Peripheral Intravenous Injection Pain in Hospitalized Children

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to offer necessary data to develop nursing interventions to reduce intravenous injection pain and uneasiness among hospitalized children. Methods: A total of 200 patients aged 1-72 months were selected. Pain during intravenous cannulation was assessed using the Procedural Behavior Checklist (PBCL) and the Faces Pain Rating Scale (FPRS). Data were analyzed by t-test and ANOVA using the SPSS/WIN 12.0. Results: Younger patients showed higher pain response than older patients (F=33.87, p<.001). Children with respiratory diseases showed higher responses in FPRS and PBCL than children without respiratory disease (F=4.17, p=.017; F=25.31, p<.001, respectively). Children of preschool age showed higher pain response during IV cannulation than the comparison group (t=2.04, p=.045). Children who had previous experiences with hospitalization and injections showed higher response to pain than those without these experiences (t=2.05, p=.045). In regards to FPRS, patients who were recannulated showed more painful restarts compared with patients injected just once (t=-3.60, p<.001). In regards to PBCL, infants and toddlers (t=-4.88, p<.001) and preschoolers (t=-3.86, p<.001) showed high pain scores during recannulation. Conclusion: A sick child's response to pain may be worse as they feel more pain over time. These characteristics should be considered for development of nursing interventions

Trojan Horse : The Possibility and Risk of BBC's Public Value Approach

공영방송은 역사적 시효가 다한 제도인가 아니면 여전히 우리의 문화생활의 기초를 구성하는 보편적 서비스의 한 축인가? BBC가 2004년에 주창하여 세계적으로 파급시킨 공공가치 모형은 공영방송의 독자적 가치를 재발견하는 한편 기존의 신자유주의적 공공관리 방식의 한계를 교정하기 위한 유효한 대안으로 검토되어 왔다. 하지만 BBC의 공공가치 접근법은 신자유주의적 한계와의 단절성만큼이나 연속성 역시 적지 않다는 것이 이 연구가 분석하고 있는 내용의 핵심이다. 특히 BBC의 공공가치 접근법은 그것의 원형이 되었던 무어의 공공가치론에 내재된 이론적 모호성이나 한계와 더불어, 이른바 측정에 의한 관리에 경도된 기술관료적인 편향을 안고 있다는 것이 이 연구의 분석이다. 이런 문제를 극복하기 위해서는 독립적 전문가로서 공공관리자에 대한 명확한 정의와 함께, 공영방송의 독립성 보장에 관련하여 숙의 민주주의의 가능성과 한계를 면밀하게 검토하는 사회적 논의가 필요하며, 특히 한국 사회의 조건에서는 이보다 더 근본적인 형태의 규범적 검토가 대단히 시급하다고 제안하는 바다.Is public service broadcasting an age‐hardened institution or still part of the universal service that constitutes the base of our cultural lives? The public value model, advocated by the BBC in 2004 and extended to the various corners of the globe, has been viewed as an effective tool to rediscover the unique value of public service broadcasting and an antidote to the neo‐liberal public management regime. However, this paper proposes that there is as much continuity as discontinuity from the neo‐liberalistic limitations identified in the public value approach by the BBC. This paper suggests as a conclusion that to correct this problem, a clearer definition of public managers as independent professionals and a preliminary deliberation of the potential and reality of deliberative democracy in relation to securing the independence of public service broadcasters are more than necessary

PEGA를 이용한 RO막의 표면 개질 및 내오염성 평가

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :바이오시스템.소재학부(바이오소재공학전공),2008. 2.학위논문(석사) -

Surface Chemistry Study Using TPD (Temperature programmed desorption) for Thermal Decomposition of Tetrakis(diethylamido)zirconium (TDEAZr) on Si(100)

Maste

민주적 이행과정에서의 언론의 전략적 선택과 상징정치에 관한 연구 : 1991년 5월 정국에 대한 조선일보의 보도를 중심으로

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 대학원 :언론정보학과,1997.Maste

난형낭 전이세포와 평형반에서의 P2X2와 P2X4 수용체 매개 양이온 흡수

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) regulates inner ear function by modulating ion transport through purinergic receptors in inner ear epithelial cells. This study was designed to investigate purinergic receptor-mediated cation transport by mouse utricular macula and the surrounding transitional cells (TCs), where linear acceleration stimuli are sensed. Among ATP, adenosine 5’-diphosphate (ADP), uridine 5’-triphosphate (UTP), and uridine 5’-diphosphate (UDP), only ATP (100 μM) induced cation absorption currents in TCs and macula. The current was almost completely inhibited by the application of gadolinium (100 μM). The order of agonist potencies for the cation absorption current was ATP > 3’-O-(4-benzoyl-benzoyl) adenosine 5’-triphosphate (bzATP) >> α,β-methyleneadenosine 5’ -triphosphate (αβmeATP) in both TCs and macula, and the EC50 (concentration that produces a half-maximal effect) values for ATP, bzATP, and αβmeATP were 27.2 μM, 43.9 μM, and 34.5 μM in the TCs and 20.7 μM, 63.4 μM, and 2014.1 μM in the macula, respectively (EC50 values of αβmeATP were not definitively identified due to the low potency of αβmeATP). The ATP-induced current was partially blocked by suramin (100 μM), pyridoxal phosphate-6-azo(benzene-2,4-disulfonic acid) (PPADS) (10 μM), and 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1,4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD) (5 μM) and was almost completely blocked by PPADS + 5-BDBD in both areas. Immunocytochemistry revealed that P2X2 receptors were distributed in TCs and supporting cells in the macula; however, only P2X4 receptor was not detected in the macula by immunocytochemistry, but only its mRNA expression was detected there. These results indicate that ATP induces cation absorption through P2X2 and P2X4 receptors in utricular TCs and the macula. P2X2 and P2X4-mediated cation transport likely provides a cation shunt under conditions of excessive linear acceleration, thereby protecting hair cells by reducing their cation burden.open박

統一韓國의 行政需要에 대응한 北韓行政人力의 活用 및 再敎育 方案에 관한 硏究

학위논문(석사)--서울대학교 행정대학원 :행정학과 행정학전공,2004.Maste

P2RX2 and P2RX4 receptors mediate cation absorption in transitional cells and supporting cells of the utricular macula

Purinergic receptors protect the cochlea during high-intensity stimulation by providing a parallel shunt pathway through non-sensory neighboring epithelial cells for cation absorption. So far, there is no direct functional evidence for the presence and type/subunit of purinergic receptors in the utricle of the vestibular labyrinth. The goal of the present study was to investigate which purinergic receptors are expressed and carry cation-absorption currents in the utricular transitional cells and macula. Purinergic agonists induced cation-absorption currents with a potency order of ATP > bzATP = αβmeATP ≫ ADP = UTP = UDP. ATP and bzATP are full agonists, whereas αβmeATP is a partial agonist. ATP-induced currents were partially inhibited by 100 μM suramin, 10 μM pyridoxal-phosphate-6-azo-(benzene-2,4-disulfonic acid (PPADS), or 5 μM 5-(3-bromophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzofuro[3,2-e]-1, 4-diazepin-2-one (5-BDBD), and almost completely blocked by 100 μM Gd3+ or by a combination of 10 μM PPADS and 5 μM 5-BDBD. Expression of the P2RX2 and P2RX4 receptor was detected by immunocytochemistry in transitional cells and macular supporting cells. This is the first study to demonstrate that ATP induces cation currents carried by a combination of P2RX2 and P2RX4 in utricular transitional and macular epithelial cells, and supporting the hypothesis that purinergic receptors protect utricular hair cells during elevated stimulus intensity levels.restrictio