Persistent Effort to Control Infection after Lung Transplantation in Korea

ope

Development and Roll-Out of A Coronavirus Disease 2019 Clinical Pathway for Standardized Qualified Care in Public Hospitals in Korea

Despite the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination roll-out, variant-related outbreaks have occurred repeatedly in Korea. Although public hospitals played a major role in COVID-19 patients' care, difficulty incorporating evolving COVID-19 treatment guidelines called for a clinical pathway (CP). Eighteen public hospitals volunteered, and a professional review board was created. CPs were formulated containing inclusion/exclusion criteria, application flow charts, and standardized order sets. After CP roll-out, key parameters improved, such as increased patient/staff five-point satisfaction scores (0.41/0.57) and decreased hospital stays (1.78 days)/medical expenses (17.5%). The CPs were updated consistently after roll-out as new therapeutics drugs were introduced and quarantine policies changed.ope

파킨슨병 환자에서 선조체의 도파민 감소가 비운동 증상에 기여하는가?

의과대학/석사Background : Non-motor symptoms (NMS) has been recognized as a key determinant factor for quality of life in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but the mechanism underlying NMS in PD has not yet been elucidated well. To investigate whether the pattern of striatal dopamine depletion contributes to NMS in PD, we hypothesized that PD patients with greater NMS might have a different pattern of striatal dopamine depletion, particularly the areas other than the posterior putamen, compared to those with less NMS. Methods : We conducted a survey of the degree of NMS (using non-motor symptoms scale, NMSS) in 151 PD patients who had been initially diagnosed at our hospital by dopamine transporter (DAT) scanning, using a [18F] N-(3-Fluoropropyl)-2β-carbon ethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl) nortropane (FP-CIT) PET scan (from March 2009 to June 2013). Results : Patients with a high NMSS score (above the median) had an older age of PD onset (64.9 ± 9.1 vs 61.5 ± 10.1 years, p = 0.034), a higher initial part III of the Unified Parkinson Disease rating scale (UPDRS-motor, assessed in drug-na？ve state) (26.9 ± 11.7 vs 20.9 ± 10.3, p = 0.003), a higher levodopa- equivalent dose (636.3 ± 293.0 vs 524.4 ± 196.2, p = 0.007), and a greater Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score (14.7 ± 8.1 vs 11.5 ± 7.5, p = 0.013), compared to those with a low NMSS score. A general linear model showed that patients with a high NMSS score had significantly higher UPDRS-motor score than those with a low score after controlling for onset age, gender, symptom duration, BDI score, and DAT activity in the posterior putamen (p = 0.034). However, DAT activities in 6 striatal subregions and inter-subregional ratios (ISRs) were comparable between the two groups. There were no correlations between subregional DAT activities and NMSS scores (either total or each domain scores), except for the mood/cognition domain score, which was negatively correlated to the anterior putamen/posterior putamen ISR (r = -0.175, p = 0.032). Conclusion : This study demonstrates that the pattern of striatal dopamine depletion does not contribute to the degree of NMS in early PD, although some clinical features are different between the patients with greater NMS and those with less NMS. This study also suggests that patients with less NMS may have a benign course of motor symptom progression, compared to those with more NMS. NMS in PD may be more likely associated with extra-striatal lesions accompanied in PD than striatal dopaminergic deficits.ope

