포도나무 갈색무늬병과 줄기혹병에 감염된 포도나무의 대사물질 유형

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 농생명공학부, 2017. 2. 김영호.In this study, profilings of disease-related metabolites were assessed for characterizing two major grapevine diseases, leaf spot caused by Pseudocercospora vitis and crown gall caused by Agrobacterium vitis, respectively, for both of which GC-MS and multivariate data analysis were applied as the analytical instrumentation and statistical validation. For the leaf spot, a total of 20 metabolites were determined to have their relations with lesion symptoms and the periphery of the leaf spot symptoms, most of which were increased in their contents in the periphery of the symptoms compared with the necrotic lesions. For the crown gall, 13 metabolites increased significantly in relation to the response types, mostly at post-inoculation stages, more prevalently (8 metabolites) at two days after inoculation than other stages, and more related to the susceptible response type (SS) (7 metabolites) than resistant (RR) (3 metabolites) or moderately resistant (SR) (one metabolite) response type. This suggests that most of the disease-related metabolites may be induced by the pathogen infection largely for facilitating gall development except resveratrol, a phytoalexin involved in the resistance response (RR). A total of six metabolites were identified from the comparison of the metabolite profiling between the leaf tissues with and without leaf spot symptoms, including maltotriose, glucoheptonic acid and tartronic acid, a phenolic compound 1-hydroxyanthraquinone and two amino acids aspartic acid and L-threonine. This suggests these may be the disease-related metabolites occurring widely around the infection sites of the leaf tissues with the leaf spot. For the crown gall, most numerous metabolites related to the infection or wound significantly occurred at 2 days after inoculation (DAI) (post-1) (8 for infection in SS, 4 for wound in RR), second-most at 7 DAI (post-2) (3 for infection in SS, 6 and 1 for wounding in SS and RR, respectively), and least at 30 DAI (post-3) (all 3 for infection in RR or SR), suggesting that the responses to the pathogen infection mostly occur in the susceptible grapevines at post-1, and those to wounding (wound healing) occur earlier in the grapevines with RR than those with SS or SR. It also suggests the responses to wounding should be completed and no more wound-related metabolites are detected at post-3. All of the results suggest that plant resistance and wound healing responses are inter-related, enhancing the other responses to increase resistance to the pathogen infection and to speed up the wound healing processes. These disease characteristics revealed by metabolite profiling would provide valuable information and new insights on the understandings of the diseases so as to be used for the development of grapevine disease management strategies.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE CITED 8 CHAPTER 1. Metabolic profiles of four different tissues located in grape leaf spot disease caused by Pseudocercospora vitis 14 ABSTRACT 15 INTRODUCTION 16 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19 I. Plant materials 19 II. Sample extraction 19 III. GC-MS analysis 21 IV. Multivariate analysis 22 RESULTS 23 I. Leaf metabolites differences with unsupervised analysis (PCA) 23 II. Leaf metabolites differences with supervised analysis (OPLS-DA) 25 DISCUSSION. 29 LITERATURE CITED 34 CHAPTER 2. Metabolic profiles of grapevine internode tissues infected with Agrobacterium vitis 39 ABSTRACT 40 INTRODUCTION 41 MATERIALS AND METHODS 44 I. Grapevine, pathogen, and pathogen inoculation 44 II. Evaluation for response of Vitis species to Agrobacterium vitis K306 infection 45 III. Tissue sampling 45 IV. Extraction of total metabolites from the sampled tissue 46 V. GC-MS analysis 46 VI. Multivariate data analysis 47 RESULTS 49 I. Responses of grapevine species to Agrobacterium vitis K306 infection in the inoculation test 49 II. GC-MS analysis 49 III. Multivariate data analysis 52 DISCUSSION 58 LITERATURE CITED 65 CHAPTER 3. Metadata analysis of GC-MS metabolites profiling of grapevine infected with Pseudocercospora vitis and Agrobacterium vitis 72 ABSTRACT 73 INTRODUCTION 75 MATERIALS AND METHODS 77 I. Plant materials 77 II. GC-MS analysis and multivariate data analysis 78 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. 79 I. Leaf spot caused by Psuedocercospora vitis 79 II. The crown gall caused by Agrobacterium vitis 85 LITERATURE CITED 98 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 105Docto

