15 research outputs found

    Effect of beta agonist on the Ca2+-activated K+ channel activity in coronary vascular smooth muscle cells

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/๋ฐ•์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์‹ฌ๊ทผ ์กฐ์ง์— ๊ณต๊ธ‰๋˜๋Š” ํ˜ˆ๋ฅ˜๋Ÿ‰์˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ปค๋‹ค๋ž€ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ผ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ด€์ƒ ๋™๋งฅ์˜ ๊ธด์žฅ๋„๋Š” ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ ์ „์••์˜ ๋ถ„๊ทน ์ •๋„์— ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์€ ์ž˜ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ฆ‰ ๋ง‰์ „์••์ด ์•ˆ์ •์ƒํƒœ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๊ณผ๋ถ„๊ทน๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ๋ง‰์ „์•• ์˜์กด์„ฑ Ca2**+ channel์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜์–ด ์ด์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ธํฌ ๋‚ด๋กœ์˜ Ca**2+ ์œ ์ž… ์–ต์ œ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ด์™„์„ ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. Beta agonist ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰ ์ „์••์˜ ๊ณผ๋ถ„๊ทน ํšจ๊ณผ ์—ญ์‹œ, ๊ธฐ์กด์— ๋ณด๊ณ ๋œ ์ˆ˜์ถ• ๋‹จ๋ฐฑ์งˆ์˜ Ca**2+ ๊ฐ์ˆ˜์„ฑ ์ €ํ•˜ ํšจ๊ณผ์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ beta agonist์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ด์™„์— ๊ด€์—ฌํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ถ”์ธก๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง‰์ „์••์˜ ๊ณผ๋ถ„๊ทนํ˜„์ƒ์€ ํ‰ํ™œ๊ทผ ์„ธํฌ๋ง‰์— ๋„๋ฆฌ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด beta agonist์— ์˜ํ•ด์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์–ด ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋‚˜ ์•„์ง ๊ทธ ์ž์„ธํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ช…ํ™•์น˜ ์•Š๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ๋ณธ ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ํ† ๋ผ ๊ด€์ƒ ๋™๋งฅํ™˜์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์žฅ๋ ฅ ์ธก์ •๊ณผ patch clamp ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ beta agonist์— ์˜ํ•œ Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ๊ธฐ์ „ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ธด์žฅ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ๊ธฐ์ „์„ ๊ทœ๋ช…ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 1. ๊ด€์ƒ๋™๋งฅํ™˜์„ 20mM K**+ Tyrode ์šฉ์•ก์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ isoproterenol(ISO) ๋ฐpinacidil์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜„์ €ํ•œ ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•ก์œผ๋กœ 80mM K**+ -Tyrode ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์•ฝํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. 2. ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•ก์œผ๋กœ 20mM K**+ Tyrode ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, tetraethylammonium chloride(TEA) ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜์‹œ ISO์— ์˜ํ•œ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ๊ธด์žฅ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์œ ์˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜, ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•ก์œผ๋กœ 80mM K**+ -Tyrode ์šฉ์•ก์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” TEA ์ „์ฒ˜์น˜์— ์˜ํ•ด ISO์˜ ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋‚˜ ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ์˜ํ•œ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. Cell attached Patch ์ƒํƒœ์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•ก์— ISO๋ฅผ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚จ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ adenylate cyclase activator์ธ forskolin์„ ์ฒจ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋„ ๋™์ผํ•œ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. 4. Cell-free, outside-out patch๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ํ›„, cAMP ์ƒ์„ฑ์€ ์–ต์ œ๋˜๊ณ  G-protein์˜ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์€ ์œ ์ง€๋œ ์กฐ๊ฑดํ•˜์—์„œ ๊ด€๋ฅ˜์•ก์— ISO ์ฒจ๊ฐ€์‹œ Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel ํ™œ์„ฑ์ด ํ˜„์ €ํžˆ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ด์ƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ISO์— ์˜ํ•œ Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ํ˜„์ƒ์€ cAMP๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ channel์˜ ์ธ์‚ฐํ™” ํšจ๊ณผ ์ด์™ธ์— ISO์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ™œ์„ฑํ™”๋œ G-protein์ด ์ง์ ‘ channel์— ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ทธ์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ผœ ์ฃผ๋Š” ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ด๊ฐ™์€ ISO์— ์˜ํ•œ Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel์˜ ํ™œ์„ฑ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋Š” ISO ํˆฌ์—ฌ์‹œ ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋˜๋Š” ๋ง‰์ „์•• ๊ณผ๋ถ„๊ทน ํ˜„์ƒ ๋ฐ ํ˜ˆ๊ด€ ์ด์™„ ํšจ๊ณผ์—๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ ์ถ”์ธก๋œ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] Isoproterenol causes hyperpolarization of coronary smooth muscle cells via an increase in K**+ conductance. This hyperpolarization may cause the coronary vasorelaxation by decreasing the cytoplasmic Ca**2+ concentration. It is well known that the activation of beta adrenoreceptors stimulates the adenylate cyclase activity, and the resulting K**+ channel phosphorylation by CAMP-dependent protein kinase may be responsible for ISO-induced increase in K**+ channel activity. However, it is not clear whether the increase in K**+ channel activity by ISO is exclusively due to the activation of adenylate cyclase or not. In this experiment, the effect of ISO on the isometric tension and the mechanism of ISO-induced K**+ channel activation was investigated in various patch clamp conditions. The summarized results are as follows; 1. ISO- and pinacidil induced vasorelxation was significantly inhibited by application of TEA(1 mM) or increasing the external K**+ concentration 2. In whole cell clamp mode, application of ISO(1ใŽ›) increased K**+ outward current, and this effect was completely eliminated by propranolol(10ใŽ›). 3. In cell-attached patch, application of ISO(1ใŽ›) or forskolin(10ใŽ›) increased Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel activity 4. In the presense of GTP(0.1 mM) within the pipette solution, application of ISO(1ใŽ›) significantly increased the Ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel activity in outside-out patch. From the above results, both A-kinase dependent channel phosphorylation and direct G-protein mediated effect might be responsible for the activation of ca**2+ -activated K**+ channel by ISO in rabbit coronary smooth muscle cells. And this K**+ channel activation also contributes to the ISO-induced vasorelaxation.restrictio

