지 μ •μ±…κ³Ό 비적정 주거의 μž¬μƒμ‚° 116 4. μ†Œκ²° 120 제6μž₯ κ²°λ‘  123 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 130 뢀둝 151석

    The Steroid-sparing Effect of an Emollient APDDR-0801 in Patients with Atopic Dermatitis

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    BACKGROUND: Defective skin barrier function is a well recognized feature in atopic dermatitis (AD) and causes symptoms such as xerosis, pruritus and erythematous lesions. Since moisturizers can strengthen a defective skin barrier and reduce the usage of corticosteroid cream, the choice of moisturizer is very significant for AD patients. OBJECTIVE: This study was done to compare the steroid-sparing effects of a ceramide-containing moisturizer, APDDR-0801, with a control moisturizer without ceramide, for relieving symptoms associated with AD. METHODS: A randomized, controlled, double-blinded 6-week study was conducted. Patients with mild to moderate AD topically applied APDDR-0801 or the control moisturizer on the whole body for 6 weeks. They also applied corticosteroid cream (Zemaderm(R)) on the lesion twice daily for 6 weeks. The amount of corticosteroid used was measured by weighing the tubes. Disease severity was evaluated by eczema severity, area index (EASI), and investigator global assessment (IGA). Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin capacitance were also measured. RESULTS: Of the 40 patients enrolled, 32 completed the protocol. The mean age was (12.95+/-1.92) and the average baseline EASI score was (10.45+/-1.17). EASI score, IGA, TEWL and skin capacitance improved in both groups at 3 weeks and 6 weeks. Compared to the control group, the amount of steroid cream used at 3 weeks and 6 weeks decreased by 0.14 g (-18.78%) and 0.76 g (-7.46%), respectively, in the test group. The difference was larger in patients with moderate AD. The consumption of steroids was lower in the test group at 3 weeks [2.65 g (-34.64%)] and at 6 weeks [2.60 g (-19.38%)], respectively. CONCLUSION: The moisturizer APDDR-0801 (Atobarrier cream(R)) which contains physiologic lipid granules including ceramide, has superior steroid-sparing effects than moisturizers without ceramideope

