33 research outputs found

    Aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor, glutathione-S-transferase M1, glutathione-S-transferase T1 μœ μ „μž λ‹€ν˜•μ„±κ³Ό λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅°μ˜ 연관관계 규λͺ…

    Get PDF
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (박사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ˜κ³ΌλŒ€ν•™ μ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2019. 2. 졜영민.The study was a case-control study including 478 women with PCOS and 376 women without PCOS from the Seoul National University Hospital and the Seoul National University Hospital Healthcare System. Materials and Methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood. Genotyping of the AhRR codon 185 was performed by real-time PCR analysis on an ABI Prism 7000 Sequence Detection System. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotyping for gene deletions were carried out by multiplex PCR analysis. Results: There was a trend for an association of C/G+G/G genotypes with the patients with PCOS (p=0.06). But there was no difference in the genotype distribution of GSTM1 or GSTT1. Nevertheless, analyzing AhRR and GSTT1 together, we found that patients with high-risk genotypes at both loci have increased in patients with PCOS compared with controls (p=0.03, OR=1.54, CI=1.04-2.29). When classification of PCOS patients according by phenotype, there were significant differences in the combined G-allele genotype and GSTT1 null genotypes between no hirsutism group and controls (p=0.02). The combined GSTM1/GSTT1 null genotypes were also a trend for an association with PCOS. Conclusions: The AhRR codon 185, GSTM1 and GSTT1 mutant variants individually are not associated with the pathophysiology of PCOS. However, combined G allele of AhRR codon 185 and GSTT1 null genotype or combined GSTT1/GSTM1 null genotypes could be associated with pathophysiologic aberrance involved in PCOSλ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅°μ˜ λ°œλ³‘μ— μœ μ „μ  μ†ŒμΈ μ—­μ‹œ 관여함은 μ£Όμ§€μ˜ μ‚¬μ‹€μ΄λ‚˜, ν˜„μž¬ λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ detoxification νš¨μ†Œ μœ μ „μž λ‹€ν˜•μ„± 양상을 λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ „λ¬΄ν•œ 싀정이닀. 이에 aryl hydrocarbon receptor repressor (AhRR), glutathione-S-transferase M1 (GSTM1), glutathione-S-transferase T1 (GSTT1) νš¨μ†Œ μœ μ „μž λ‹€ν˜•μ„± 뢄포λ₯Ό 비ꡐλ₯Ό 톡해 μœ μ „ν˜•μ΄ λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅°μ˜ μž„μƒμ–‘μƒμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° μœ μ „μ  μ†ŒμΈκ·œλͺ… 연ꡬ 참여에 λ™μ˜ν•œ λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° ν™˜μžκ΅° 478λͺ…κ³Ό μ •μƒλŒ€μ‘°κ΅° 376λͺ…μ˜ 여성을 λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. ν™˜μžμ˜ λ§μ΄ˆν˜ˆμ•‘μ—μ„œ μ±„μ·¨ν•œ ν˜ˆμ•‘μ—μ„œ μœ μ „μ²΄ DNAλ₯Ό μΆ”μΆœν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. AhRR μœ μ „μž codon 185의 μœ μ „ν˜•μ§ˆλΆ„μ„μ€ μ‹€μ‹œκ°„ μ€‘ν•©νš¨μ†Œ μ—°μ‡„λ°˜μ‘μ„ 톡해 μˆ˜ν–‰λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©° GSTM1κ³Ό GSTT1의 μœ μ „μž 결손에 μ˜ν•œ μœ μ „ν˜•μ§ˆλΆ„μ„μ€ λŒ€μš©λŸ‰ μ€‘ν•©νš¨μ†Œ μ—°μ‡„λ°˜μ‘ 뢄석을 톡해 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° ν™˜μžκ΅°μ—μ„œ μ •μƒλŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄ C/G+G/G의 μœ μ „μžν˜•μ— λŒ€ν•œ 높은 연관성을 λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄μ—ˆμœΌλ‚˜ (p=0.06), 두 κ΅°μ—μ„œ GSTM1κ³Ό GSTT1의 μœ μ „μžν˜• 뢄포에 μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이가 μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 반면, AhRRκ³Ό GSTT1의 μœ μ „μžν˜•μ„ ν•¨κ»˜ λΆ„μ„ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° ν™˜μžκ΅°μ—μ„œ μ •μƒλŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ— λΉ„ν•΄ κ³ μœ„ν—˜ μœ μ „μžν˜•μ΄ μœ μ˜ν•˜κ²Œ λ†’κ²Œ κ΄€μ°°λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€ (p=0.03, OR=1.54, CI=1.04-2.29). λ˜ν•œ, ν‘œν˜„ν˜•μ— 따라 λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° ν™˜μžλ₯Ό λΆ„λ₯˜ν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ, AhRRκ³Ό GSTT1의 κ³ μœ„ν—˜ μœ μ „μžν˜• λ‹€λͺ¨μ¦μ΄ μ—†λŠ” λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅° ν™˜μžκ΅°κ³Ό μ •μƒλŒ€μ‘°κ΅°μ—μ„œ μœ μ˜ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ³΄μ˜€λ‹€ (p=0.02). The AhRR codon 185, GSTM1 그리고 GSTT1 변이 μœ μ „μžν˜•μ€ 각각 κ°œλ³„μ μœΌλ‘œλŠ” λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅°μ˜ λ³‘νƒœμƒλ¦¬ν•™μ— μœ μ˜ν•œ 연관성을 보이지 μ•Šμ•˜λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ AhRR codon 185의 G λŒ€λ¦½μœ μ „μžμ™€ GSTT1의 κ²°μ—¬ μœ μ „μžν˜•μ΄, λ˜λŠ” GSTT1κ³Ό GSTM1의 κ²°μ—¬ μœ μ „μžν˜•μ΄ 같이 ν‘œν˜„λ  λ•Œ λ‹€λ‚­μ„± λ‚œμ†Œμ¦ν›„κ΅°μ˜ λ³‘νƒœμƒλ¦¬ν•™μ  이상과 연관될 수 μžˆμ„ κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€.Introduction . 1 Materials and Methods 6 Results. 12 Discussion 19 References. 23 Abstract in Korean. 32Docto

