33 research outputs found
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor, glutathione-S-transferase M1, glutathione-S-transferase T1 μ μ μ λ€νμ±κ³Ό λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅°μ μ°κ΄κ΄κ³ κ·λͺ
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (λ°μ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μκ³Όλν μνκ³Ό, 2019. 2. μ΅μλ―Ό.The study was a case-control study including 478 women with PCOS and 376 women without PCOS from the Seoul National University Hospital and the Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Genotyping of the AhRR codon 185 was performed by real-time PCR analysis on an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotyping for gene deletions were carried out by multiplex PCR analysis. Results: There was a trend for an association of C/G+G/G genotypes with the patients with PCOS (p=0.06). But there was no difference in the genotype distribution of GSTM1 or GSTT1. Nevertheless, analyzing AhRR and GSTT1 together, we found that patients with high-risk genotypes at both loci have increased in patients with PCOS compared with controls (p=0.03, OR=1.54, CI=1.04-2.29). When classification of PCOS patients according by phenotype, there were significant differences in the combined G-allele genotype and GSTT1 null genotypes between no hirsutism group and controls (p=0.02). The combined GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes were also a trend for an association with PCOS. Conclusions: The AhRR codon 185, GSTM1 and GSTT1 mutant variants individually are not associated with the pathophysiology of PCOS. However, combined G allele of AhRR codon 185 and GSTT1 null genotype or combined GSTT1/GSTM1 null genotypes could be associated with pathophysiologic aberrance involved in PCOSλ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅°μ λ°λ³μ μ μ μ μμΈ μμ κ΄μ¬ν¨μ μ£Όμ§μ μ¬μ€μ΄λ, νμ¬ λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° νμλ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ detoxification ν¨μ μ μ μ λ€νμ± μμμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ 무ν μ€μ μ΄λ€. μ΄μ aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AhRR), glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) ν¨μ μ μ μ λ€νμ± λΆν¬λ₯Ό λΉκ΅λ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ μ μ νμ΄ λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅°μ μμμμμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯μ λΆμνκ³ μ νμλ€. λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° μ μ μ μμΈκ·λͺ
μ°κ΅¬ μ°Έμ¬μ λμν λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° νμκ΅° 478λͺ
κ³Ό μ μλμ‘°κ΅° 376λͺ
μ μ¬μ±μ λμμΌλ‘ νμλ€. νμμ λ§μ΄νμ‘μμ μ±μ·¨ν νμ‘μμ μ μ 체 DNAλ₯Ό μΆμΆνμλ€. AhRR μ μ μ codon 185μ μ μ νμ§λΆμμ μ€μκ° μ€ν©ν¨μ μ°μλ°μμ ν΅ν΄ μνλμμΌλ©° GSTM1κ³Ό GSTT1μ μ μ μ κ²°μμ μν μ μ νμ§λΆμμ λμ©λ μ€ν©ν¨μ μ°μλ°μ λΆμμ ν΅ν΄ μννμλ€. λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° νμκ΅°μμ μ μλμ‘°κ΅°μ λΉν΄ C/G+G/Gμ μ μ μνμ λν λμ μ°κ΄μ±μ λνλ΄μμΌλ (p=0.06), λ κ΅°μμ GSTM1κ³Ό GSTT1μ μ μ μν λΆν¬μ μ μν μ°¨μ΄κ° μμλ€. λ°λ©΄, AhRRκ³Ό GSTT1μ μ μ μνμ ν¨κ» λΆμνμ λ, λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° νμκ΅°μμ μ μλμ‘°κ΅°μ λΉν΄ κ³ μν μ μ μνμ΄ μ μνκ² λκ² κ΄μ°°λμλ€ (p=0.03, OR=1.54, CI=1.04-2.29). λν, νννμ λ°λΌ λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° νμλ₯Ό λΆλ₯νμ λ, AhRRκ³Ό GSTT1μ κ³ μν μ μ μν λ€λͺ¨μ¦μ΄ μλ λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅° νμκ΅°κ³Ό μ μλμ‘°κ΅°μμ μ μν μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό 보μλ€ (p=0.02). The AhRR codon 185, GSTM1 κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ GSTT1 λ³μ΄ μ μ μνμ κ°κ° κ°λ³μ μΌλ‘λ λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅°μ λ³νμ리νμ μ μν μ°κ΄μ±μ 보μ΄μ§ μμλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ AhRR codon 185μ G λ립μ μ μμ GSTT1μ κ²°μ¬ μ μ μνμ΄, λλ GSTT1κ³Ό GSTM1μ κ²°μ¬ μ μ μνμ΄ κ°μ΄ ννλ λ λ€λμ± λμμ¦νκ΅°μ λ³νμ리νμ μ΄μκ³Ό μ°κ΄λ μ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬λ£λλ€.Introduction . 1
Materials and Methods 6
Results. 12
Discussion 19
References. 23
Abstract in Korean. 32Docto
Intraexaminer Variability of Nerve Conduction Study in Healthy Person
Background: Nerve conduction study (NCS) is an objective and quantitative test in evaluating peripheral nerve disorders. Several physiological and technical factors are well known to influence the results of NCS, which can be controlled and regulated by standardization of environment and through the process to make range of normality. However, most electromyographers do not pay much attentions about inter- and intra-examiner variabilities, and there are only a few and incomplete reports on these topics. We examined the intra-examiner variability of NCS on the basis of periods of practice.