    낙동강 ν•˜κ΅¬ μƒλΆ€ν‡΄μ μ‚¬μ§ˆν† μ˜ ν†΅μˆ˜λŠ₯ 평가

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    This research focused on the region of the Eco Delta City Project Site, a site utilization project through the soft ground improvement of the Nakdong River estuary, to identify whether the upper sand deposit has the role of horizontal drainer in the Eco Delta Region. Firstly, samplingand field and laboratorytests were carried out to identify the physical and mechanical properties of the upper sand deposit. As the results, the distribution depth was 4 to 13 m and the N value ranged from 3 to 12m as the result of standard penetration test, being distributed in much loose state, having good permeability in the permeability test. In evaluating the possibility of application as horizontal drainer based on the size distribution curve of the upper sand deposit, the fraction of fine particles in some sections is 20% or larger and does not satisfy the horizontal drainer criteria, but satisfies the criteria if the content of fine particles (less than 5%) is low. GTS NX, an universal analysis program was used to conduct numerical analysis, and the average degree of consolidation of soft ground in case of appling the sand mat and the upper sand deposit were compared. As the results of numerical analysis, the upper sand deposit in the delta region may play similar roles as sand matwhen accumulated to be 2m or more. As a result of the numerical analysis conducted by different the permeability coefficients of the upper sand deposit layer to show the generalized guideline data, it was found that there is a difference according to the permeability coefficient, butthe difference is small when P.V.D is applied.λͺ© μ°¨ List of Tables β…³ List of Figures β…΄ Abstract β…Έ 1. μ„œ λ‘  1 1.1 μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λ°°κ²½ 1 1.2 연ꡬλͺ©μ  및 λ²”μœ„ 3 2. κΈ°μ‘΄ 연ꡬ 4 2.1 λͺ¨λž˜μ˜ νˆ¬μˆ˜μ„± 4 2.1.1 νˆ¬μˆ˜κ³„μˆ˜ 영ν–₯ 인자 4 2.1.2 λͺ¨λž˜μ˜ μž…λ„μ— μ˜ν•œ μˆ˜λ¦¬μ „λ„λ„ μ‚°μ • κ²½ν—˜μ  방법 6 2.2 μˆ˜ν‰λ°°μˆ˜μΈ΅ 재료 κΈ°μ€€ 8 2.2.1 κ΅­λ‚΄κΈ°μ€€ 8 2.2.2 κ΅­μ™ΈκΈ°μ€€ 10 3. μƒλΆ€ν‡΄μ μ‚¬μ§ˆν† μ˜ 기본적 νŠΉμ„± 및 νˆ¬μˆ˜νŠΉμ„± 11 3.1 쑰사 및 기본적 νŠΉμ„± 11 3.1.1 μ‘°μ‚¬μœ„μΉ˜ 및 방법 11 3.1.2 μ‹œμΆ”μ‘°μ‚¬ 12 3.1.3 ν‘œμ€€κ΄€μž…μ‹œν—˜ 12 3.1.4 λΆ„ν¬ν˜„ν™© 13 3.2 μž…λ„λΆ„ν¬ νŠΉμ„± 15 3.2.1 μž…λ„λΆ„ν¬ 15 3.2.2 비ꡐ 뢄석 16 3.3 νˆ¬μˆ˜νŠΉμ„± 19 3.3.1 νˆ¬μˆ˜μ‹œν—˜ κ°œμš” 19 3.3.2 μ‹œλ£Œμ‘°μ„± 22 3.3.3 ν˜„μž₯νˆ¬μˆ˜μ‹œν—˜ κ²°κ³Ό 23 3.3.4 μ‹€λ‚΄νˆ¬μˆ˜μ‹œν—˜ κ²°κ³Ό 24 3.3.5 비ꡐ 뢄석 25 4. μ••λ°€ 이둠 κ³ μ°° 27 4.1 κΈ°λ³Έκ°œλ… 27 4.2 μˆ˜μ • Cam-Clay λͺ¨λΈ 29 5. 수치 해석을 ν†΅ν•œ μƒλΆ€ν‡΄μ μ‚¬μ§ˆν† μ˜ ν†΅μˆ˜λŠ₯ 평가 33 5.1 적용 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 33 5.1.1 ν”„λ‘œκ·Έλž¨ 검증 35 5.2 해석쑰건 및 λ‚΄μš© 39 5.2.1 해석쑰건 39 5.2.2 ν•΄μ„κ°œμš” 43 5.3 해석 κ²°κ³Ό 및 κ³ μ°° 43 5.3.1 ν†΅μˆ˜λŠ₯을 κ³ λ €ν•œ Sand Mat의 λ‘κ»˜ μ μ ˆμ„± 검증 43 5.3.2 해석결과 45 6. κ²°λ‘  56 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 58 κ°μ‚¬μ˜ κΈ€ 60Maste