    Intraexaminer Variability of Nerve Conduction Study in Healthy Person

    Get PDF
    Background: Nerve conduction study (NCS) is an objective and quantitative test in evaluating peripheral nerve disorders. Several physiological and technical factors are well known to influence the results of NCS, which can be controlled and regulated by standardization of environment and through the process to make range of normality. However, most electromyographers do not pay much attentions about inter- and intra-examiner variabilities, and there are only a few and incomplete reports on these topics. We examined the intra-examiner variability of NCS on the basis of periods of practice. Methods: Twenty-eight electromyographers were divided into two groups: residents and neurologist-technicians. All, having variable NCS training periods, have performed NCS on one of other 27 electromyographers ten times within two weeks where each study was made once a day. Results: Coefficient of variation and external quotient increased according to the following order - nerve conduction velocities (NCV), terminal latencies (TL), and amplitudes of compound action potentials (AMP). There were significant differences between the two groups in NCV and TL, but no statistical difference in AMP. Conclusions: Our results suggest that errors from intra-examiner variability should be considered when interpreting NCS and that those electromyographers who have enough training should perform NCS.ope

    Risk factors and clinical charateristics in young adult stroke.

    No full text
    μ˜κ³Όν•™μ‚¬μ—…λ‹¨/석사[ν•œκΈ€] λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ€ μ„±μΈμ˜ 3λŒ€ 사인 μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ 연령이 λ§Žμ•„μ§ˆμˆ˜λ‘ λ°œμƒ λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’μ§€λ§Œ μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ°μ—μ„œλ„ 적지 μ•Šκ²Œ λ°œμƒν•œλ‹€. μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ° λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ˜ μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” κ³ λ ΉμΈ΅ λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ˜ 주된 μ›μΈμ΄λ˜λŠ” 동λ§₯ 경화증은 비ꡐ적 적고 심μž₯ μ§ˆν™˜ , νŽΈλ‘ν†΅, μž„μ‹  및 μ£Όμ‚°κΈ°, 경ꡬ용 ν”Όμž„μ•½ 볡용, μ£Όμ • 쀑독, 동정λ§₯ κΈ°ν˜• λ“± λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ 원인이 μœ„ν—˜μΈμžλ‘œ μž‘μš©ν•œλ‹€. κ·Έλ ‡κΈ° λ•Œλ¬Έμ— 이듀 인자λ₯Ό 적절히 μΉ˜λ£Œν•  경우 λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ λ°œμƒμ΄λ‚˜ μž¬λ°œμ„ 막을 κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’μ•„μ§€λ―€λ‘œ 이에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ와 뢄석은 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 우리 λ‚˜λΌ μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ° λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ—μ„œμ˜ μœ„ ν—˜μΈμž 및 μž„μƒμ  νŠΉμ„±μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ μ•Œμ•„λ³΄κ³  μ„œμ–‘μ˜ 연ꡬ와 λΉ„κ΅ν•˜κ³ μž ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 1995λ…„ 1μ›”1일뢀터 1999λ…„ 12μ›” 31일 κΉŒμ§€ μ„ΈλΈŒλž€μŠ€ 병원에 λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μœΌλ‘œ μž…μ›ν•œ 15μ„Έ 이상 45μ„Έ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ ν™˜μž 484λ‘€λ₯Ό λŒ€μƒμœΌλ‘œ ν•˜μ—¬ μ§„λ£Œ 기둝을 ν›„ν–₯적으둜 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ€ λ‡Œκ²½μƒ‰κ³Ό λ‡ŒμΆœν˜ˆλ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜ν•˜κ³  λ‡ŒμΆœν˜ˆμ€ λ‡Œ μ‹€μ§ˆλ‚΄ 좜혈과 μ§€μ£Όλ§‰ν•˜ 좜혈둜 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ 각각의 μœ„ν—˜μΈμž 및 λ°œμƒ λΆ€μœ„μ— κ΄€ν•˜μ—¬ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. 