Methods: Twenty-eight electromyographers were divided into two groups: residents and neurologist-technicians. All, having variable NCS training periods, have performed NCS on one of other 27 electromyographers ten times within two weeks where each study was made once a day.
Results: Coefficient of variation and external quotient increased according to the following order οΌ nerve conduction velocities (NCV), terminal latencies (TL), and amplitudes of compound action potentials (AMP). There were significant differences between the two groups in NCV and TL, but no statistical difference in AMP.
Conclusions: Our results suggest that errors from intra-examiner variability should be considered when interpreting NCS and that those electromyographers who have enough training should perform NCS.ope
Risk factors and clinical charateristics in young adult stroke.
μκ³Όνμ¬μ
λ¨/μμ¬[νκΈ]
λμ‘Έμ€μ μ±μΈμ 3λ μ¬μΈ μ€μ νλλ‘ μ°λ Ήμ΄ λ§μμ§μλ‘ λ°μ λΉλκ° λμ§λ§ μ²μ₯λ
κΈ°μμλ μ μ§ μκ² λ°μνλ€. μ²μ₯λ
κΈ° λμ‘Έμ€μ μμΈμΌλ‘λ κ³ λ ΉμΈ΅ λμ‘Έμ€μ μ£Όλ μμΈμ΄λλ λλ§₯ κ²½νμ¦μ λΉκ΅μ μ κ³ μ¬μ₯ μ§ν , νΈλν΅, μμ λ° μ£Όμ°κΈ°, κ²½κ΅¬μ© νΌμμ½
볡μ©, μ£Όμ μ€λ
, λμ λ§₯ κΈ°ν λ± λ€μν μμΈμ΄ μνμΈμλ‘ μμ©νλ€. κ·Έλ κΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ΄λ€ μΈμλ₯Ό μ μ ν μΉλ£ν κ²½μ° λμ‘Έμ€ λ°μμ΄λ μ¬λ°μ λ§μ κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λμμ§λ―λ‘ μ΄μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬μ λΆμμ λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€. λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμλ μ°λ¦¬ λλΌ μ²μ₯λ
κΈ° λμ‘Έμ€μμμ μ
νμΈμ λ° μμμ νΉμ±μ κ΄νμ¬ μμλ³΄κ³ μμμ μ°κ΅¬μ λΉκ΅νκ³ μ νμλ€. 1995λ
1μ1μΌλΆν° 1999λ
12μ 31μΌ κΉμ§ μΈλΈλμ€ λ³μμ λμ‘Έμ€μΌλ‘ μ
μν 15μΈ μ΄μ 45μΈ μ΄νμ νμ 484λ‘λ₯Ό λμμΌλ‘ νμ¬ μ§λ£ κΈ°λ‘μ νν₯μ μΌλ‘ λΆμνμλ€. λμ‘Έμ€μ λκ²½μκ³Ό λμΆνλ‘ λΆλ₯νκ³ λμΆνμ λ μ€μ§λ΄ μΆνκ³Ό μ§μ£Όλ§ν μΆνλ‘ λλμ΄ κ°κ°μ μνμΈμ λ° λ°μ λΆμμ κ΄νμ¬ λΆμνμ¬ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ»μλ€.