    λΆ€μ •μ •μ„œ μ‘°κΈ‰μ„±κ³Ό 신체 뢈만쑱이 μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식 μ„±ν–₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : 심리학과 μž„μƒμƒλ‹΄μ‹¬λ¦¬ν•™ 전곡, 2016. 2. μ΄ν›ˆμ§„.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ λͺ©μ μ€ μ·¨μ•½μ„± 슀트레슀 λͺ¨λΈμ— μž…κ°ν•˜μ—¬ μ •μ„œμ  섭식을 μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κ³ , μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± ν­μ‹μ¦μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό ν™•μΈν•˜λŠ” 것이닀. μ •μ„œμ  섭식(emotional eating)은 뢀정적 μ •μ„œμ— λŒ€ν•œ λ°˜μ‘μœΌλ‘œ μ„­μ‹ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜λŠ” κ²½ν–₯성을 μ˜λ―Έν•˜λ©°, 폭식을 λΉ„λ‘―ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 섭식 뢀적응과 λ°€μ ‘ν•œ 연관이 있음이 λ°ν˜€μ Έ μ™”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” μ •μ„œμ  μ„­μ‹μ˜ 원인을 νƒμƒ‰ν•˜κ³ , μ •μ„œμ  섭식이 μ‹ κ²½μ„± ν­μ‹μ¦μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 신체 뢈만쑱의 역할을 μ•Œμ•„λ³΄μ•˜λ‹€. 연ꡬ 1μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—¬μž λŒ€ν•™μƒ 192λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ, λΆ€μ •μ •μ„œ μ‘°κΈ‰μ„±(negative urgency)κ³Ό λΆ€μ •μ •μ„œ 강도가 μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€μ™€ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬ μ •μ„œμ  섭식에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€, 신체에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢈만쑱이 μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± ν­μ‹μ¦μ˜ κ΄€κ³„μ—μ„œ 쑰절 역할을 ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λΆ€μ •μ •μ„œ 쑰급성은 μ •μ„œμ  섭식에 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ μŠ€νŠΈλ ˆμŠ€μ™€ μƒν˜Έμž‘μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όμ§€λŠ” μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. 신체에 λŒ€ν•œ λΆˆλ§Œμ‘±μ€ μ •μ„œμ  섭식이 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식증에 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” κ³Όμ •μ—μ„œ 쑰절 역할을 ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ 2μ—μ„œλŠ” μ—¬μž λŒ€ν•™μƒ 쀑, μ •μ„œμ  μ„­μ‹μž 3λͺ…κ³Ό μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식증 κ²½ν–₯자 3λͺ…, 총 6λͺ…을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‹€μ‹œν•œ λ©΄μ ‘ λ‚΄μš©μ„ 근거이둠에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•΄ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식증에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” μš”μΈμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 뢄석 κ²°κ³Ό, μ •μ„œμ  섭식 μ§‘λ‹¨μ—μ„œλŠ” 31개의 κ°œλ…κ³Ό, 13개의 ν•˜μœ„ λ²”μ£Ό, 9개의 λ²”μ£Όκ°€ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆκ³ , μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식 μ§‘λ‹¨μ—μ„œλŠ” 43개의 κ°œλ…κ³Ό, 19개의 ν•˜μœ„ λ²”μ£Ό, 14개의 λ²”μ£Όκ°€ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 이후 κ·Όκ±° 이둠의 νŒ¨λŸ¬λ‹€μž„ λͺ¨ν˜•μ„ ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ μ •μ„œμ  섭식 집단과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식 집단을 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ •μ„œμ  μ„­μ‹μ˜ 인과적 μ‘°κ±΄μœΌλ‘œλŠ” 슀트레슀, ν”Όλ‘œ, μ™Έλ‘œμ›€μ΄ λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, ν˜„μƒμœΌλ‘œλŠ” ν—ˆκΈ°, λΆ€μ •μ •μ„œ κ²½ν—˜μ΄, μ€‘μž¬μ  쑰건으둜 성격 νŠΉμ„±κ³Ό μžκΈ°μœ„λ‘œκ°€, μž‘μš©/μƒν˜Έμž‘μš© μ „λž΅μœΌλ‘œ μ •μ„œμ  섭식이, κ²°κ³Όλ‘œλŠ” ν›„νšŒμ™€ 자제 λ…Έλ ₯이 λ„μΆœλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식 집단이 μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ£Όμš”ν•˜κ²Œ λ‹€λ₯Έ 점은, 인과적 쑰건에 μžμ‹ μ˜ κ°€μΉ˜μ— λŒ€ν•œ νšŒμ˜κ°€ μΆ”κ°€λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 것과, μ€‘μž¬μ  쑰건으둜 μ‚΄μ°Œκ³  싢지 μ•Šμ€ μ˜λ„κ°€ λ„μΆœλœ κ²ƒμ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ •μ„œμ  섭식에 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ” μš”μΈμ„ ν™•μΈν•˜κ³ , μ‹ κ²½μ„± ν­μ‹μ¦μœΌλ‘œ μ§„ν–‰ν•˜λŠ” 데 신체에 λŒ€ν•œ 뢈만쑱 μš”μΈμ΄ μž‘μš©ν•¨μ„ λ°ν˜”λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 의의λ₯Ό 찾을 수 μžˆλ‹€. λ§ˆμ§€λ§‰μœΌλ‘œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ˜ μ œν•œμ  및 후속 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•œ μ œμ–Έμ„ λ…Όμ˜ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€.μ„œλ‘  1 μ •μ„œμ  섭식 2 폭식행동과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식증 5 μ •μ„œμ  μ·¨μ•½μ„± 6 신체 뢈만쑱과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식증 10 문제 제기 및 연ꡬ λͺ©μ  11 연ꡬ 1. 슀트레슀 μ·¨μ•½μ„± μš”μΈκ³Ό μ²΄ν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•œ 뢈만쑱이 μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식 μ„±ν–₯에 λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯ 14 방법 15 κ²°κ³Ό 19 λ…Όμ˜ 29 연ꡬ 2. μ •μ„œμ  섭식과 μ‹ κ²½μ„± 폭식증 κ²½ν–₯μžμ— λŒ€ν•œ 사둀 연ꡬ 32 방법 34 κ²°κ³Ό 40 λ…Όμ˜ 53 μ’…ν•©λ…Όμ˜ 58 μ°Έκ³ λ¬Έν—Œ 62 λΆ€ 둝 75 영문초둝 117Maste