이 μ‹œκΈ°μ— λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μœΌλ‘œ λ‚΄μ›ν•œ 2903λ‘€μ˜ ν™˜μžλ“€ 쀑 484(16.7οΌ…)λ‘€κ°€ μ²­μž₯년기에 μ†ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이듀 쀑 λ‡Œκ²½μƒ‰μ΄ 123λ‘€λ‘œ 전체 λ‡Œκ²½μƒ‰ ν™˜μžμ˜ 9.1οΌ…, λ‡ŒμΆœν˜ˆμ€ 361λ‘€λ‘œ 전체 λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘ ν™˜μžμ˜ 23.4οΌ…λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν•˜μ—¬ μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ° λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‡ŒμΆœν˜ˆμ΄ λ‡Œκ²½μƒ‰μ˜ 3λ°°κ°€λŸ‰ λ°œμƒ λΉˆλ„κ°€ λ†’λ‹€. λ‡ŒμΆœν˜ˆ μ€‘μ—λŠ” μ§€μ£Όλ§‰ν•˜ 좜혈이 213λ‘€(56.2οΌ…), λ‡Œ μ‹€μ§ˆλ‚΄ 좜혈이 148λ‘€(43.8οΌ…)μ˜€λ‹€. 2. μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ° λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ—μ„œ λ‚¨λ…€λΉ„λŠ” 61.2: 38.8둜 λ‚¨μžκ°€ μ—¬μžμ— λΉ„ν•΄ 1.6λ°° λ§Žμ•˜κ³  연령별 λΆ„ν¬μ—μ„œλŠ” 41μ„Έ 이상 45μ„Έ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ 연령ꡰ이 197λ‘€(40.7οΌ…)둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 3. TOAST λΆ„λ₯˜μ— μ˜ν•œ λ‡Œκ²½μƒ‰ μ’…λ₯˜λ₯Ό 보면 large artery atherosclerosisκ°€ 34λ‘€(27.6οΌ…)둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜κ³ , small vessel occlusion이 23λ‘€(19.2οΌ…), undetermined causesκ°€ 23λ‘€(19.2οΌ…), other determined causeκ°€ 22λ‘€(17.9οΌ…), cardioembolism이 21λ‘€(17.1οΌ…) μ˜€λ‹€. 4. μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ° λ‡Œκ²½μƒ‰μ—μ„œ μœ„ν—˜μΈμžλ‘œλŠ” 43λ‘€(37.7οΌ…)μ—μ„œ 흑연λ ₯을, 38λ‘€(30.9οΌ…)μ—μ„œ κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ„ 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆλŠ”λ°, 흑연λ ₯이 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 43λ‘€λŠ” λͺ¨λ‘ λ‚¨μž ν™˜μžλ‘œ λ‚¨μž ν™˜μžμ˜ 58.1οΌ…μ—μ„œ 흑연λ ₯을 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ„ 가지고 μžˆμ—ˆλ˜ 38λ‘€μ˜ ν™˜μžλŠ” 18λ‘€κ°€ large artery atherosclerosis, 12λ‘€κ°€ small vessel occlusion 에 μ†ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 5. λ‡Œ μ‹€μ§ˆλ‚΄ 좜혈의 μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ 40μ„Έ μ΄ν•˜μ—μ„œλŠ” 동정λ§₯ κΈ°ν˜•μ΄ 49λ‘€(46.2οΌ…), 41μ„Έ 이상45μ„Έμ΄ν•˜μ—μ„œλŠ” κ³ ν˜ˆμ••μ΄ 25λ‘€(59.5οΌ…)둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. κ·Έ 외에 응고 μž₯μ• , λͺ¨μ•Όλͺ¨μ•Όλ³‘, μ’…μ–‘, μž„μ‹ μ€‘λ…μ¦ λ“± 원인이 λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 6. λ‡Œ μ‹€μ§ˆλ‚΄ 좜혈의 λ°œμƒ λΆ€μœ„λ₯Ό 보면 엽상 좜혈이 65λ‘€(43.9οΌ…)둜 κΈ°μ €ν•΅ 좜혈 38λ‘€(25.7οΌ…) 보닀 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 7. μ§€μ£Όλ§‰ν•˜ 좜혈의 μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œλŠ” 197λ‘€(92.5οΌ…)κ°€ 동λ§₯λ₯˜μ˜€κ³  κ·Έ λ°œμƒ λΆ€μœ„λ„ μ „ ꡐ톡 동λ§₯λΆ€μœ„κ°€ κ°€μž₯ ν”ν•˜μ—¬ μ™Έκ΅­μ˜ κ²½μš°μ™€ 비ꡐ해 νŠΉκΈ°ν•  μ°¨μ΄λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 8. 41μ„Έ 이상 45μ„Έ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ€ λ…Έλ…„κΈ°μ—μ„œμ™€ μœ μ‚¬ν•œ νŠΉμ„±μ„ 보여 μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ°μ˜ μƒν•œ 연령은 40μ„Έμ΄ν•˜λ‘œ ν•˜λŠ” 것이 쒋을 κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ μƒκ°λ˜λ©° 이런 사싀을 λ’·λ°›μΉ¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬μ„œλŠ” 41μ„Έ 이상 45μ„Έ μ΄ν•˜ 연령기와 λ…Έλ…„κΈ° λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ˜ 비ꡐ가 ν•„μš”ν•˜λ¦¬λΌ μ‚¬λ£Œλœλ‹€. 