6 research outputs found
A legal study on the ChiNext- Focus on the Listing Regulation
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λ§μ§λ§μΌλ‘ μ 6μ₯μμλ μ μ ν λ΄μ©μ μ’
ν©νμ¬, μ°¨μ€λ₯ μμ₯μ 건μ μ±, ν¬λͺ
μ± μ κ³ , ν¬μμλ³΄νΈ κ°νμ λͺ©μ μ μ΄λ£¨κΈ° μν΄μ ν₯ν μ°¨μ€λ₯ μμ₯ μμ₯μ λμ κ°μ λ°©ν₯μ μ μνμλ€.In China, under the policy to construct multi-tier stock market, after 11 years of twist and downs, the door of ChiNext have finally been opened up on October 23, 2009. The ChiNext is the market that launched to diversify the financing routes of innovative high-growth enterprises and the investment channel of venture capital firms.
After 2 years of growth, ChiNext market has now grown into a market that has 267 listed enterprises, and the aggregate value of which has reached RMB 780.6 billion. However, lag behind the rapid change of the market, many problems still exist in developing an efficient system to protect the investors and promote robust development of the market, and the relevant regulation to back up such a system.
This paper researches about the Listing regulation which plays an especially important role in controlling the entering and exit, securing the robustness and liquidity of the market, and protecting the investors. The Listing regulation is considered the first door to guard the market. Listing regulation is the key to control the quality of the listed companies, to purify the environment of the market, and to maintain the right direction of the market development. Therefore, to gain force for new development, emerging markets all over the world have been continuously working to develop proper Listing regulation. ChiNext market is not an exception. This paper, through reviewing on ChiNexts Listing regulation thoroughly, and by comparing it to the relevant regulation of other emerging markets, tries to identify the problems of the ChiNext market and propose solution or supplement policy for further development of the market.
Under this theme, chapter 2 provides a primary review on the ChiNext market. Through reviewing the general to a Market for Small and Medium Enterprises the meaning of the ChiNext and its comparative markets are defined in this chapter. Also the need to open the ChiNext and the history of its establishment are reviewed as well as in this chapter. The second part is about the general to Lisitng and Listing regulation. Finally, After taking a look at the current status of the market by analyzing relevant data, the problems that are considered to be current hot issues are introduced.
The criterions of Lisitng for ChinaNext market is reviewed in chapter 3. Whether eligible high quality enterprises could be selected for IPO depends on whether the criterion of IPO is reasonable or not. To realize ChinaNext markets objective to provide financing channel to venture enterprises, the problem of current criterion is identified in this chapter and the solution to those problem is proposed in the light of the lessons from relevant regulations of advanced markets.
Chapter 4 reviews the endemic of Chinas stock market - the substantive regulation on issuing, listing and the sponsor system . Through comparing the substantive regulation to the disclosure regulation that is widely adopted in other emerging markets, and by explaining the problem of the substantive regulation, it is argued that the substantive regulation should be changed into disclosure regulation to achieve robust development for ChiNext market. As ChiNexts sponsor system is a system developed with reference to the nominated advisers (nomads) system of UKs AIM market and sponsor system of Hong Kongs GEM market, after examining the content, the role, and the problem of the ChiNexts sponsor system, those related system are also reviewed to provide suggestion concerning the improvement to be made to the ChiNexts sponsor system.
Chapter 5 examines the de-list regulation of ChiNext market. The discussion in this chapter is divided into two parts, the criterion and the procedure. Deficient criterion and impractical procedure are said to have caused the malfunction of the de-list regulation. In light of advanced regulation in other emerging market, solutions to these two kinds of problems are proposed in this chapter.
Based on all the discussion precedent, chapter 6 organizes and proposes the optimal Listing regulation that could facilitates the development of the ChiNext market.μ 1 μ₯ μ λ‘ 1
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Abstract 139Maste
(The) changes of serum lipid level during management in diabetic patients
μνκ³Ό/μμ¬[νκΈ]
λΉλ¨λ³νμμ μ‘°κΈ°λλ§₯κ²½νμ± λ³νλ ν©λ³μ¦μ λ°μμμΈμΌλ‘ μ£Όλ‘ λμ¬μ₯μ λ‘ μΈν κ³ νλΉκ³Ό μ§μ§λμ¬μ μ΄μμ΄ μ€μν μν μ νλ€κ³ μλ €μ Έ μλ€.