분열성 효모에서 Aconitase-2 단백질의 다중기능 연구

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 생명과학부, 2016. 8. 노정혜.Aconitase functions as an enzyme in TCA cycle (Krebs cycle), converting citrate to isocitrate in bacteria and mitochondria of eukaryotes. In many organisms, aconitase serves additional roles, being a nucleic acids binding protein. In mammals and prokaryots, aconitases are known to bind RNA as well. DNA binding has been demonstrated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the aco2+ gene encodes a fusion protein between aconitase and a putative mitochondrial ribosomal protein bL21 (Mrpl49). In this study, the expression of the aco2+ gene to transcripts and protein products was analyzed. Two types of aco2+ transcripts were generated via alternative poly (A) site selection, producing both a single aconitase domain protein and the fusion form. The bL21-fused aconitase-2 Aco2 protein resides in mitochondria as well as in cytosol and the nucleus. In mitochondria, Aco2 is needed for mitochondrial translation. The viability defect of aco2 mutation was complemented not by the aconitase domain but by the bL21 domain, which enables mitochondrial translation. This suggests that essentiality of Aco2 protein is due to its role in mitochondrial translation. Based on the localization of Aco2 in the nucleus, novel nuclear functions of Aco2 were investigated. There has been a report from genome-wide genetic screenings that aconitase could be involved in RNAi pathway. Intrigued by this observation, involvement of Aco2 in heterochromatin formation in S. pombe was examined. Genetic and physical interaction of Aco2 with heterochromatin assembly factors and its effect on modulating transcription from the centromeric and subtelomeric regions were investigated. Loss of nuclear Aco2 (aco2ΔN) restored the defects of RNAi mutants, such as Δago1 and Δdcr1, in forming heterochromatin in the centromeric region. However, the aco2ΔN mutation did not restore the defect of Δchp1. Chp1, a component of RITS (RNA induced transcriptional silencing) complex, directly interacted with Aco2, especially through the chromodomain as monitored by GST pull-down assay. ChIP analysis demonstrated that Chp1 can recruit Aco2 to the centromeric region. RNA-IP assay showed that Aco2 can bind to the centromeric noncoding RNA from the repeat (dg/dh) region in a Chp1-dependent manner. These results support a model that Aco2 binds Chp1 through the chromodomain and deters Chp1 from being recruited to chromosome in an RITS complex-independent manner, and hence inhibits heterochromatin formation. Actually in the aco2ΔN mutant, the H3K9me2 level in the centromere core region that does not form heterochromatin is elevated compared to the wild-type cell. Therefore, it can be postulated that Aco2 inhibits Chp1 recruitment where RITS complex does not exist, so that heterochromatin may form in the right place. To modulate centromeric heterochromatin formation, the full-length Aco2 protein with both aconitase and bL21 domains are required as well as the three cysteine residues for [FeS] ligation. Aco2 (aco2ΔN) also restored the phenotype of elevated RNA level in Δswi6 mutant, one of the HP1 protein which can bind to H3K9me2. But unlike RNAi mutants, functional heterochromatin was not restored. Even though interaction between Aco2 and Swi6 was not detected by co-IP. It was monitored that Aco2 directly interacted with Swi6 hinge domain by GST pull-down assay. It is known that the hinge domain of Swi6 has RNA binding activity, so there is a possibility that RNA may interfere interaction between Aco2 and Swi6. Actually when RNase was treated in pull-down assay, interaction between two proteins was enhanced, as expected. Aco2 also interacted with Rrp6, a key component of a RNA exosome, that plays a role in supporting transcription of the dg/dh-like repeat-containing tlh1+ gene in the subtelomeric region. Involvement of Aco2 in the heterochromatin formation in the mating type locus has also been examined by monitoring mating type switch. Iodine staining of the homothallic h90 aco2ΔN cells resulted in pale color, suggesting that Aco2 may also function in mating type switching, possibly via the heterochromatin formation. Taken together, this study revealed novel functions of Aco2 in the nucleus, related with heterochromatin formation and transcriptional modulation.CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 1 I.1. Biology of Schizosaccharomyces pombe 2 I.1.1. The early research and phylogeny of S. pombe 2 I.1.2. Life cycle of S. pombe 3 I.1.3. Cell cycle of S. pombe 5 I.1.4. Genomic information of S. pombe 5 I.2. The citric acid cycle 9 I.3. Dual localization (dual targeting) proteins 13 I.4. Mitochondrial DNA translation 17 I.5. Heterochromatin silencing 20 I.6. Multiple functions of aconitase 24 I.6.1. General function of aconitase 24 I.6.2. Aconitase in mammalian cells 24 I.6.3. Aconitase in budding yeast 28 I.6.4. Aconitase in bacteria 29 CHAPTER II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 33 II.1. Strains and plasmids 34 II.2. Transformation of Escherichia coli and Yeast 34 II.3. Yeast genomic DNA extraction 34 II.4. Analysis of RNA 34 II.4.1. RNA isolation 34 II.4.2. Northern analysis 35 II.4.3. 5 and 3 RACE 35 II.4.4. Quantitative RT-PCR 35 II.4.5. Small RNA extraction 36 II.5. Analysis of Proteins and their interactions 36 II.5.1. Western blot analysis 36 II.5.2. Co-Immunoprecipitation analysis 37 II.5.3. GST-Pull down assay 37 II.6. Fluorescence microscopy 38 II.7. FACS analysis 38 II.8. Cell survival spotting assay 38 II.9. Mitochondrial translation 38 II.10. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation 39 II.11. RNA Immunoprecipitation 40 CHAPTER III. RESULTS & DISCUSSION 47 III.1. Characteristics of S. pombe aconitases 48 III.1.1. Two kinds of aconitases in S. pombe 48 III.1.2. Localization of Aco2 in mitochondria as well as in the cytosol and the nucleus 48 III.1.3. RNAs and Proteins produced from aco2+ gene 52 III.2. Roles of Aco2 in mitochondria 57 III.2.1. Aco2 is essential for cell viability due to the ribosomal protein domain 57 III.2.2. Aco2 is needed for mitochondrial translation 59 III.2.3. Mitochondrial membrane potential is decreased in nmt42 aco2 mutant 63 III.2.4. Aco2 interacts with Aco1 in mitochondria 63 III.3. Roles of Aco2 in the nucleus 67 III.3.1. Aco2 nuclear function is not essential for cell viability 67 III.3.2. Functions of Aco2 in centromeric heterochromatin maintenance 71 III.3.3. Functions of Aco2 in sub-telomeric heterochromatin maintenance 100 III.3.4. Functions of Aco2 in mating type heterochromatin maintenance 107 III.4. Prospects for future studies 109 III.4.1. Roles of Aco2 in mitochondria 109 III.4.2. Roles of Aco2 in the nucleus 109 REFERENCES 111 국문 초록 123Docto