결둠적으둜 μš°λ¦¬λ‚˜λΌ μ²­μž₯λ…„κΈ° λ‡Œμ‘Έμ€‘μ˜ νŠΉμ„±μ€ 역학적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” λ‚¨μž ν™˜μžκ°€ λ§Žμ•˜κ³ , 41μ„Έ 이상 45μ„Έ μ΄ν•˜μ˜ 연령ꡰ이 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 원인적 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œλŠ” large artery atherosclerosis와 small artery occlusion이 λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©°, μœ„ν—˜μΈμžμ—μ„œλŠ” 특히 λ‚¨μžμ—μ„œ 흑연λ ₯κ³Ό 고혈 압이 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. [영문] Although increasing age is the single most important factor that forecasts ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, stroke is not rare among adolescents and young adults. The leading causes of stroke among elderly persons are intracranial or extracranial atherosclerosis and cardioembolism. However, the causes of stroke among young adults are more diverse. Studies from western countries have shown that in the young age group, cardioembolism and nonatherosclerotic vasculopathies are relatively important causes of ischemic stroke as compared to atherosclerotic vasculopathy and small artery occlusion. To investigate the causes, risk factors and clinical characteristics of cerebral infarction, intracerebral hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage in young adults in Korea, we retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients aged 15 to 45 years with diagnosis of hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke admitted to the Severence Hospital between January 1,1995 and December 31,1999. The results are as follows. 1. The proportion of young adult stroke was 16.7οΌ…(484/2903) of all strokes. Distribution of young adult strokes showed cerebral infarction in 123 patients, intracerebral hemorrhage in 148 patients, subarachnoid hemorrhage in 213 patients. In young adults, hemorrhagic stroke was 3 times more common than ischemic stroke. 2. Among them, 296(61.2οΌ…) patients were men and 188(38.8οΌ…) were women. 40.7οΌ… of young adult stroke were in the 41 to 45 age distribution. 3. According to the TOAST classification, 34 patients(27.6οΌ…) had large artery atherosclerosis, 23 patients(18.7οΌ…) small artery occlusion, 21 patients(17.1οΌ…) cardioembolism, 22 patients(17.9οΌ…) other determined cause and 23 patients(18.7οΌ…) undetermined causes. 4. 43 patients(37.7οΌ…) had smoking and 38 patients(30.9οΌ…) had hypertension. The prevelance of smoking in men(58.1οΌ…) was higher than that in women(0οΌ…). More than 50οΌ… of large artery atherosclerosis and small artery occlusion group had smoking and hypertension. 5. Arteriovenous malformation was the most common causes of ICH in patients younger than 40 years, while hypertention was the most common in those between 41 and 45 years. Other causes included coagulopathy, moyamoya disease, tumor, eclampsia. 6. Intracerebral hemorrhages in young adults were mainly lobar(43.9οΌ…) in location. 7. Ruptured aneurysms(92.5οΌ…) are the leading cause of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage. Aneurysmal sacs were found most frequently in the anterior communicating artery in location. 8. The risk factors and the patterns of the stroke in the age group of 41 to 45 years were similar to those in old ages. This suggest that the age definition of young adult stroke shoud be reconsidered. In conclusion, the type and the risk factors of the ischemic stroke in our study were different from those in western, while those of the hemorrhagic stroke were similar between western and ours. Atherosclerosis seemed to be the major mechanism of the ischmic stroke in young Korean adults, which was suggested by the high frequency of large artery atherosclerosis and lacune as well as of hypertension and smoking. This may be attributed to the high proportion of patients in the age between 41 and 45, who showed similar patterns of the stroke type and risk factors to those of old ages.ope