1. μ΄ μκΈ°μ λμ‘Έμ€μΌλ‘ λ΄μν 2903λ‘μ νμλ€ μ€ 484(16.7οΌ
)λ‘κ° μ²μ₯λ
κΈ°μ μνμλ€. μ΄λ€ μ€ λκ²½μμ΄ 123λ‘λ‘ μ 체 λκ²½μ νμμ 9.1οΌ
, λμΆνμ 361λ‘λ‘ μ 체 λμ‘Έμ€ νμμ 23.4οΌ
λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§νμ¬ μ²μ₯λ
κΈ° λμ‘Έμ€μμλ λμΆνμ΄ λκ²½μμ 3λ°°κ°λ λ°μ λΉλκ° λλ€. λμΆν μ€μλ μ§μ£Όλ§ν μΆνμ΄ 213λ‘(56.2οΌ
), λ μ€μ§λ΄ μΆνμ΄ 148λ‘(43.8οΌ
)μλ€.
2. μ²μ₯λ
κΈ° λμ‘Έμ€μμ λ¨λ
λΉλ 61.2: 38.8λ‘ λ¨μκ° μ¬μμ λΉν΄ 1.6λ°° λ§μκ³ μ°λ Ήλ³ λΆν¬μμλ 41μΈ μ΄μ 45μΈ μ΄νμ μ°λ Ήκ΅°μ΄ 197λ‘(40.7οΌ
)λ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μλ€.
3. TOAST λΆλ₯μ μν λκ²½μ μ’
λ₯λ₯Ό 보면 large artery atherosclerosisκ° 34λ‘(27.6οΌ
)λ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μκ³ , small vessel occlusionμ΄ 23λ‘(19.2οΌ
), undetermined causesκ° 23λ‘(19.2οΌ
), other determined causeκ° 22λ‘(17.9οΌ
), cardioembolismμ΄ 21λ‘(17.1οΌ
) μλ€.
4. μ²μ₯λ
κΈ° λκ²½μμμ μνμΈμλ‘λ 43λ‘(37.7οΌ
)μμ ν‘μ°λ ₯μ, 38λ‘(30.9οΌ
)μμ κ³ νμμ κ°μ§κ³ μμλλ°, ν‘μ°λ ₯μ΄ μμλ 43λ‘λ λͺ¨λ λ¨μ νμλ‘ λ¨μ νμμ 58.1οΌ
μμ ν‘μ°λ ₯μ κ°μ§κ³ μμλ€. κ³ νμμ κ°μ§κ³ μμλ 38λ‘μ νμλ 18λ‘κ° large artery atherosclerosis, 12λ‘κ° small vessel occlusion μ μνμλ€.
5. λ μ€μ§λ΄ μΆνμ μμΈμΌλ‘ 40μΈ μ΄νμμλ λμ λ§₯ κΈ°νμ΄ 49λ‘(46.2οΌ
), 41μΈ μ΄μ45μΈμ΄νμμλ κ³ νμμ΄ 25λ‘(59.5οΌ
)λ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μλ€. κ·Έ μΈμ μκ³ μ₯μ , λͺ¨μΌλͺ¨μΌλ³, μ’
μ, μμ μ€λ
μ¦ λ± μμΈμ΄ λ€μνμλ€.
6. λ μ€μ§λ΄ μΆνμ λ°μ λΆμλ₯Ό 보면 μ½μ μΆνμ΄ 65λ‘(43.9οΌ
)λ‘ κΈ°μ ν΅ μΆν 38λ‘(25.7οΌ
) λ³΄λ€ λ§μλ€.
7. μ§μ£Όλ§ν μΆνμ μμΈμΌλ‘λ 197λ‘(92.5οΌ
)κ° λλ§₯λ₯μκ³ κ·Έ λ°μ λΆμλ μ κ΅ν΅ λλ§₯λΆμκ° κ°μ₯ ννμ¬ μΈκ΅μ κ²½μ°μ λΉκ΅ν΄ νΉκΈ°ν μ°¨μ΄λ μμλ€.