선박에서의 음용수 관리에 관한 연구

이 연구에서는 해사노동협약에서 정한 음용수 관리와 관련한 규정을 조사하여 문제점을 확인한 후 우리나라를 비롯하여 독일, 노르웨이, 리베리아 등의 음용수 공급 규정을 비교분석하여 그 결과로서 우리나라 선박에서의 음용수 관리에 관한 개선방안을 제시하였다. 먼저 문제점을 정리하면 다음과 같다. 먼저 선박에서는 음용수를 drinking water' 또는 ’portable water'라는 용어와 fresh water라는 말과 혼동되어 사용되고 있으나 이 논문에서는 음용수 즉, ‘먹는 물(portable water)’을 ‘음용을 목적으로 물리적인 방법에의해 처리된 후 육상으로부터 음용수 이송장치를 통해 선내 음용수 저장소에 보관되어 지는 물’이라고 정의하였다. 둘째로 해사노동협약 및 각국의 음용수 관리 규정은 다음과 같이 요약할수 있다. 해사노동협약에서의 음용수 관리에 관한 규정은 WHO의 수질 기준을 따르도록 하였을 뿐, 각 기국별 수질기준을 별도로 규정하지 않고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 선원법 시행규칙 제9조 제2항에 따르면 선내 식량 및 식수량의 보유량, 이들의 보관장소와 설비의 위생 상태 등을 매월 1회 점검하고 그 기록을 유지․관리하도록 규정하고 있어 구체적인 기준이 없다. 그러나 독일, 노르웨이, 라이베리아의 경우에는 구체적이고 표준화된 수질검사 기준과 매뉴얼을 통해 선박에서 실질적인 음용수 관리를 하고 있다. 셋째로 점검주기를 살펴보면 독일의 경우 선박에 제공되는 양이 3㎥/day이하이면 연 1회, 3㎥/day 이상이면 매 3개월, 그리고 선박 자체적으로 생산되는 것은 매 6개월마다 수질 검사를 하도록 규정하고 있다. 한편 노르웨이의 경우는 세부 검사항목을 정하고 최소 점검주기를 구체화하고 있다. 그러나 우리나라의 경우에는 매월 1회 이상 점검하고 그 결과를 기록 유지하도 록만 정하고 있다. 넷째로 점검항목과 장소를 살펴보면 독일과 노르웨이는 스코프를 3개로구분하여 점검하고 있고 라베리아는 WHO 지침을 따르도록 정하고 있다. 우리나라의 경우에는 선내 식량과 식수의 보유량, 식량과 식수의 선내 저장 및 취급에 사용하는 장소와 설비의 위생 및 작동 상태 등을 정하고 있을 따름이다. 다섯째로 우리나라 선박에서의 실무차원의 음용수관리상 문제점을 살펴보면 구제적인 점검 기준 미비, 음용수관리에 대한 인식부족, 음용수 관리 지식을 갖춘 인력이 부족하다는 점이다. 다음으로 음용수 관리상의 개선 방안을 다음과 같다. 첫째, 우리나라의 음용수에 관한 규정은 단순히 매월 1회 이상 점검하고 그 기록을 유지 관리하도록 규정하고 있는데 음용수 점검주기, 점검항목, 점검 장소 등에 대한 구체적인 규정이 필요하다. 적어도 WHO가 정하는 내용으로 규정을 개정할 필요가 있다. 둘째, 선박에서 음용수를 관리하기 위해서는 표준화된 매뉴얼 혹은 지침이필요하고 음용수 관리와 관련한 체계적인 교육이 필요하다. 매뉴얼을 통하여 음용수를 보다 효과적이면서 체계적으로 관리할 수 있다. 이 매뉴얼에는점검항목, 점검 장소, 항목별 점검 주기 등이 상세하게 제시되어야 한다. 셋째 선박에서 효율적으로 음용수를 관리하기 위해서는 음용수 감시시스템을 도입하고 Portable Water Test Kits를 적극적으로 활용할 필요가 있다. 