    Gridlock in the 18th Korean National Assembly

    No full text
    λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 18λŒ€ κ΅­νšŒμ—μ„œ μΌμ–΄λ‚˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μž…λ²•κ°ˆλ“± 및 ꡐ착 ν˜„μƒμ„ μ‚΄νŽ΄λ³΄κ³ , κ·Έ 원인을 νŒŒμ•…ν•˜λŠ” 데 μ£Όμš”ν•œ λͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ λ‹ΉνŒŒμ  μ—˜λ¦¬νŠΈμ˜ μ–‘κ·Ήν™”, 의회 λ‚΄ μ •μ±… μ„ ν˜Έμ˜ 일치, ꢌλ ₯μ—μ„œ μ†Œμ™Έλœ μ†Œμˆ˜λ‹Ήμ˜ κ°•ν•œ μ €ν•­, μ •λΆ€ ν–‰μœ„μ— λŒ€ν•œ κ³΅κ³΅μ˜μ§€μ§€, 리더십 μžμœ¨μ„±μ˜ λΆ€μž¬μ˜ λ‹€μ„― 가지 기쀀이 μž…λ²•κ΅μ°©μ— 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉœλ‹€λŠ” 가섀을 톡해 18λŒ€ κ΅­νšŒμ—μ„œ μ²¨μ˜ˆν•œ κ°ˆλ“±μ„ 보인 μ™Έκ΅ν†΅μƒν†΅μΌμœ„μ›νšŒ ν•œλ―Έ FTA λΉ„μ€€ λ™μ˜μ•ˆ 처리 κ³Όμ •κ³Ό 원ꡬ성 ν˜‘μƒ 과정을 μ‚¬λ‘€λ‘œ λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³Ό, ν•œκ΅­ 의회, 특히 18λŒ€ ꡭ회의 μž…λ²•κ΅μ°©ν˜„μƒμ— μ£Όμš”ν•œ 영ν–₯을 미친 μš”μΈμ„ μ •λ‹Ήμ–‘κ·Ήν™”, ꢌλ ₯μ—μ„œ μ†Œμ™Έλœ μ†Œμˆ˜μ•Όλ‹Ήμ˜ κ°•ν•œ μ €ν•­, 리더십 μžμœ¨μ„±μ˜ λΆ€μž¬μ˜ μ„Έ κ°€μ§€λ‘œ μš”μ•½ν•  수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μž…λ²•κ΅μ°©μ— 큰 영ν–₯을 λ―ΈμΉ˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ λ³΄μ΄λŠ” 곡곡의 지지와 의회 λ‚΄ μ •μ±… μ„ ν˜Έμ˜ κ°œλ³„ μŠ€νŽ™νŠΈλŸΌμ˜ λ³€μˆ˜ μ—­μ‹œ 타 λ³€μˆ˜μ™€ 영ν–₯을 μ£Όκ³ λ°›μœΌλ©° ν•œκ΅­ μ˜νšŒμ •μΉ˜μ˜ 성격을 λ³΄μ—¬μ€€λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. κ²°κ΅­, μž…λ²•κ΅μ°©μ€ 포괄적이고 λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ λ³€μˆ˜μ˜ μ‘°ν•©μ˜ 영ν–₯으둜 λ°œμƒν•˜λ©°, μž…λ²•κ°ˆλ“±μ˜ 해결을 μœ„ν•œ λ…Έλ ₯ μ—­μ‹œ 이λ₯Ό λ°”νƒ•μœΌλ‘œ 이루어져야 ν•  것이닀. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon of gridlock in the 18th Korean National Assembly, and to find out the causes and solutions to gridlock. This paper focuses on the conflict in the process of forming groups at the Standing Committees and of ratification of the Korea-U.S. Free Trade Agreement at the Unification, Foreign Affairs, and Trade Committee. It reveals that three factors-party polarization, strong opposition of minority to ruling majority and absence of leadership autonomy-are related to the conflict of the 18th Korean National Assembly. These factors have an effect to gridlock by interaction. Moreover, we can think about the solutions to gridlock, by the fact that there were no practical effects of public support or atmosphere of unifying opinion in National Assembly on legislative process because they also have something to do with the other factors