STUDY FOR THE EFFECT OF NASAL ALLERGY TO CHRONIC MAXIL-LARY SINUSITIS NOT IMPROVED AFTER ADENOTONSILLECTOMY

소아의 만성 상악동염은 해부학적 조건을 비롯하여 전신적 국소적 요인등이 복합하여 발생되므로 치료가 힘들고 장기화되는 경향이 많다. 구개 및 인두편도 적출, 상악동 비내 세척,점막 수축제 및 항생제의 사용에도 불구하고 약 50%에서는 호전되지 않고 있다. 본 논문은 수술 및 항생제의 치료로도 호전되지 않는 만성 상악동염에서 알레르성비염의 영향을 알아보고자, 1982년 7월부터 1985년 1월까지 만 2년 6개월간 이화대학교 의과대학 부속병원 이비인후과에서 만성 상악동염으로 진단되어 구개 및 인두편도 적출과 상악동 비내 세척을 시행하고 수술 후 약3주간의 항생제 치료에도 호전되지 않는 소아환자 40명을 조사군으로 하고 호전된 40예를 대조군으로 하여 알레르기 진단에 사용되고 있는 검사들을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 남녀의 비는 1.9 : 1이었으며 연령별 분포는 8세가 11명(27.5%)으로 가장 많았다. 2. 환자의 주증상은 비계색(85%), 비루(82.5%) 등이었고, 그 다음은 가끔 감기에 걸린다( 67 5%), 가끔 냄새를 못 맡는다(65.0%)의 순이었다. 3. 계절별 발생빈도는 겨울철에 주로 발생하였으며, 조사군에서는 16예(40.0%), 대조군은 20예(50.0%)이었다. 4. 가족력상 알레르기 질환이 있는 경우는 14예(35.0%)였으며, 이중 알레르기 비염 증세가 9예(22.5%)이었다. 5. 비점막색조는 치료 전에는 자색이 31예(78.5%), 치료 후에는 19예(47.5%)이었으며, 대조군에서는 치료 전에는 자색이 27예(67.5%)이었고, 치료 후에는 정상인 경우가 19예(47.5%)이었다. 6. 치료 전에는 농성비루가 18예(45.5%)이었고, 치료 후에는 점액농성비루가 17예(42.5%)이었다. 대조군의 경우 치료 전에는 점액농성비루가 22예(55.0%), 치료 후에는 점액성비루가 20예(50.0%)이었다. 7. 부비동 X-신 소견은 4㎜이상의 점막비후가 있는 경우(++)가 21예(52.5%), 상악동 전체가 혼탁한 경우 (+++)가 13예(32.5%), 2∼3㎜의 정막비후(+)가 6예(15.0%)이었다. 8. 인두편도의 증식정도는 Capitanio and Kirkpatrick (1970)의 방법에 의한 분류에 의하여, 중등도 증식이 22예(55.0%), 고도증식이 11예(27.5%), 경도증식이 7예(17.5%)의 순이었으며, 대조군에서도 중등도 증식이 25예(62.5%)로 가장 많았다. 9. 비즙내 호산구 증가는 조사군에서는 11예(27.5%)였으나, 대조군에서는 3예(7.5%)뿐이었다. 10. 혈액 중 호산구수는 2예(5.0%)에서만이 증가되어 있었고, 대조군에서는 모두 정상범위내에 있었다. 11. 혈청 1gE치는 410 IU/㎖ 이상으로 증가된 경우가 조사군에서는 12예(30.0%), 대조군에서는 6예(15.0%)이었다. 12. 피부반응검사에서 양성이 9예(22.5%)였으며, 이 중 5예가 5종 이상의 항원에 양성이었다. 대조군에서는 양성이 3예(7.5%)뿐이었으며, 이들 모두가 3종 이하의 항원에 양성이었다.;The purpose of this study was to define a relationship between the nasal allergy and the existence of chronic maxillary sinusitis in children after adenotonsillectomy with antral irrigation. Skin test with Bencard allergens, laboratory tests including eosinophil counts in nasal secretion and blood and serum IgE levels were performed with 40 cases of chronic maxillary sinusitis which were not improved after adenotonsillectomy with antral irrigation and antibiotic treatment at Dept. of Otolaryngology in EWHA university Hospital during a period of 2 years and 6 months from July, 1982 till Jan., 1985. The results were as follows. 