    A Case of Herpes Zoster Duplex Bilateralis, a Diagnostic Clue of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

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    The skin lesion of herpes zoster is typically limited to a single dermatome. The clinical appearance of herpes zoster in immunocompromised patients is usually identical to typical zoster, but lesions may be more severe and there can be multidermatomal involvement. The appearance of herpes zoster occurring in two non-contiguous dermatomes has been referred to as zoster duplex unilateralis or bilateralis. Herpes zoster duplex bilateralis is a rare manifestation of herpes zoster and almost all reported cases have in immunocompromised patients with hematologic cancer, patients taking immunosuppressant drugs for chronic illnesses and patients receiving chemotherapy for solid cancers. We report a case of herpes zoster duplex bilateralis, which was a diagnostic clue of human immunodeficiency virus infectionope

    Case of Myxoid Neurothekeoma on the Hand

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    Neurothekeoma is a benign dermal soft tissue tumor that is probably of nerve sheath origin. It usually presents as a slow-growing, solitary papule or nodule that is mainly located on the head and neck or upper extremities except for the hand. There are three histologic subtypes-myxoid, mixed and cellular type-depending on the amount of myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemical markers such as S-100, glial fibrillary acidic protein, nerve growth factor receptor, NK1C3 (CD57) and Ki-M1p can be applied to the tumor cells to distinguish among thesethree subtypes of neurothekeoma. Only one case has been previously reported on the hand in Korea. Herein, we report a rare case of myxoid neurothekeoma on the hand with a review of the related literature.ope

    Surgery and perioperative intralesional corticosteroid injection for treating earlobe keloids: a korean experience

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    BACKGROUND: The aesthetic implications of ear keloids, which affect people of all races, are serious and the treatment of earlobe keloids is known to be difficult. The high rate of recurrence following excision alone has led to investigating various types of adjuvant therapy, including intralesional corticosteroid injection. OBJECTIVE: We evaluated the efficacy of excision combined with perioperative intralesional triamcinolone acetonide injection for treating earlobe keloids of Korean patients. METHODS: From 1997 to 2006, eighteen keloids on the earlobes of fifteen Korean patients were treated. The patient age ranged from 15 to 32 years (mean age: 24 years). All the patients were female and the keloids occurred after ear piercing. Preoperative intralesional triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection was administered twice at a 1-month interval. Postoperative intralesional TA injections were given every 1 month for several months, depending on the patient's clinical progress. RESULTS: The follow-up period ranged from 4 to 42 months (mean: 18.5 months). After the surgery, TA intralesional injections were given 2 to 13 times (mean: 5.2 times). Of the treated keloids, eleven showed good results (61.1%) and three recurred (16.6%). No complications from the TA intralesional injection were observed. CONCLUSION: Among the various treatments for earlobe keloids, we suggest that excision with corticosteroid intralesional injection can be used as the first line therapy when considering its effect and economic advantage.ope