    제 18λŒ€ ꡭ회 μ „λ°˜κΈ° 본회의 ν‘œκ²°μ„ μ€‘μ‹¬μœΌλ‘œ

    No full text
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ (석사)-- μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› : μ •μΉ˜ν•™κ³Ό, 2012. 2. λ°•μ°¬μš±, 강원택.λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 제18λŒ€ ꡭ회 μ „λ°˜κΈ° 2λ…„κ°„ 본회의 ν‘œκ²° 기둝을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ 개인 μ˜μ›μ˜ λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ°Ύμ•„λ‚΄λŠ”λ° κ·Έ λͺ©μ μ΄ μžˆλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 λ³Έ 논문은 κ°•ν•œ μ •λ‹ΉκΈ°μœ¨μ˜ 전톡에도 λΆˆκ΅¬ν•˜κ³  κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ ν‘œκ²° ν˜„μž₯μ—μ„œ 당둠을 μ΄νƒˆν•΄ λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” ν˜„μƒμ„ λͺ©κ²©ν•˜κ³ , 이λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ λΆ„μ„ν•˜κ³ μž ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ λͺ©μ μ—μ„œ 18λŒ€ ꡭ회 μ „λ°˜κΈ°λ™μ•ˆ μ˜μ›μ§μ„ μœ μ§€ν•œ ν•œλ‚˜λΌλ‹Ήκ³Ό λ―Όμ£Όλ‹Ή μ˜μ› 241λͺ…μ˜ 본회의 μ „μžν‘œκ²° 기둝을 λΆ„μ„ν•˜μ—¬ 이듀이 λ‹Ήλ‘ κ³Ό λ‹€λ₯Έ ν‘œκ²°μ„ ν•˜λ„λ‘ κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ μ°ΎλŠ”λ‹€. ν•œκ΅­μ˜ ꡭ회 λ‚΄ ν‘œκ²°ν–‰νƒœμ— κ΄€ν•œ λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ˜μ› ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” λ‹€μ–‘ν•œ μš”μΈ 쀑 μ •λ‹Ήμ˜ μ œλ„μ  영ν–₯λ ₯을 크게 ν‰κ°€ν•œλ‹€. 이에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄ ν•œκ΅­μ˜ 정당은 ν˜•μ„±κΈ°λΆ€ν„° κΆŒμœ„μ£Όμ˜ μ‹œκΈ°λ₯Ό κ±°μΉ˜λ©΄μ„œ κ·Έ κΈ°μœ¨μ„ κ°•ν™”ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , μ˜μ›λ“€μ˜ ν–‰μœ„λ₯Ό μ œν•œν•˜κ³  ν†΅μ œν•˜λŠ” 역할을 μˆ˜ν–‰ν•΄μ™”λ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ›μ΄ λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ •λ‹ΉκΈ°μœ¨λ§Œμ„ 따라 μˆ˜λ™μ μœΌλ‘œ ν–‰λ™ν•˜λŠ” μ‘΄μž¬κ°€ μ•„λ‹ˆλΌλŠ” 증거 λ˜ν•œ μ—¬λŸΏ μ°Ύμ•„λ³Ό 수 μžˆλ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 ν‘œκ²°μ˜ μ˜μ—­μ—μ„œ μ˜μ›λ“€μ€ 당둠에 λ°°μΉ˜λ˜λŠ” 두 가지 선택을 ν•  수 μžˆλ‹€. 즉, μ˜μ›μ€ 적극적으둜 λ³ΈνšŒμ˜μ—μ„œ 당둠에 μΌμΉ˜ν•˜μ§€ μ•ŠλŠ” λ°©ν–₯으둜 νˆ¬ν‘œν•˜κ±°λ‚˜ μ†Œκ·Ήμ μœΌλ‘œ κΈ°κΆŒμ΄λ‚˜ ν‘œκ²°λΆˆμ°Έμ„ 택할 수 μžˆλ‹€. 비둝 λ§Žμ€ 비쀑을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šλ”λΌλ„ κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ λ‹Ήλ‘ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ λ…λ¦½μ μœΌλ‘œ ν‘œκ²°ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ λ°œκ²¬λœλ‹€λŠ” 사싀은 κ°•ν•œ μ •λ‹ΉκΈ°μœ¨λ§Œμ„ κ°•μ‘°ν•΄μ™”λ˜ 기쑴의 연ꡬ μ „ν†΅μ—μ„œ λ²—μ–΄λ‚˜ μƒˆλ‘œμš΄ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ μ˜μ› ν‘œκ²°μ„ 바라볼 ν•„μš”μ„±μ„ μ œκΈ°ν•œλ‹€. μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ κ΄€μ μ—μ„œ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” μ˜μ›μ„ μ „λž΅μ  ν–‰μœ„μžλ‘œ κ°€μ •ν•˜κ³ , 18λŒ€ ꡭ회 μ „λ°˜κΈ°μ— μ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ 당둠을 μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ ν‘œκ²°ν•˜λŠ” 데 영ν–₯을 미친 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ κ²°μ •μš”μΈμ„ μ°ΎλŠ”λ° μ£Όλͺ©ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 이λ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ νŠΉμ • μ˜μ›μ˜ μ†Œμ† μ •λ‹Ή λ‹€μˆ˜κ°€ νˆ¬ν‘œν•œ 선택지λ₯Ό λ‹Ήλ‘ μœΌλ‘œ μ •μ˜ν•˜κ³ , 개인 μ˜μ›μ΄ λͺ¨λ“  ν‘œκ²°μ— λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬ 당둠을 μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ νˆ¬ν‘œν•œ λΉ„μœ¨μ„ μ’…μ†λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” ν‘œκ²°λΆˆμ°Έμ„ λΆ„μ„λŒ€μƒμ— ν¬ν•¨ν•œ 포괄적 λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œ λͺ¨ν˜•κ³Ό ν‘œκ²°λΆˆμ°Έμ„ μ œμ™Έν•œ λ‹¨μˆœ λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ˜ 두 μ°¨μ›μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬μ„±λœλ‹€. μ˜μ›μ˜ λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œλ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” μš”μΈμ„ μ°ΎκΈ° μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ μ œλ„μ , 지역ꡬ적, μ˜μ› 개인적 μš”μΈμ˜ μ„Έ κ°€μ§€λ‘œ λΆ„λ₯˜λœ λ…λ¦½λ³€μˆ˜λ₯Ό μ„€μ •ν•˜μ˜€κ³ , κ°€μ€‘μ΅œμ†Œμ œκ³± κ·Έλ£Ή λ‘œμ§€μŠ€ν‹± νšŒκ·€λΆ„μ„μ„ ν†΅ν•œ κ³„λŸ‰ 뢄석을 μ‹œν–‰ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 연ꡬ κ²°κ³ΌλŠ” λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같이 μš”μ•½λ  수 μžˆλ‹€. 첫째, 포괄적 λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ 당둠을 μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ νˆ¬ν‘œν•˜λŠ” 데 영ν–₯을 미친 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ κ²°μ •μš”μΈμ€ μ œλ„μ  λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œλ‹€. λ¨Όμ €, κ΅­νšŒμ˜μ›λ“€μ€ 그듀이 μ •λ‹ΉμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μžμœ¨μ„±μ„ νšλ“ν•  λ•Œ μ •λ‹Ή λ‹€μˆ˜λ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ ν‘œκ²°ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’λ‹€. ꡬ체적으둜 λ‹Ήλ‚΄μ—μ„œ κ²½ν—˜κ³Ό μ—°λ₯œμ„ ν†΅ν•˜μ—¬ 비곡식적인 리더십을 νšλ“ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ„ μˆ˜κ°€ 높은 μ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ μƒλŒ€μ μœΌλ‘œ 더 μžμœ¨μ μ΄λ―€λ‘œ 당둠을 μ΄νƒˆν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’λ‹€. 