8. 41μΈ μ΄μ 45μΈ μ΄νμ λμ‘Έμ€μ λ
Έλ
κΈ°μμμ μ μ¬ν νΉμ±μ λ³΄μ¬ μ²μ₯λ
κΈ°μ μν μ°λ Ήμ 40μΈμ΄νλ‘ νλ κ²μ΄ μ’μ κ²μΌλ‘ μκ°λλ©° μ΄λ° μ¬μ€μ λ·λ°μΉ¨νκΈ° μνμ¬μλ 41μΈ μ΄μ 45μΈ μ΄ν μ°λ ΉκΈ°μ λ
Έλ
κΈ° λμ‘Έμ€μ λΉκ΅κ° νμνλ¦¬λΌ μ¬λ£λλ€.
κ²°λ‘ μ μΌλ‘ μ°λ¦¬λλΌ μ²μ₯λ
κΈ° λμ‘Έμ€μ νΉμ±μ μνμ μΈ‘λ©΄μμλ λ¨μ νμκ° λ§μκ³ , 41μΈ μ΄μ 45μΈ μ΄νμ μ°λ Ήκ΅°μ΄ λ§μλ€. μμΈμ μΈ‘λ©΄μμλ large artery atherosclerosisμ small artery occlusionμ΄ λ§μμΌλ©°, μνμΈμμμλ νΉν λ¨μμμ ν‘μ°λ ₯κ³Ό κ³ ν
μμ΄ λ§μλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
Although increasing age is the single most important factor that forecasts ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, stroke is not rare among adolescents and young adults. The leading causes of stroke among elderly persons are intracranial or extracranial atherosclerosis and cardioembolism. However, the causes of stroke
among young adults are more diverse. Studies from western countries have shown that in the young age group, cardioembolism and nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies are relatively important causes of ischemic stroke as compared to atherosclerotic vasculopathy and small artery occlusion. To investigate the causes, risk factors and clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage in young adults in Korea, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients aged 15 to 45 years with diagnosis of hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke admitted to the Severence Hospital between January 1,1995 and December 31,1999. The results are as follows.
1. The proportion of young adult stroke was 16.7οΌ
(484/2903) of all strokes. Distribution of young adult strokes showed cerebral infarction in 123 patients, intracerebral hemorrhage in 148 patients, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 213 patients. In young adults, hemorrhagic stroke was 3 times more common than ischemic stroke.
2. Among them, 296(61.2οΌ
) patients were men and 188(38.8οΌ
) were women. 40.7οΌ
of young adult stroke were in the 41 to 45 age distribution.
3. According to the TOAST classification, 34 patients(27.6οΌ
) had large artery atherosclerosis, 23 patients(18.7οΌ
) small artery occlusion, 21 patients(17.1οΌ
) cardioembolism, 22 patients(17.9οΌ
) other determined cause and 23 patients(18.7οΌ
)
undetermined causes.
4. 43 patients(37.7οΌ
) had smoking and 38 patients(30.9οΌ
) had hypertension. The prevelance of smoking in men(58.1οΌ
) was higher than that in women(0οΌ
). More than 50οΌ
of large artery atherosclerosis and small artery occlusion group had smoking
and hypertension.
5. Arteriovenous malformation was the most common causes of ICH in patients younger than 40 years, while hypertention was the most common in those between 41 and 45 years. Other causes included coagulopathy, moyamoya disease, tumor, eclampsia.
6. Intracerebral hemorrhages in young adults were mainly lobar(43.9οΌ
) in location.
7. Ruptured aneurysms(92.5οΌ
) are the leading cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aneurysmal sacs were found most frequently in the anterior communicating artery in location.
8. The risk factors and the patterns of the stroke in the age group of 41 to 45 years were similar to those in old ages. This suggest that the age definition of young adult stroke shoud be reconsidered.