1. Sex ratio of male to female is 1.9 : 1 and the peak age is 8 year-old. 2. Prominant symptoms are nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea. Frequent common cold and hyposmia are also commonest complaints. 3. Seaonal highest incidence of nasal symptoms is in winter and as in control group. 4. Family history for allergic diseases including allergic rhinitis is 35.0% and that of control group is 28.5%. 5. Most frequent color of the nasal mucosa is congestion before and after treatment (78.5%, 47.5%). The control group, most frequent color of the masal mucosa before treatment, is congestion (67.5%) but after treatment, normal mucosa is most common (47.5%). 6. The most common rhinorrhea is purulent in nature before treatment (45.5%) and after treatment, mucopurulent discharge is most frequent (42.5%). In control group, before treatment, mucopurulent rhinorrhea is most common (55.0%) but after treatment, the most common rhinorrhea is mucoid in nature (50.0%). 7. Radiologic picture of the paranasal sinusitis was classified into the +, ++ and +++ due on authors standards, the ++ group is most common (52.5%). In control group, before treatment, the ++ is most common (57.5%) but after treatment, normal finding is most frequent (60.0%). 8. The size of adenoid was divided into the large, medium and small vegetation groups by which soft tissue of nasopharynx was occupied to the nasopharyngeal air space in the skull true lateral view, according to these method medium vegetation is most common (55.0%) and as in control group (62.5%). 9. The eosinophilia in nasal secretion is 27.5% and in control group, only 7.5%. 10. Eosinophilia in blood is 5.0%. In control group, these is no eosinophilia in blood. 11. The serum IgE level increases in 30.0% and 15.0% in control group. 12. Skin test is positive in 22.5% and 7.5% in control group. The most common allergens are house dust mite (66.7%) and house dust (55.6%).목차 = ⅲ 논문개요 = ⅷ Ⅰ. 서론 = 1 Ⅱ. 연구대상 및 방법 = 3 A. 연구대상 = 3 B. 연구방법 = 3 Ⅲ. 연구성적 = 7 A. 연령 및 성별분포 = 7 B. 임상증상 = 8 C. 계절적 분포 = 9 D. 가족력 = 10 E. 비점막 소견 = 11 E. 비루상태 = 12 G. 부비동 X-선 검사 성적 = 13 H. 인두편도의 증식정도 = 14 I. 비즙내 호산구 검사 = 15 J. 혈액중 호산구 검사 = 16 K. 혈청 IgE치 검사 = 17 L. 피부반응검사 = 17 Ⅳ. 고안 = 19 Ⅴ. 결론 = 23 참고문헌 = 25 ABSTRACT = 27 별첨 (알레르기 병력 설문서) = 3