음용수 감시 시스템은 조작 중 감시, 검증 감시를 구분하여 시행한다. 위와 같은 개선을 통하여 다음과 같은 기대효과가 예상된다. 각 항목별 샘플링 장소와 점검 주기, 허용치를 명확히 함으로써 소정의 전문적인 교육을받은 사람이 손쉽게 검사가 가능하다. 특히 Portable Water Test Kits의 도입으로 선박에서 소정의 교육을 받은 자가 쉽게 음용수에 포함된 대장균과 장내 세균 검사를 통해 건강에 밀접한 영향을 끼치는 대장균 검사를 할 수 있고 또한, 휴대용 박테리아 배양을 통한 검사 시간을 단축시킬 수 있다. PSC검사에 효율적으로 대응이 가능하고, 기존에 육상에서 진행되었던 부분들이 현장에서 실시간으로 진행이 되므로 비용적인 측면에서 절감 효과가 발생하고, 선박에 공급되거나 저장 중이거나 사용 중인 음용수에 대한 오염도에 대한 조기경고 효과를 발휘할 수 있다. 한편, 본 연구의 방법으로 설정한 문헌을 기초로 하는 이론적 고찰을 진행하면서 선행연구의 부족으로 인해 독일, 노르웨이, 라이베리아의 음용수 관리 규정을 기초로 진행하였다는 점과 선박회사가 실무적으로 대응하기 위한 구체적인 방안을 제시하지 못한 것은 연구의 한계라고 할 수 있다. 이 점은 향후 연구에서 검토하기로 한다.목 차 List of Tables iii List of Figures iii Abstract iv 제 1 장 서 론 1.1 연구배경과 목적 1 1.2 선행연구의 검토와 연구의 한계 2 1.3 연구의 방법과 내용 4 제 2 장 음용수에 관한 이론적 고찰 2.1 음용수의 개념 6 2.1.1 육상에서의 개념 6 2.1.2 선박에서의 개념 7 2.2 WHO 수질기준과 유해성 8 2.2.1 미생물에 의한 유해성 8 2.2.2 유해영향유기물질에 의한 유해성 9 2.2.3. 심미적 영향물질에 의한 유해성 10 2.2.4. 유해영향무기물질에 의한 유해성 11 2.3 우리나라와 외국의 수질기준 비교 11 2.3.1 우리나라와 외국의 먹는 물 수질기준 비교 11 2.3.2 우리나라와 외국의 먹는 물 수질기준 항목 수 비교 15 제 3 장 음용수 관리에 관한 문제 3.1 해사노동협약에 제정과 주요내용 16 3.1.1 제정 배경 16 3.1.2 적용대상 선박 17 3.1.3 구성과 특징 18 3.1.4 협약준수와 법집행에 따른 책임 19 3.2 국가별 음용수 관리 규정 22 3.2.1 한국 22 3.2.2 노르웨이 22 3.2.3 독일 23 3.2.4 라이베리아 24 3.3 음용수 관리 규정의 문제점 25 3.3.1 점검주기 25 3.3.2 점검 항목과 장소 26 3.4 실무차원의 음용수관리 문제점 27 3.4.1 구체적 점검 기준의 미비 27 3.4.2 음용수관리에 대한 인식의 부족 28 3.4.3 음용수 관리에 관한 지식을 갖춘 인력의 부족 29 제 4장 음용수 관리의 문제에 대한 개선 방안 4.1 음용수 관리 규정상의 개선 방안 31 4.1.1 음용수 관리 규정의 개선의 필요성 31 4.1.2 음용수 관리 규정의 개선 방안 32 4.2 선박에서 음용수 관리 개선 방안 35 4.2.1 모니터링을 통한 음용수 관리 방법 35 4.2.2 Portable Water Test Kits의 활용 37 4.3 개선방안의 기대효과 39 제 5장 결 론 감 사 의 글 44 참 고 문 헌 4