In conclusion, the type and the risk factors of the ischemic stroke in our study were different from those in western, while those of the hemorrhagic stroke were similar between western and ours. Atherosclerosis seemed to be the major mechanism of the ischmic stroke in young Korean adults, which was suggested by the high frequency of large artery atherosclerosis and lacune as well as of hypertension and smoking. This may be attributed to the high proportion of patients in the age between 41 and 45, who showed similar patterns of the stroke type and risk factors to those of old ages.ope
Gridlock in the 18th Korean National Assembly
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ 18λ κ΅νμμ μΌμ΄λκ³ μλ μ
λ²κ°λ± λ° κ΅μ°© νμμ μ΄ν΄λ³΄κ³ , κ·Έ μμΈμ νμ
νλ λ° μ£Όμν λͺ©μ μ΄ μλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μνμ¬ λΉνμ μ리νΈμ μκ·Ήν, μν λ΄ μ μ±
μ νΈμ μΌμΉ, κΆλ ₯μμ μμΈλ μμλΉμ κ°ν μ ν, μ λΆ νμμ λν 곡곡μμ§μ§, 리λμ μμ¨μ±μ λΆμ¬μ λ€μ― κ°μ§ κΈ°μ€μ΄ μ
λ²κ΅μ°©μ μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉλ€λ κ°μ€μ ν΅ν΄ 18λ κ΅νμμ 첨μν κ°λ±μ λ³΄μΈ μΈκ΅ν΅μν΅μΌμμν νλ―Έ FTA λΉμ€ λμμ μ²λ¦¬ κ³Όμ κ³Ό μκ΅¬μ± νμ κ³Όμ μ μ¬λ‘λ‘ λΆμνμλ€. μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Ό, νκ΅ μν, νΉν 18λ κ΅νμ μ
λ²κ΅μ°©νμμ μ£Όμν μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ μμΈμ μ λΉμκ·Ήν, κΆλ ₯μμ μμΈλ μμμΌλΉμ κ°ν μ ν, 리λμ μμ¨μ±μ λΆμ¬μ μΈ κ°μ§λ‘ μμ½ν μ μμλ€. μ
λ²κ΅μ°©μ ν° μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉμ§ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μ΄λ 곡곡μ μ§μ§μ μν λ΄ μ μ±
μ νΈμ κ°λ³ μ€ννΈλΌμ λ³μ μμ ν λ³μμ μν₯μ μ£Όκ³ λ°μΌλ©° νκ΅ μνμ μΉμ μ±κ²©μ 보μ¬μ€λ€λ μ μμ μ€μνλ€. κ²°κ΅, μ
λ²κ΅μ°©μ ν¬κ΄μ μ΄κ³ λ€μν λ³μμ μ‘°ν©μ μν₯μΌλ‘ λ°μνλ©°, μ
λ²κ°λ±μ ν΄κ²°μ μν λ
Έλ ₯ μμ μ΄λ₯Ό λ°νμΌλ‘ μ΄λ£¨μ΄μ ΈμΌ ν κ²μ΄λ€.
The primary purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon of gridlock in the 18th Korean National Assembly, and to find out the causes and solutions to gridlock. This paper focuses on the conflict in the process of forming groups at the Standing Committees and of ratification of the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement at the Unification, Foreign Affairs, and Trade Committee. It reveals that three factors-party polarization, strong opposition of minority to ruling majority and absence of leadership autonomy-are related to the conflict of the 18th Korean National Assembly. These factors have an effect to gridlock by interaction. Moreover, we can think about the solutions to gridlock, by the fact that there were no practical effects of public support or atmosphere of unifying opinion in National Assembly on legislative process because they also have something to do with the other factors
μ 18λ κ΅ν μ λ°κΈ° λ³Ένμ νκ²°μ μ€μ¬μΌλ‘
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ (μμ¬)-- μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ : μ μΉνκ³Ό, 2012. 2. λ°μ°¬μ±, κ°μν.λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μ 18λ κ΅ν μ λ°κΈ° 2λ
κ° λ³Ένμ νκ²° κΈ°λ‘μ λΆμνμ¬ κ°μΈ μμμ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬ν νμλ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ μ μλ―Έν λ³μλ₯Ό μ°Ύμλ΄λλ° κ·Έ λͺ©μ μ΄ μλ€. ꡬ체μ μΌλ‘ λ³Έ λ
Όλ¬Έμ κ°ν μ λΉκΈ°μ¨μ μ ν΅μλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ κ΅νμμλ€μ΄ νκ²° νμ₯μμ λΉλ‘ μ μ΄νν΄ λ
립μ μΌλ‘ νλνλ νμμ λͺ©κ²©νκ³ , μ΄λ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ μμΈμ λΆμνκ³ μ νλ€. μ΄λ¬ν λͺ©μ μμ 18λ κ΅ν μ λ°κΈ°λμ μμμ§μ μ μ§ν νλλΌλΉκ³Ό λ―Όμ£ΌλΉ μμ 241λͺ
μ λ³Ένμ μ μνκ²° κΈ°λ‘μ λΆμνμ¬ μ΄λ€μ΄ λΉλ‘ κ³Ό λ€λ₯Έ νκ²°μ νλλ‘ κ²°μ νλ μμΈμ μ°Ύλλ€.