흰쥐에서 후상피(嗅上皮) 손상후 후구(嗅球) 사구체(絲球體)의 구조적 변화

In olfactory pathway of mammals, the olfactory receptors in the olfactory mucosa give rise to the olfactory nerve, which terminate in the olfactory bulb. The layers and neurons of the olfactory bulb from surface inward are olfactory nerves, olfactory glomeruli, external plexiform layer, mitral cell body layer, internal plexiform layer and granule cell body layer. The olfactory axons all terminate in olfactory glomeruli, which are regions of neuropil, composed on the one hand of the terminals of the olfactory nerve axons and on the other of the dendritic tufts of three types of bulbar neurons; mitral, tufted, and periglomerular cells. This study was performed to identify ultrastructural changes of the synapses in the olfactory glomeruli of the rat after nasal irrigation with 1% aqueous solution of zink sulfate(ZnSO_4, a compound known to selectively damage olfactory epithelium). Under the electron microscopic examination, we found the following results; 1. During the first 3 days, w detected swelling of synaptic vesicles, mitochondrial pyknosis, more darkening of axoplasm in the densely stained terminals and all of which formed of asymmetrical axo-dendritic synapses. 2. During the 5 days to 56 days after treatment, we observed indistinct appearance of synaptic vesicles, vacuolization of axoplasm and atrophy of entire axon terminal in the same terminals. 3. During the experimental period, the areas of the processes of the neuroglial cells were increased gradually in neuropil of the olfactory glomeruli. It concluded that terminals of olfactory nerve filled with round synaptic vesicles of variable size in diameter and had a densely stained axoplasm and made of asymmetrical axo-dendritic synapses in olfactory glomeruli. It is suggested that destruction of the olfactory epithelium with 1% zink sulfate solution cause decrease of the entire volumn of olfactory bulb and occur anosmia. ; 포유류의 후각 전도로에서 후점막의 후상피에서 기원하는 후신경섬유는 후구에 종착하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 후구는 후신경층, 후사구체층, 외망상층, 이극세포층, 내망상층 및 과립세포층 등의 6층으로 구성되며, 후신경은 모두 후사구체에 돌기를 갖고 있는 신경세포인 이극세포(mitral cell), Tufted 세포 및 사구체주위세포(periglomerular cell)들의 수상돌기와신경연접을 이룬다. 본 연구는 후신경의 신경연접의 미세구조를 확인하기 위하여 흰쥐의 비강에 1% 황산아연용액을 주입하여 후상피를 손상시킨 후 후사구체내의 신경연접을 전자현미경으로 관찰하였다. 후상피가 손상된 흰쥐의 후사구체에서는 전자밀도가 높은 축삭속에 있는 다양한 크기의 원형의 연접소포의 팽대, 사립체의 농축, 축삭세포질의 밀도 증가 및 공포화 현상, 축삭종말의 위축 등의 소견이 나타났으며, 이런 현상을 보인 축삭들은 모두 비대칭의 축삭-수상돌기연접을 이루고 있었다. 또한 후상피 손상 후 시간경과에 따라 후사구체의 신경모에서는 신경교세포 돌기의 면적이 점차 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 위와 같은 관찰 결과에 의하여 흰쥐의 후신경섬유종말은 세포질의 전자밀도가 높고, 크기가 다양한 원형의 연접소포를 함유하고 있으며 이들은 후사구체내에서 비대칭의 축삭-수상돌기 연접을 형성하며, 또한 1% 황산아연용액에 의한 후상피의 손상은 후사구체내의 후신경종말의 변성을 유도하므로써 후구 전체 용적의 감소와 후각결여를 초래한 것이라고 생각된다.논문개요 ------------------------------------------------------------- ⅵ Ⅰ. 서론 ------------------------------------------------------------- 1 Ⅱ. 실험재료 및 방법 ------------------------------------------------- 4 A. 실험동물 및 재료 ------------------------------------------------- 4 B. 표본제작 및 관찰방법 --------------------------------------------- 4 Ⅲ. 연구결과 --------------------------------------------------------- 7 A. 후점막의 광학현미경 소견 ----------------------------------------- 7 B. 후사구체층 소견 -------------------------------------------------- 8 C. 후사구체 신경모의 형태학적 계측 ---------------------------------- 10 Ⅳ. 고찰 ------------------------------------------------------------- 12 Ⅴ. 결론 ------------------------------------------------------------- 16 참고문헌 ------------------------------------------------------------- 17 사진부록 ------------------------------------------------------------- 20 영문초록 ------------------------------------------------------------- 3