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μ μλμ‘°κ΅°κ³Ό νμκ΅°μμ 곡볡νλΉ λ° HbAlcλ μ°λ Ήλ³ μ±λ³κ°μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄λ μμμΌλ©°, λΉλ¨λ³ νμκ΅°μμ 곡볡νλΉκ³Ό HbAlcκ°μ μ μν μμ μκ΄κ΄κ³λ₯Ό 보μλ€.
νμ² TCμΉλ μ μλμ‘°κ΅°κ³Ό μ νμκ΅°κ°μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄λ μμμΌλ©°, TGλ μ νμμ λ¨μνμκ΅°μμ λμ‘°κ΅°μ λΉν΄ μ μν μ¦κ°λ₯Ό 보μλ€. HDL-C/TC λΉλ μ νμκ΅° νΉν 50μΈ μ΄μμ λ¨μκ΅°μμ μ μν κ°μλ₯Ό 보μλ€. νμ²μ§μ§μΉμ HbAlcκ°μ μ μν μκ΄κ΄κ³λ μμλ€.
κ³Όκ±°λΆν° μΉλ£ν΄μ¨ λ°©λ²μ λ°λΌ λΆλ₯ κ΄μ°°νλ°, 곡볡νλΉμ μΈμλ¦°κ΅°μμ μμ΄μλ²κ΅°μ λΉν΄ μ μν μ¦κ°λ₯Ό, TGλ μμ΄κ΅°μ λΉν΄ 경ꡬνλΉκ°νμ κ΅°μμ μ μν μ¦κ°λ₯Ό 보μμΌλ©°, HDL-C/TCλΉλ μμ΄κ΅°μ λΉν΄ 경ꡬνλΉκ°νμ κ΅°μμ μ μν κ°μλ₯Ό 보μλ€.
μΈμλ¦° μΉλ£ν 곡볡νλΉ λ° HbAlcλ 6 βΌ 12μ£Όμ μ μν λμμΌλ©°, TCμ TGλ 12 βΌ 24μ£Όμ μ μν κ°μλ₯Ό, HDL-C/TCλΉλ μ μν μ¦κ°λ₯Ό 보μλ€.
경ꡬνλΉκ°νμ μΉλ£ 6 βΌ 12μ£Όν 곡볡νλΉ λ° HbAlcλ μ μνλμμΌλ TC λ° TGλ μ μν λ³νκ° μμμΌλ©°, HDL- C/TCλΉλ μ€νλ € κ°μνλ κ²½ν₯μ 보μμΌλ ν΅κ³μ μΈ μμλ μμλ€.
μ΄μμΌλ‘ μ₯κΈ°μ μΈ λΉλ¨λ³μ μ‘°μ μ λ°λ₯Έ νλΉ λ° HbAle, νμ²μ§μ§μ μ μνλ λΉλ¨λ³ νμμ μ‘°κΈ°λλ§₯κ²½νμ± λ³νλ₯Ό μ΅μ ν μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ κΈ°λλλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
Fasting blood sugar, HbAlc and lipid values, including total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol, were obtained; in 39 normal controls and 34 new diabetics; in the three groups which was classified by previous control methods(diet alone, oral hypoglycemic agent and insulin therapy); in diabetics with or without microangiopathy. The changes of FBS, HbAlc and lipid values also investigated after diabetic control with insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. The results are summarized as follows.
1. In normal controls and diabetic groups, FBS and HbAlc were not significantly different according to sex and age. There was positive correlation between FBS and HbAlc in 39 normal controls and 34 new diabetics(r=0.54, P<0.01).
2. Serum total cholesterol in new diabetics was not significantly different from that in normal controls. Serum triglyceride was significantly higher in new diabetics, especially in male patients than that in normal controls. HDL-C/TC ratio was significantly lower in new diabetics, especially in eldery male patients than that in normal controls. But, there was no correlation between HbAlc and serum lipid levels.
3. In each group classified by previous control method, FBS was significantly higher in patients on insulin therapy(N=24) than that in those on diet therapy alone(N=20) (0.01<P<0.02). Serum triglyceride was significantly higher in patients on oral hypoglycemic agent therapy(N=17) than that in those on diet therapy alone(0.02<P<0.05). HDL-C/TC ratio was significantly lower in patients on oral hypoglycemic agent therapy than that in those on diet therapy alone. (0.01<P<0.02)
4. In diabetics with microangiopathy(N=48), serum total cholesterol was significantly higher(0.01<P<0.02) and HDL-C/TC ratio was significantly lower(P<0.02) than that in those without microangiopathy.