Environmental disinfection with photocatalyst as an adjunctive measure to control transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a prospective cohort study in a high-incidence setting

BACKGROUND: Environmental disinfection with continuously antimicrobial surfaces could offer superior control of surface bioburden. We sought to decide the efficacy of photocatalyst antimicrobial coating in reducing methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) acquisition in high incidence setting. METHODS: We performed prospective cohort study involving patients hospitalized in medical intensive care unit. A titanium dioxide-based photocatalyst was coated on high touch surfaces and walls. Five months of pre-intervention data were compared with five months of post-intervention data. The incidence rates of multidrug-resistant organism acquisition and the rates of hospital-acquired blood stream infection, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and Clostridium difficile-associated diseases were compared using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 621 patients were included. There was significant decrease in MRSA acquisition rate after photocatalyst coating (hazard ratio, 0.37; 95% confidence interval, 0.14-0.99; p = 0.04). However, clinical identification of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii did not decrease significantly. The hazard of contracting hospital-acquired pneumonia during the intervention period compared to baseline period was 0.46 (95% confidence interval, 0.23-0.94; p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, MRSA rate was significantly reduced after photocatalyst coating. We provide evidence that photocatalyst disinfection can be an adjunctive measure to control MRSA acquisition in high-incidence settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN Registry ( ISRCTN31972004 ). Registered retrospectively on November 19, 2018.ope

The Practice Guideline for Vaccinating Korean Patients with Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Disease