반면, μ •λ‹Ή 지도뢀에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ μ˜μ›λ“€μ€ μ •λ‹Ή 전체λ₯Ό μ±…μž„μ Έμ•Ό ν•˜λŠ” μž…μž₯에 μžˆμœΌλ―€λ‘œ μ •λ‹ΉμœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° 자유둜운 선택을 ν•  수 μ—†μœΌλ©° λ”°λΌμ„œ 당둠을 κ³ μˆ˜ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’λ‹€. λ‘˜μ§Έ, λ‹¨μˆœ λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œ λͺ¨ν˜•μ—μ„œ κ·Έ λ™μ•ˆ 크게 μ£Όλͺ©λ°›μ§€ λͺ»ν•˜μ˜€λ˜ λ³€μˆ˜ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μΈ 이념이 μœ μ˜λ―Έν•œ λ³€μˆ˜λ‘œ ν™•μΈλ˜μ—ˆλ‹€. 뢄석에 λ”°λ₯΄λ©΄, 진보적인 μ˜μ›μΌμˆ˜λ‘ λ‹Ήλ‘ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„° μ΄νƒˆν•˜μ—¬ ν‘œκ²°ν•  κ°€λŠ₯성이 λ†’λ‹€. 특히, ν‘œκ²°λΆˆμ°Έμ„ λΆ„μ„μ—μ„œ μ œμ™Έν–ˆμ„ λ•Œ 이념이 μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ²°μ •μš”μΈμœΌλ‘œ λŒ€λ‘λ˜μ—ˆλ‹€λŠ” 사싀이 μ‹œμ‚¬ν•˜λŠ” λ°”λŠ” 크닀. μ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ ν‘œκ²°μ„ 톡해 μ „λ©΄μ μœΌλ‘œ 당둠에 λ°°μΉ˜λ˜λŠ” μž…μž₯을 ν‘œλͺ…ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” 것은 정당이 쀄 수 μžˆλŠ” μ œλ„μ  μΈμ„Όν‹°λΈŒλ₯Ό λ›°μ–΄λ„˜λŠ” 개인의 κ°•ν•œ 이념적 속성 λ•Œλ¬Έμ΄λΌλŠ” 것이닀. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ 이념 λ³€μˆ˜λŠ” μ •μ±…κ³Ό μ΄λ…κ³Όμ˜ 연계성 μΈ‘λ©΄μ—μ„œ ν•΄μ„λœ 것이 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ˜μ›μ΄ 당둠을 λ”°λ₯Ό 것인가 μ΄νƒˆν•  것인가λ₯Ό κ²°μ •ν•˜λŠ” 일반적인 이념성ν–₯으둜, 이념이 μ •μ±…κ³Όμ˜ 연계 μ†μ—μ„œ λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œμ— μ§μ ‘μ μœΌλ‘œ λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯λ ₯을 μΈ‘μ •ν•˜μ§€λŠ” λͺ»ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” ν•œκ³„λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” κ±΄κ°•ν•œ λŒ€μ˜ λ―Όμ£Όμ œλ„λ₯Ό μˆ˜λ¦½ν•˜λŠ” 데 ν•„μš”ν•œ μš”μΈλ“€μ— λŒ€ν•œ ν•¨μ˜λ₯Ό μ œκ³΅ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ 의의λ₯Ό κ°–λŠ”λ‹€. λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œμ˜ κ²°μ •μš”μΈμ„ μ—°κ΅¬ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λ‹Ήλ‘ μ΄νƒˆνˆ¬ν‘œκ°€ μ˜μ›λ“€μ˜ μ œλ„μ  μžμœ¨μ„±μ—μ„œ λΉ„λ‘―λœ κ²ƒμž„μ„ μ•Œ 수 μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. μ΄λŠ” κ·Έλ™μ•ˆ λ§Žμ€ ν•™μžλ“€μ΄ ν•œκ΅­ ꡭ회의 κ°ˆλ“±κ³Ό λΉ„νš¨μœ¨μ„±μ„ 고질적인 문제둜 μ§€μ ν•˜λ©΄μ„œ κ·Έ μ›μΈμœΌλ‘œ κ°•ν•œ μ •λ‹ΉκΈ°μœ¨κ³Ό λ‹Ήλ‚΄ 비민주성을 κΌ½μ•„μ˜¨ 것과도 일λ§₯μƒν†΅ν•˜λŠ” 결과이닀. λ‚˜μ•„κ°€, 이념이 λ‹Ήλ‘ μœΌλ‘œλΆ€ν„°μ˜ μ΄νƒˆμ„ μ΄‰μ§„ν•˜λŠ” μš”μ†Œ 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜μž„μ΄ λ°ν˜€μ‘Œλ‹€λŠ” μ μ—μ„œ μ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ 보닀 μžμœ¨μ„±μ„ κ°€μ§ˆ 수 μžˆλŠ” 민주적인 원내외 정당ꡬ쑰가 ν™•λ¦½λœλ‹€λ©΄ μ˜μ›λ“€μ΄ 보닀 이념 등에 κΈ°λ°˜ν•˜μ—¬ ν‘œκ²°ν•  수 μžˆλŠ” μ •μΉ˜μ  ν™˜κ²½μ΄ 확립될 것이라 μ˜ˆμƒν•  수 μžˆλ‹€.The purpose of this study is to identify meaningful variables effecting individual national assembly member's party defection votes by analyzing floor voting records for the first two years of the 18th National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. Specifically, the study will analyze the factors that result in party defection voting behavior by assembly members, a practice that betrays the tradition of strong party discipline. To this end, the study analyzes the roll-call voting record of 241 Grand National Party and Democratic Party assembly members having held office during the first half of the 18th National Assembly to analyze the factors that cause party defection votes. Various studies on voting behavior within the National Assembly assess that party is the major influence on assembly member's voting behavior. The logic is that Korean political parties, from their inception, and, experiencing phases of authoritarian government, strengthened party discipline in kind, giving birth to a tradition of party exercising significant control over assemblymen's behavior. However, plenty of evidence indicating that assembly members are more than just passive beings submissive to party discipline is to be found. In the act of voting, two choices in disagreement with the party line are available. The first is active party defection voting, wherein a vote is cast in a direction out of line with one's party. Second is passive defection behavior, wherein one chooses abstention or absence to avoid casting a party-line vote. Although not common, the fact that assembly members on occasion display independent voting behavior, defecting from party majority, raises the need for a new explanation other than strong party discipline, which has