νκ΅μ κ΅ν λ΄ νκ²°ννμ κ΄ν λ€μν μ°κ΅¬λ μμ νμλ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ λ€μν μμΈ μ€ μ λΉμ μ λμ μν₯λ ₯μ ν¬κ² νκ°νλ€. μ΄μ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄ νκ΅μ μ λΉμ νμ±κΈ°λΆν° κΆμμ£Όμ μκΈ°λ₯Ό κ±°μΉλ©΄μ κ·Έ κΈ°μ¨μ κ°ννμκ³ , μμλ€μ νμλ₯Ό μ ννκ³ ν΅μ νλ μν μ μνν΄μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ κ΅νμμμ΄ λ¨μν μ λΉκΈ°μ¨λ§μ λ°λΌ μλμ μΌλ‘ νλνλ μ‘΄μ¬κ° μλλΌλ μ¦κ±° λν μ¬λΏ μ°Ύμλ³Ό μ μλ€. ꡬ체μ μΌλ‘ νκ²°μ μμμμ μμλ€μ λΉλ‘ μ λ°°μΉλλ λ κ°μ§ μ νμ ν μ μλ€. μ¦, μμμ μ κ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ λ³Ένμμμ λΉλ‘ μ μΌμΉνμ§ μλ λ°©ν₯μΌλ‘ ν¬ννκ±°λ μκ·Ήμ μΌλ‘ κΈ°κΆμ΄λ νκ²°λΆμ°Έμ νν μ μλ€. λΉλ‘ λ§μ λΉμ€μ μ°¨μ§νμ§ μλλΌλ κ΅νμμλ€μ΄ λΉλ‘ μΌλ‘λΆν° μ΄ννμ¬ λ
립μ μΌλ‘ νκ²°νλ κ²½μ°κ° λ°κ²¬λλ€λ μ¬μ€μ κ°ν μ λΉκΈ°μ¨λ§μ κ°μ‘°ν΄μλ κΈ°μ‘΄μ μ°κ΅¬ μ ν΅μμ λ²μ΄λ μλ‘μ΄ κ΄μ μμ μμ νκ²°μ λ°λΌλ³Ό νμμ±μ μ κΈ°νλ€.
μ΄λ¬ν κ΄μ μμ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ μμμ μ λ΅μ νμμλ‘ κ°μ νκ³ , 18λ κ΅ν μ λ°κΈ°μ μμλ€μ΄ λΉλ‘ μ μ΄ννμ¬ νκ²°νλ λ° μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ μ μλ―Έν κ²°μ μμΈμ μ°Ύλλ° μ£Όλͺ©νμλ€. μ΄λ₯Ό μνμ¬ νΉμ μμμ μμ μ λΉ λ€μκ° ν¬νν μ νμ§λ₯Ό λΉλ‘ μΌλ‘ μ μνκ³ , κ°μΈ μμμ΄ λͺ¨λ νκ²°μ λνμ¬ λΉλ‘ μ μ΄ννμ¬ ν¬νν λΉμ¨μ μ’
μλ³μλ‘ μ€μ νμλ€. μ°κ΅¬λ νκ²°λΆμ°Έμ λΆμλμμ ν¬ν¨ν ν¬κ΄μ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬ν λͺ¨νκ³Ό νκ²°λΆμ°Έμ μ μΈν λ¨μ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬ν λͺ¨νμ λ μ°¨μμΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λλ€. μμμ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬νλ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ μμΈμ μ°ΎκΈ° μνμ¬ μ λμ , μ§μꡬμ , μμ κ°μΈμ μμΈμ μΈ κ°μ§λ‘ λΆλ₯λ λ
립λ³μλ₯Ό μ€μ νμκ³ , κ°μ€μ΅μμ κ³± κ·Έλ£Ή λ‘μ§μ€ν± νκ·λΆμμ ν΅ν κ³λ λΆμμ μννμλ€.