To develop a clinical practice guideline for vaccination in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic disease (AIIRD), the Korean College of Rheumatology and the Korean Society of Infectious Diseases developed a clinical practice guideline according to the clinical practice guideline development manual. Since vaccination is unlikely to cause AIIRD or worsen disease activities, required vaccinations are recommended. Once patients are diagnosed with AIIRD, treatment strategies should be established and, at the same time, monitor their vaccination history. It is recommended to administer vaccines when the disease enters the stabilized stage. Administering live attenuated vaccines in patients with AIIRD who are taking immunosuppressants should be avoided. Vaccination should be considered in patients with AIIRD, prior to initiating immunosuppressants. It is recommended to administer influenza, Streptococcus pneumoniae, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, herpes zoster, measles-mumps-rubella virus, human papillomavirus, and tetanus-diphtheria-pertussis vaccines in patients with AIIRD; such patients who planned to travel are generally recommended to be vaccinated at the recommended vaccine level of healthy adults. Those who live in a household with patients with AIIRD and their caregivers should also be vaccinated at levels that are generally recommended for healthy adults.ope

Safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein nanoparticle vaccine (GBP510) adjuvanted with AS03: A randomised, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase 1/2 trial

Background: Vaccination has helped to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. Ten traditional and novel vaccines have been listed by the World Health Organization for emergency use. Additional alternative approaches may better address ongoing vaccination globally, where there remains an inequity in vaccine distribution. GBP510 is a recombinant protein vaccine, which consists of self-assembling, two-component nanoparticles, displaying the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in a highly immunogenic array. Methods: This randomised, placebo-controlled, observer-blinded phase 1/2 study was conducted to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of GBP510 (2-doses at a 28-day interval) adjuvanted with or without AS03 in adults aged 19-85 years at 14 hospital sites in Korea. This study was consisted of two stages (stage I, healthy adults aged 19-55 years; stage II, 240 healthy adults aged 19-85 years). Healthy participants who did not previously receive any vaccine within 4 weeks (2 weeks for flu vaccine) prior to the study, no history of COVID-19 vaccination/medication, and were naïve to SARS-CoV-2 infection at screening were eligible for the study enrollment. Participants were block-randomized in a 2:2:1 ratio to receive 2 doses of 10 µg GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 (group 1), 10 µg unadjuvanted GBP510 (group 2) or placebo intramuscularly in stage I, while they were block-randomized in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive 10 µg GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 (group 1), 25 µg GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 (group 3), 25 µg unadjuvanted GBP510 (group 4) or placebo in stage II. The primary safety outcomes were solicited and unsolicited adverse events, while primary immunogenicity outcomes included anti-SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibodies; neutralizing antibody responses; and T-cell immune responses. Safety assessment included all participants who received at least 1 dose of study intervention (safety set). Immunogenicity assessment included all participants who completed the vaccination schedule and had valid immunogenicity assessment results without any major protocol deviations (per-protocol set). This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04750343). Findings: Of 328 participants who were enrolled between February 1 and May 28, 2021, 327 participants received at least 1 dose of vaccine. Each received either 10 µg GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 (Group 1, n = 101), 10 µg unadjuvanted GBP510 (Group 2, n = 10), 25 µg GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 (Group 3, n = 104), 25 µg unadjuvanted GBP510 (Group 4, n = 51), or placebo (n = 61). Higher reactogenicity was observed in the GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 groups compared to the non-adjuvanted and placebo groups. The most frequently reported solicited local adverse event (AE) was injection site pain after any vaccination: (88·1% in group 1; 50·0% in group 2; 92·3% in group 3; 66·7% in group 4). Fatigue and myalgia were two most frequently reported systemic AEs and more frequently reported in GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 recipients (79·2% and 78·2% in group 1; 75·0% and 79·8% in group 3, respectively) than in the unadjuvanted vaccine recipients (40·0% and of 40·0% in group 2; 60·8% and 47·1% in group 4) after any vaccination. Reactogenicity was higher post-dose 2 compared to post-dose 1, particularly for systemic AEs. The geometric mean concentrations of anti-SARS-CoV-2-RBD IgG antibody reached 2163·6/2599·2 BAU/mL in GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 recipients (10 µg/25 µg) by 14 days after the second dose. Two-dose vaccination of 10 µg or 25 µg GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 induced high titres of neutralizing antibody via pseudovirus (1369·0/1431·5 IU/mL) and wild-type virus (949·8/861·0 IU/mL) assay. Interpretation: GBP510 adjuvanted with AS03 was well tolerated and highly immunogenic. These results support further development of the vaccine candidate, which is currently being evaluated in Phase 3. Funding: This work was supported, in whole or in part, by funding from CEPI and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Investment ID OPP1148601. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation supported this project for the generation of IND-enabling data and CEPI supported this clinical study.ope