5. After conventional insulin therapy for intermediate-term(6-12 weeks), FBS and HbAlc were significantly decreased(0.001>P) to the normal range. After conventional insulin therapy for long-term(12-24 weeks), FBS and HbAlc, total cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly decreased(P<0.05) and HDL-C/TC cholesterol ratio was significantly increased(P<0.01).
6. After oral hypoglycemic agent therapy for intermdiate-term(6-12 weeks), FBS and Hbalc were significantly decreased(P<0.02) to the normal range and HDL-C/TC ratio was also decreased, but statistically not significant.
In conclusion, these changes in serum lipid levels in response to long-term diabetes control would favorably alter the predicted risk for the development of premature atherosclerosis in diabetic patients.restrictio
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μν μμ λ§κΈ° λ° λΆλ§μ μ°λͺ¨μ€ κ³Όκ±°λ ₯, μ΄νμ μ견, κ°κΈ°λ₯ κ²μ¬μ κ°μ§νμ μκ²¬μ΄ μλ 1,028μμ μ°λͺ¨μ€ HBsAgμμ±μΈ 90μ μ€μμ μ°λͺ¨, μ λν λ° μΆμμ μ μμμ νμ‘μ±μ·¨κ° κ°λ₯νλ 48μλ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ Bν κ°μΌ μ£Όμ°κΈ° κ°μΌμ¨ λ° κ°μΌκ²½λ‘ νΉν κ²½νλ° κ°μΌμ κ°λ₯μ±κ³Ό κ·Έ λΉλ, HBeAg λ° anti-HBe μμ±μ¬λΆμ λ°λ₯Έ κ°μΌμ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό κ΄μ°°νκ³ , μ λνκ³Ό μΆμμ μ μμμ κ°μΌ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ νμ§μκ°μ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό κ²ν νμκ³ , HBIG 0.5ml(100I.U.)λ§ μΆμ μ¦μ κ·Όμ‘μ£Όμ¬ν κ΅°(8μ)κ³Ό HBIG 0.5ml(100I.U.)λ₯Ό μΆμμμ μν 1κ°μμ κ·Όμ‘μ£Όμ¬νκ³ HB vaccine 0.5ml(10γ)λ₯Ό μν 1κ°μ, 2κ°μ, 7κ°μμ κ°κ° κ·Όμ‘μ£Όμ¬ν κ΅°(10μ)μμ μν 6κ°μμμ 12κ°μ μ¬μ΄μ μλ°©ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό λΉκ΅ κ΄μ°°νμ¬ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»μλ€.
1. μ°λͺ¨ 1,028μμ€ HBsAgμ 90μμμ μμ±μΌλ‘ 8.87μ μμ±μ¨μ λνλ΄μκ³ , anti-HBsλ 432μμμ μμ±μΌλ‘ 42.1%μ μμ±μ¨μ 보μλ€.
2. HBsAg μμ±μΈ μ°λͺ¨ 48μμ€ HBeAg μμ±μ΄ 25μ (52.1%), anti-HBeμμ±μ΄ 10μ (20.8%)μ΄μμΌλ©°, antiΒ·HBc μμ±μ΄ 47μ (97.9%)μ΄μλ€. μ λνμ€μλ HBsAg μμ±μ΄ 23μ (47.9%)μ΄μκ³ , HBeAg, anti-HBe λ° anti-HBc μμ±μ¨μ μ°λͺ¨μ μΌμΉνμλ€. μΆμμ μ μμ 48μμ€ 4μμμ HBsAg μμ±μΌλ‘ 8.3%μμ κ²½νλ° κ°μΌμ 보μλ€.
3. μ λνκ³Ό μΆμμ μ μμμ κ°μΌ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ νμ§μμ λ°νμμμ λΉκ΅νλ©΄ HBsAgμ΄ μ λνμ 23μμμ μμ±μ΄λ μΆμμ μ μμλ 4μμμ μμ±μΌλ‘ μμμλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μκ³ , HBeAg, anti-HBe λ° anti-HBcμ λ°νμμμ μ λνκ³Ό μΆμμ μ μμ νμ‘μ΄ κ±°μ μΌμΉνμλ€.
4. μ λνμ HBsAg μμ±μ¨μ μ°λͺ¨μ HBeAgμ΄ μμ±μΈ κ²½μ° 64.0%(25μμ€ 16μ)λ‘ anti-HBeμμ±μΈ κ²½μ° 30.0%(10μμ€ 3μ)λ³΄λ€ λμλ€.