μ°κ΅¬ κ²°κ³Όλ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ΄ μμ½λ μ μλ€. 첫째, ν¬κ΄μ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬ν λͺ¨νμμ κ΅νμμλ€μ΄ λΉλ‘ μ μ΄ννμ¬ ν¬ννλ λ° μν₯μ λ―ΈμΉ μ μλ―Έν κ²°μ μμΈμ μ λμ λ³μλ‘ λ°νμ‘λ€. λ¨Όμ , κ΅νμμλ€μ κ·Έλ€μ΄ μ λΉμΌλ‘λΆν° μμ¨μ±μ νλν λ μ λΉ λ€μλ‘λΆν° μ΄ννμ¬ νκ²°ν κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λλ€. ꡬ체μ μΌλ‘ λΉλ΄μμ κ²½νκ³Ό μ°λ₯μ ν΅νμ¬ λΉκ³΅μμ μΈ λ¦¬λμμ νλνκ³ μλ μ μκ° λμ μμλ€μ΄ μλμ μΌλ‘ λ μμ¨μ μ΄λ―λ‘ λΉλ‘ μ μ΄νν κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λλ€. λ°λ©΄, μ λΉ μ§λλΆμ μμΉν μμλ€μ μ λΉ μ 체λ₯Ό μ±
μμ ΈμΌ νλ μ
μ₯μ μμΌλ―λ‘ μ λΉμΌλ‘λΆν° μμ λ‘μ΄ μ νμ ν μ μμΌλ©° λ°λΌμ λΉλ‘ μ κ³ μν κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λλ€. λμ§Έ, λ¨μ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬ν λͺ¨νμμ κ·Έ λμ ν¬κ² μ£Όλͺ©λ°μ§ λͺ»νμλ λ³μ μ€ νλμΈ μ΄λ
μ΄ μ μλ―Έν λ³μλ‘ νμΈλμλ€. λΆμμ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄, μ§λ³΄μ μΈ μμμΌμλ‘ λΉλ‘ μΌλ‘λΆν° μ΄ννμ¬ νκ²°ν κ°λ₯μ±μ΄ λλ€. νΉν, νκ²°λΆμ°Έμ λΆμμμ μ μΈνμ λ μ΄λ
μ΄ μ€μν κ²°μ μμΈμΌλ‘ λλλμλ€λ μ¬μ€μ΄ μμ¬νλ λ°λ ν¬λ€. μμλ€μ΄ νκ²°μ ν΅ν΄ μ λ©΄μ μΌλ‘ λΉλ‘ μ λ°°μΉλλ μ
μ₯μ νλͺ
ν μ μλ κ²μ μ λΉμ΄ μ€ μ μλ μ λμ μΈμΌν°λΈλ₯Ό λ°μ΄λλ κ°μΈμ κ°ν μ΄λ
μ μμ± λλ¬Έμ΄λΌλ κ²μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¬λ λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ΄λ
λ³μλ μ μ±
κ³Ό μ΄λ
κ³Όμ μ°κ³μ± μΈ‘λ©΄μμ ν΄μλ κ²μ΄ μλλΌ μμμ΄ λΉλ‘ μ λ°λ₯Ό κ²μΈκ° μ΄νν κ²μΈκ°λ₯Ό κ²°μ νλ μΌλ°μ μΈ μ΄λ
μ±ν₯μΌλ‘, μ΄λ
μ΄ μ μ±
κ³Όμ μ°κ³ μμμ λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬νμ μ§μ μ μΌλ‘ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯λ ₯μ μΈ‘μ νμ§λ λͺ»νμλ€λ νκ³λ₯Ό κ°λλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬λ 건κ°ν λμ λ―Όμ£Όμ λλ₯Ό μ립νλ λ° νμν μμΈλ€μ λν ν¨μλ₯Ό μ 곡νμλ€λ μ μμ μμλ₯Ό κ°λλ€. λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬νμ κ²°μ μμΈμ μ°κ΅¬ν κ²°κ³Ό λΉλ‘ μ΄νν¬νκ° μμλ€μ μ λμ μμ¨μ±μμ λΉλ‘―λ κ²μμ μ μ μμλ€. μ΄λ κ·Έλμ λ§μ νμλ€μ΄ νκ΅ κ΅νμ κ°λ±κ³Ό λΉν¨μ¨μ±μ κ³ μ§μ μΈ λ¬Έμ λ‘ μ§μ νλ©΄μ κ·Έ μμΈμΌλ‘ κ°ν μ λΉκΈ°μ¨κ³Ό λΉλ΄ λΉλ―Όμ£Όμ±μ κΌ½μμ¨ κ²κ³Όλ μΌλ§₯μν΅νλ κ²°κ³Όμ΄λ€. λμκ°, μ΄λ
μ΄ λΉλ‘ μΌλ‘λΆν°μ μ΄νμ μ΄μ§νλ μμ μ€ νλμμ΄ λ°νμ‘λ€λ μ μμ μμλ€μ΄ λ³΄λ€ μμ¨μ±μ κ°μ§ μ μλ λ―Όμ£Όμ μΈ μλ΄μΈ μ λΉκ΅¬μ‘°κ° ν립λλ€λ©΄ μμλ€μ΄ λ³΄λ€ μ΄λ
λ±μ κΈ°λ°νμ¬ νκ²°ν μ μλ μ μΉμ νκ²½μ΄ ν립λ κ²μ΄λΌ μμν μ μλ€.The purpose of this study is to identify meaningful variables effecting individual national assembly member's party defection votes by analyzing floor voting records for the first two years of the 18th National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. Specifically, the study will analyze the factors that result in party defection voting behavior by assembly members, a practice that betrays the tradition of strong party discipline. To this end, the study analyzes the roll-call voting record of 241 Grand National Party and Democratic Party assembly members having held office during the first half of the 18th National Assembly to analyze the factors that cause party defection votes.