    (A) study of relationship between defense styles and patterns of psychiatric symptoms

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    ์˜ํ•™๊ณผ/์„์‚ฌ[ํ•œ๊ธ€] ์ž์•„์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ค‘ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋งŽ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค. Anna Freud์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ˜„์žฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…๋“ค์ด ํ™•๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. Anna Freud๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์–ด ๊ธฐ์ „์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ž์•„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๊ณผ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ž์•„ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์ดํ›„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ž๋“ค์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ „์„ ์ž์•„๊ธฐ๋Šฅ ์ˆ˜์ค€, ํ˜น์€ ์ž์•„์˜ ์„ฑ์ˆ™๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋ชจํ˜•๋“ค์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ €์ž๋Š” ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด์–‘์ƒ์„ค๋ฌธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ „๋“ค์ด 1) ์ž์•„์˜ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, 2) ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ „๋“ค(์ฆ‰ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ)์„ ์Šต๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€, ๋งŒ์ผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ ํ˜•ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€, 3) ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์–ด๊ธฐ์ „๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ตฐ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ •์‹ ๊ณผ์  ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์š”์•ฝํ•˜๋ฉด ๋‹ค์Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค. 1. ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ์€ 7๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆœ์œ„์  ๊ฐœ๋…์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Œ์„ ์‹œ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค. 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ๊ตฐ์˜ ์•ฝ ๋ฐ˜ ์ด์ƒ(51.6%)์€ ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์–ด์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์œผ๋ฉฐ, ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์  ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ์ด ํ˜ผํ•ฉ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตฐ, ์ฃผ๋กœ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์  ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ตฐ, ๋น„๊ต์  ์„ฑ์ˆ™ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. 3. ๊ฐ ๊ตฐ ์‚ฌ์ด์— SCL-90-R์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ์ •์‹ ์ฆ์ƒ์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํŠน์ • ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ตฐ๊ณผ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ฆ์  ๋ฐฉ์–ด ์–‘์ƒ์ด ๋‘๋“œ๋Ÿฌ์ง„ ๊ตฐ์—์„œ ์˜๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ›„์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค. [์˜๋ฌธ] This study was based on those studies suggesting that defense mechanisms could be hierarchically classified according to ego functioning level or ego maturity. The author applied Defense Style Questionnaire(DSQ) to 237 subjects, who were consisted of 147 patients and 90 normal control. DSQ was designed by Bond et al. to measured objectively the habitual defensive behaviors which are considered to appear if ones habitually use the certain defenses. By the factor analysis 7 defense styles were identified. The result strongly suggested that defense styles could be hierarchically classified according to ego maturity. Second, the author tried to identify the clusters of subjects who might made used of specific or specific combination of defense styles. By cluster analysis four clusters were extracted. First cluster did not seem to use specific defense style exclusively. Second cluster had the characteristic of simultaneous use of neurotic and mature defense styles. Third cluster seemed to have tendency for habitual use of neurotic defense style. Fourth cluster had relatively strong tendency for use of mature defense style. The mean symptom scores obtained by applying SCL-90-R were highest among third cluster and lowest among first cluster. But the author could not conclude that specific symptom patterns were related to the use of specific defense styles.restrictio

    (A) New Operation Method of Photovoltaic System with Battery System to Regulate the Active Power Output

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) --์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ „๊ธฐ. ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2009.2.Maste
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