5. μ°λͺ¨μ HBeAgμ΄ μμ±μΈ 25μμ€ 4μ (16.0%)μμλ§ μΆμμ μ μμ HBsAgμ΄ μμ±μ΄μκ³ μ°λͺ¨μ anti-HBe μμ±μΈ 10μμ€μλ μΆμμ μ μμ HBsAgμμ±μ΄ ν μλ μμ΄ μ°λͺ¨μ HBeAgμ΄ μμ±μΈ κ²½μ°μλ§ κ²½νλ° κ°μΌμ 보μλ€.
6. HBIGλ§ μ£Όμ¬ν κ²½μ° μΆμν 6κ°μμμ 12κ°μ μ¬μ΄μ HBsAg μμ±μ¨μ 8μμ€ 5μ (62.5%)μμ μμ±μΌλ‘ μ΄μ€ 2μλ μΆμμλΆν° HBsAg μμ±μ΄μκ³ , μΆμμ HBsAg μμ±μ΄μλ 6μμ€ 3μ (50.0%)μμ μμ±μΈ λ°λ©΄μ, HBIGμ HB vaccineμ λ³μ©ν κ²½μ° μΆμν 6κ°μμμ 12κ°μ μ¬μ΄μ HBsAgμ 10μ μ μμμ μμ±μ΄μκ³ , μ΄μ€ μΆμμ HBsAg μμ±μΈ μλ ν μλ μμ΄ μΆμμ HBsAg μμ±μΈ κ²½μ°μ HBIGμ HB vaccineμ£Όμ¬νμ ν¨κ³Όμ λν΄μλ μ μ μμλ€. Anti-HBs μμ μ¨μ 10μμ€ 8μλ‘μ 80.0%μλ€.
7. μ°λͺ¨μ μΆμμ μ μμμ HBeAg λ° anti-HBe μμ±μ¬λΆμ μλ°©μ£Όμ¬ν HBsAg μμ±μ¨κ³Όμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό 보면 HBIGλ§ μ£Όμ¬ν κ΅°μμλ μ°λͺ¨μ μΆμμ μ μμμ HBeAgμμ±μΈ κ²½μ°μλ§ HBsAgμ΄ μμ±μ΄μκ³ HBIGμ HB vaccineμ λ³μ©ν κ΅°μμλ HBsAg μμ±μ΄ ν μλ μμλ€.
μ°λͺ¨μ μΆμμ μ μμμ HBeAg λ° anti-HBe μμ±μ¬λΆμ μλ°©μ£Όμ¬ν anti-HBs μμ μ¨κ³Όμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό 보면 HBIGλ§ μ£Όμ¬ν κ΅°μμλ anti-HBsμμ μ΄ ν μλ μμκ³ HBIG λ° HB vaccineμ λ³μ©ν κ΅°μμλ μ°λͺ¨μ μΆμμ μ μμμ HBeAg λ° anti-HBe μμ±μ¬λΆμ anti-HBs μ
μ μ¨κ³Όλ μκ΄κ΄κ³ κ° μμλ€.
8. μΆμμ μ μμμ HBeAgμ΄ μμ±μ΄μλ 9μμ€ μλ°©μ£Όμ¬ν HBeAg μμ μ 7μ (77.8%)μ΄μ+λλ° HBIGλ§ μ£Όμ¬ν 8μμ€ μΆμμ μ μμ 5μμμ HBeAg μμ±μ΄λ κ²μ΄ 3μ (60.0%)μμ μμ λμκ³ , HBIG λ° HB vaccineμ λ³μ©ν 10μμ€ μΆμμ μ μμ 4μμμ HBeAg μμ±μ΄μλλ° 4μ μ μ (100.0%)μμ μμ λμλ€.
9. μΆμμ μ μμμ anti-HBc μμ±μΈ 18μμμ μλ°©μ£Όμ¬ν anti-HBcμ μμ μ 2μ (11.1%)μ΄μλλ° HBIGλ§ μ£Όμ¬ν κ²½μ° 8μμ€ νμλ μμ λμ§ μμκ³ , HBIG λ° HB vaccineμ λ³μ©ν 10μμ€ 2μ (20.0%)μμ μμ λμλ€.