Various studies on voting behavior within the National Assembly assess that party is the major influence on assembly member's voting behavior. The logic is that Korean political parties, from their inception, and, experiencing phases of authoritarian government, strengthened party discipline in kind, giving birth to a tradition of party exercising significant control over assemblymen's behavior. However, plenty of evidence indicating that assembly members are more than just passive beings submissive to party discipline is to be found. In the act of voting, two choices in disagreement with the party line are available. The first is active party defection voting, wherein a vote is cast in a direction out of line with one's party. Second is passive defection behavior, wherein one chooses abstention or absence to avoid casting a party-line vote. Although not common, the fact that assembly members on occasion display independent voting behavior, defecting from party majority, raises the need for a new explanation other than strong party discipline, which has been identified in the existing literature as the significant determinant of voting behavior.
The study assumes that assemblymen are strategic actors seeking utility through floor voting, and focuses on identifying significant determinants of assembly members' party defection votes in the first half of the 18th National Assembly. For this purpose, the party-line was identified as the voting choice of the majority of assembly members in a party, and party defection voting behavior by individual assembly member was set as the dependent variable. The study is divided into two models: In the comprehensive defection model, absences from floor voti are included in the analysis, where as in the simple defection model, they are not. To identify deciding factors of assembly members party defection votes, independent variables were categorized as institutional, representational, and individual variables. Weighted least squares group logistic regression analysis was performed.
The results of the study can be summarized in three points. First, institutional variables were identified as having a significant effect on assembly members' party defection voting. Assembly members are more likely to defect from the party-line in voting when they have autonomy from their party. This is because assembly members having served multiple terms, who are not part of the official party leadership, but who, with relatively more experience, in effect are part of party leadership, can afford to be more autonomous. On the other hand, assembly members who are officially in party leadership are accountable for the entire party, and are relatively less able to vote in a direction not in agreement with the party line. They can therefore be expected to vote in line with the party.
Second, in the simple defection model, ideology, a variable that had largely been dismissed in the past was confirmed as having a statistically significant influence. Analysis showed that the more progressive an assembly membern, the higher the likelihood of party defection voting behavior. The fact that the influence of ideology was only visible when absences were not included in analysis has wide implications. This indicates that assembly members' making known their personal standing on issues through floor voting, directly opposing the party-line, is only possible because the strength of individual ideology is such that it outweighs the institutional incentives offered by party. However, in the study, the ideology variable was not interpreted in connection with policy; rather, ideology was defined as a general tendency to defect or vote in line with party majority. Therefore, the direct influence of ideology on party defection in a policy context could not be measured.
The study's significance lies in unearthing new implications regarding the building blocks of a healthy representative democracy. The results of the study, which analyzed the deciding factors of party defection votes, showed that party defection was the result of assembly members' institutional autonomy. Such results are in line with existing literature, which points to strong party discipline and undemocratic intra-party structure as the key causes of the Korean National Assembly's chronic inefficiency and confrontations. The study identified ideology as a factor that increases the likelihood of party defection; it can therefore be forecast that once a more democratic party system is established both on and off the floor, assemblymen will be able to exercise greater autonomy, leading to a political environment in which factors such as ideology may have a more pronounced influence on voting behavior.Maste
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