    Characteristics and management of residual or slowly recurred intracranial aneurysms

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    OBJECTIVE: Residual aneurysm from incomplete clipping or slowly recurrent aneurysm is associated with high risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage. We describe complete treatment of the lesions by surgical clipping or endovascular treatment. METHODS: We analyzed 11 patients of residual or recurrent aneurysms who had undergone surgical clipping from 1998 to 2009. Among them, 5 cases were initially clipped at our hospital. The others were referred from other hospitals after clipping. The radiologic and medical records were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: All patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage at first time, and the most frequent location of the ruptured residual or recurrent aneurysm was in the anterior communicating artery to posterior-superior direction. Distal anterior cerebral artery, posterior communicating artery, and middle cerebral artery was followed. Repositioning of clipping in eleven cases, and one endovascular treatment were performed. No residual aneurysm was found in postoperative angiography, and no complication was noted in related to the operations. CONCLUSION: These results indicate the importance of postoperative or follow up angiography and that reoperation of residual or slowly recurrent aneurysm should be tried if such lesions being found. Precise evaluation and appropriate planning including endovascular treatment should be performed for complete obliteration of the residual or recurrent aneurysmope

    The Effect of Imiquimod on Matrix Metalloproteinases and Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases in Malignant Melanoma Cell Invasion

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    Background: A number of reports have been published regarding the use of imiquimod for the treatment of melanoma in situ and metastatic melanoma. Essential steps in the process of melanoma invasion and metastasis include degradation of basement membranes and remodeling of the extracellular matrix by proteolytic enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). Objective: To evaluate the antiinvasive effect of imiquimod in human malignant melanoma cell lines, SK-MEL-2 and SK-MEL-24, in vitro, and to investigate imiquimod-induced changes in the expression of MMPs and TIMPs. Methods: Invasiveness of melanoma cell lines following imiquimod treatment was evaluated by invasion assays. In order to investigate the mechanism of the anti-invasive effect of imiquimod, mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2, -9, membrane type 1 (MT1)-MMP, TIMP-1, and -2 were assessed by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, gelatin zymography, and western blotting. Results: Imiquimod treatment decreased in vitro viability of melanoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Imiquimod also elicited a concentration-dependent suppression of invasion in both melanoma cell lines. A concentration- dependent decrease in MMP-2 and MT1-MMP protein levels and a concentration-dependent increase in TIMP-1 and -2 protein levels by imiquimod was observed in both melanoma cell lines. However, expression of MMP-9 protein was increased in SK-MEL-2 but decreased in SK-MEL-24 with increasing imiquimod concentrations. Imiquimod elicited alterations in MMPs and TIMPs mRNA levels that parallel the observed changes in protein levels. Conclusion: Imiquimod may elicit an anti-invasive effect on human melanoma cells by regulatingope

    Management Outcome and Prognostic Factors of Patients who Underwent Decompressive Craniectomy for Space-Occupying Cerebral Infarction

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    Objectives: This study was to assess management outcome of patient undergoing decompressive craniectomy for space-occupying cerebral infarction refractory to medical treatment and to identify risk factors associated with unfavorable outcomes. Patients and Methods: Between January 1999 and June 2004, total 20 patients were analyzed. The preoperative consciousness was rated using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The clinical outcome was rated using Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at 3 months follow up and divided into 2 groups;favorable outcome group (GOS> or =3) and unfavorable outcome group (GOS<3). The prognostic factors were analyzed multivariately. Results: Fourteen patients were men and six patients were women (mean age, 58.7 yrs). Seventeen patients had right hemispheric infarction, and three patients had left hemispheric infarction. 16 patients had only middle cerebral artery (MCA) infarction, and 2 patients had combined anterior cerebral artery (ACA) or posterior cerebral artery (PCA) infarction respectively. Eleven patients showed anisocoria preoperatively. The mean time interval between symptom onset of infarction and operation was 61.5 hrs. 8 patients showed favorable outcome, and 12 patients showed unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: The existence of preoperative anisocoria and low preoperative GCS score were statistically significant prognostic factor related to unfavorable outcome.ope
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