μ΄μμ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ’
ν©νλ©΄, μ£Όμ°κΈ° κ°μΌμ κΈ°μ μ€ κ²½νλ° κ°μΌμ¨μ 8.3%μ΄μμΌλ©° μ°λͺ¨κ° anti-HBe μμ±μΈ κ²½μ°μλ κ²½νλ° κ°μΌμ΄ μ ν μμκ³ , μ λνκ³Ό μΆμμ μ μμμ κ°μΌ λ°μ΄λ¬μ€ νμ§μμ λ°νμ¨μ HBsAgλ§μ΄ μμμλ μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό λ³΄μΈ λ°λ©΄ HBeAg, anti-HBe λ° anti-HBcμ λ°νμ¨μ μ°¨μ΄κ° μμμΌλ©° μ£Όμ°κΈ° κ°μΌμ μλ°©νκΈ° μν΄μλ HBIGλ§μΌλ‘λ μλ°©ν¨κ³Όλ₯Ό κΈ°λνκΈ° μ΄λ ΅κ³ HBIG λ° HB vaccineμ λ³μ©ν¨μ΄ ν¨κ³Όμ μμ μ μ μμλ€.
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The perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus means transmission of the hepatitis B virus(HBV) from mothers to their infants. Many authors have suggested the route of perinatal transmission in the before, during, or after delivery. The exact mode of transmission of HBV from HBsAg positive mothers to their infants is still uncertain, but the perinatal transmission generally seems to occur at birth and after birth.
The difference of HBV markers between umbilical cord blood and neonates'blood is still unknown. The frequency of the transmission of HBV from asymptomatic carrier mothers to their infants, is variable according to races and countries. The efficacy for prevention differs according to various investigators.
This study was designed to detect the frequency of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Korea and to evaluate the effectiveness of HBIG and HB vaccine for prevention. A total of 1,028 cases of pregnant women without history of liver diseases and their babies were studied from 1983 to 1985. HBV markers, including HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc, HBeAg and anti-HBe in 48 Pairs(sera of mothers', umbilical cord blood, neonates' at birth and infants'6 to 12 months after birth) were tested by radioimmunoassay.
Babies born to HBsAg carrier mothers were devided into HBIG only immunized group(HBIG 100 I.U., I.M. at birth) and HBIG with HB vaccine immunized group(HBIG 100 I.U.,I.M. at birth and one month after birth and HB vaccine 10 γ I.M. one month, two month and seven month after birth). After immunization, follow up test
for HBV markers were taken for analyzing the efficacy of immunization.
The results are summarized as follows :
1. In a total of 1,028 cases of pregnant women, 90 were HBsAg positive (8.8%) and 432 were anti-HBs positive (42.1%).
2. Among 48 HBsAg Positive mothers, HBeAg was positive in 25(52.1%), anti-HBe was positive in 10(20.8%) and anti-HBc was positive in 47(97.9%). Among 48 HBsAg positive mothers, HBsAg in umbilical cord blood was positive in 23. The occurrence of HBeAg, anti-HBe and anti-HBc were same as those of mothers. Among 48 neonates born to HBsAg positive mothers, 4 were positive HBsAg in neonates' blood. Thus, the transplacental transmission rate was 8.3%.
3. Neonates' HBV marker were very different from those of cord blood, especially in HBsAg. (23 HBsAg positive in cord blood vs 4 HBsAg positive in neonates')
4. HBsAg positivity in cord blood was higher(64.0%) in HBeAg positive mothers than in anti-HBe Positive mothers (30.0%).
5. HBsAg was positive only in neonates born to HBeAg positive mothers. Thus, transplacental transmission occurred only in HBeAg positive mothers.
6. Among 8 babies immunized with HBIG only, HBsAg at 6 to 12 months after birth were positive in 5 babies(62.5%). But among 10 babies immunized with HBIG and HB vaccine, there was no HBsAg positive baby, and anti-HBs were positive in 8 babies(80.0%).
7. All of HBsAg positive babies were born to HBeAg positive mothers. There was no correlation between positive conversion rate of anti-HBs in infants and HBeAg status in mothers.
8. Negative conversion rates of HBeAg after immunization were 60.0%(3 among 5) in HBIG only immunized group and 100%(4 among 4) in HBIG with HB vaccine immunized group.
9. Negative conversion rate of anti-HBc after immunization was 20,0%(2 among 10) only in HBIG with HB vaccine immunized group.
In conclusion, the most likely route of perinatal transmission seems to be'contamination of the babies' blood with maternal blood at delivery or close contact between mother and baby during the postpartum period rather than transplacental transmission. In this study the transplacental transmission rate was 8.3% and neonates born to anti-HBe positive mother escaped the transplacental infection. There was a significant difference between HBV markers in cord blood and neonate's, especially HBsAg. This study also suggested that immunization with HBIG and HB vaccine appeared to be effective, as compared to HBIG only, in preventing neonatal hepatitis B virus infection in all newborn infants born to HBsAg positive mothers regardless of the presence of HBeAg or anti-HBe.restrictio