been identified in the existing literature as the significant determinant of voting behavior. The study assumes that assemblymen are strategic actors seeking utility through floor voting, and focuses on identifying significant determinants of assembly members' party defection votes in the first half of the 18th National Assembly. For this purpose, the party-line was identified as the voting choice of the majority of assembly members in a party, and party defection voting behavior by individual assembly member was set as the dependent variable. The study is divided into two models: In the comprehensive defection model, absences from floor voti are included in the analysis, where as in the simple defection model, they are not. To identify deciding factors of assembly members party defection votes, independent variables were categorized as institutional, representational, and individual variables. Weighted least squares group logistic regression analysis was performed. The results of the study can be summarized in three points. First, institutional variables were identified as having a significant effect on assembly members' party defection voting. Assembly members are more likely to defect from the party-line in voting when they have autonomy from their party. This is because assembly members having served multiple terms, who are not part of the official party leadership, but who, with relatively more experience, in effect are part of party leadership, can afford to be more autonomous. On the other hand, assembly members who are officially in party leadership are accountable for the entire party, and are relatively less able to vote in a direction not in agreement with the party line. They can therefore be expected to vote in line with the party. Second, in the simple defection model, ideology, a variable that had largely been dismissed in the past was confirmed as having a statistically significant influence. Analysis showed that the more progressive an assembly membern, the higher the likelihood of party defection voting behavior. The fact that the influence of ideology was only visible when absences were not included in analysis has wide implications. This indicates that assembly members' making known their personal standing on issues through floor voting, directly opposing the party-line, is only possible because the strength of individual ideology is such that it outweighs the institutional incentives offered by party. However, in the study, the ideology variable was not interpreted in connection with policy; rather, ideology was defined as a general tendency to defect or vote in line with party majority. Therefore, the direct influence of ideology on party defection in a policy context could not be measured. The study's significance lies in unearthing new implications regarding the building blocks of a healthy representative democracy. The results of the study, which analyzed the deciding factors of party defection votes, showed that party defection was the result of assembly members' institutional autonomy. Such results are in line with existing literature, which points to strong party discipline and undemocratic intra-party structure as the key causes of the Korean National Assembly's chronic inefficiency and confrontations. The study identified ideology as a factor that increases the likelihood of party defection; it can therefore be forecast that once a more democratic party system is established both on and off the floor, assemblymen will be able to exercise greater autonomy, leading to a political environment in which factors such as ideology may have a more pronounced influence on voting behavior.Maste

    Adsorption of anthraquinone-2-carboxylic acid on silver and gold surfaces : FT-IR spectroscopy

    No full text
    Thesis (master`s)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :ν™”ν•™κ³Ό 물리화학전곡,1997.Maste

    ν™˜κ²½μ •μ±…μ—μ„œ μ‹œλ―Όμ°Έμ—¬ 과정에 κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ : κ°•ν™”κ΅°κ³Ό μ—¬μˆ˜μ‹œ ν•΄μ–‘λ³΄ν˜Έκ΅¬μ—­ κ³„νšκ³Όμ • 비ꡐ 연ꡬ

    No full text
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ ν™˜κ²½λŒ€ν•™μ› :ν™˜κ²½κ³„νšν•™κ³Ό,2002.Maste

    Cytogenetic and clinical analysis of genetic amniocentesis in SNUH, 1987-2004

    No full text
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ˜ν•™κ³Ό 산뢀인과학전곡,2007.Maste

    (A) study on multicultural moral education from Levinas’s ethics of the other

    No full text
    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사) --μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :윀리ꡐ윑과,2009.8.Maste
    corecore