강화 외포리 색채시범사업의 추진과정과 성과

환경 색체를 활용한 경관사업은 도시환경정비의 효율적인 수단 중의 하나이다. 각 지방자치단체에서 추진하고 있는 각종 공공디자인사업이나 경관사업은 10여 개 이상이며, 특화가로 조성, 야간경관 조성 등을 비롯한 다양한 분야를 포함하고 있다. 환경색채는 도시환경을 구성하는 다양한 분야 가운데에서도 전문성이 높고, 취향 등의 다양한 심리적인 요인에 의해 영향을 받는 특수한 성격 때문에 다루기 어렵다. 그러나 상대적으로 적은 비용으로 도시환경을 정비할 수 있기 때문에 각종 도시구조물의 정비의 수단으로 활용되고 있다. 2010년 행정안전부(현, 안전행정부)의 ｢희망마을프로젝트｣ 등 불량주거지를 대상으로 벽화그리기 지원 사업들이 활발하게 진행되는 등 전국 각처에서 벽화그리기 사업의 유행을 가져왔다. 그러나 벽화사업의 결과로 마을환경이 정비되고 방문객이 증가하지만 이러한 현상이 마을의 소득 증가와 연결되지 않는다. 또한 훼손되기가 쉽고, 비바람에 칠이 떨어져 나가는 등 지속적인 유지관리가 필요하다. 이러한 경우에는 주민들의 지속적인 관심과 참여가 필요한데, 관에서 주도한 사업일 경우 지역주민의 자발적인 참여가 쉽게 이루어지지 않으며, 지자체에서도 예산부족으로 인하여 관리사각지대에 놓이게 된다. 강화도 외포리 색채시범사업은 벽화조성 사업이 아니라 색채라는 수단을 통하여 환경구성요소들을 재조합하고 지속가능한 환경을 조성하는 시범사업으로 만들기 위해 노력했다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 색채시범사업의 추진과정과 주요내용을 살펴보고 그 추진과정의 특수한 부분들을 도출하여 앞으로 이와 유사한 사업 추진 시에 참고자료로 활용할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다

Efficacy and Gut Dysbiosis of Gentamicin-Intercalated Smectite as a New Therapeutic Agent against Helicobacter pylori in a Mouse Model

Helicobacter pylori eradication rate with conventional standard therapy is decreasing owing to antibiotic resistance, necessitating novel antibacterial strategies against H. pylori. We evaluated the efficacy of a gentamicin-intercalated smectite hybrid (S-GM)-based treatment and analyzed fecal microbiome composition in H. pylori-infected mice. To evaluate anti-H. pylori efficacy, mice were divided into eight groups, and H. pylori eradication was assessed by a Campylobacter-like organism (CLO) test and PCR assay of H. pylori in gastric mucosa. One week after H. pylori eradication, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and atrophic changes in gastric mucosa were examined. Stool specimens were collected and analyzed for microbiome changes. The S-GM-based triple regimen decreased bacterial burden in vivo, compared with that in untreated mice or mice treated with other regimens. The therapeutic reactions in the CLO test from gastric mucosa were both 90% in the standard triple therapy and S-GM therapy group, respectively. Those of H. pylori PCR in mouse gastric mucosa were significantly lower in standard triple therapy and S-GM therapy groups than in the non-treatment group. Toxicity test results showed that S-GM therapy reduced IL-8 level and atrophic changes in gastric mucosa. Stool microbiome analysis revealed that compared with mice treated with the standard triple therapy, mice treated with the S-GM therapy showed microbiome diversity and abundant microorganisms at the phylum level. Our results suggested that S-GM is a promising and effective therapeutic agent against H. pylori infection.ope