Expression and Clinicopathologic Significance of FLII and THRAP3 in Colorectal Cancer

목적: 본 연구는 대장암 환자에서 Flightless-1(FLII) 및 THRAP3(갑상선 호르몬 수용체 관련 단백질 3) 유전자 발현의 프로파일을 조사하고 두 유전자 발현과 임상병리학적 요인 간의 관계를 확인하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 대상 및 방법: 원발성 대장암으로 진단되어 수술을 받은 총 449명의 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 암 및 정상 조직에서 FLII 및 THRAP3의 발현을 50명 환자의 동결 조직을 이용하여 평가하였고, 이 중 10명은 염증성장질환 관련 대장암 환자이고 40명은 산발성 대장암 환자이다. 이와 더불어 포르말린 고정 파라핀 포매 조직에서 THRAP3의 발현을 산발성 대장암 환자 399명에서 분석하였다. 대장암 조직에서 FLII 및 THRAP3 유전자 발현 수준과 생존 데이터를 포함한 임상병리학적 매개변수 사이의 관계를 조사하였다. 결과: FLII 단백질 발현은 정상 조직에 비해 대장암 조직에서 하향 조절되었고(p<0.001), 산발성 대장암 그룹에 비해 염증성장질환 관련 대장암 그룹에서 정상과 대장암 조직 모두에서 그 발현이 증가하였다(각각 p=0.019 및 p=0.013). THRAP3 단백질 및 mRNA 발현의 수준은 정상 조직에 비해 대장암 조직에서 상향 조절되었다(각각 p<0.001 및 p=0.003). 총 399개의 포르말린 고정 파라핀 포매 조직 샘플 중 29.6%에서 THRAP3에 대해 높은 양성 염색 강도를 나타냈다. THRAP3의 높은 발현은 직장암, 고분화, 면역조직화학염색에서 CEA의 낮은 발현과 관련이 있었다. 결론: 본 연구의 결과는 FLII 및 THRAP3의 발현이 대장암의 발달과 관련이 있음을 시사하며, 두 유전자는 대장암의 예방 및 치료를 위한 약물 개발의 표적으로써 가치를 가진다고 할 수 있다.Docto

중학교 영재학생과 일반학생의 자녀가 지각한 부모 양육태도, 진로인식과 사회기여의식 비교 및 관계 분석

학위논문(석사)--아주대학교 교육대학원 :융합인재 및 영재교육,2022. 2본 연구의 목적은 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도, 진로인식, 사회기여의식의 차이를 비교하고 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도가 진로인식 및 사회기여의식에 미치는 영향을 검증하는데 있다. 연구를 위해 경기도 P지역 소재 영재교육원 및 영재학급의 영재학생(중학교 1, 2학년) 59명과 중학교 일반학생(중학교 2학년) 91명을 대상으로 부모 양육태도, 진로인식, 사회기여의식에 관한 64개 항목의 설문을 시행하였고, SPSS Statistics 프로그램으로 독립표본 t-검정, 상관분석, 회귀분석을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도, 진로인식, 사회기여의식에서 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 영재학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도는 하위영역인 애정, 자율, 성취, 합리지향에서 일반학생에 비해 높은 평균을 보였고 부모 양육태도 전체의 평균도 일반학생에 비해 평균이 높았다. 동시에 진로인식의 하위영역인 자기이해, 일과 직업의 세계이해, 일에 대한 긍정적인 태도 및 가치관, 합리적인 진로 의사결정의 평균이 일반학생에 비해 영재학생이 높았으며 사회기여의식의 하위영역인 사회적 기여의식 수준, 직업선택의 가치에서도 일반학생에 비해 영재학생이 높았다. 둘째, 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도와 진로인식의 관계에 대해 상관분석과 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 부모 양육태도와 진로인식 및 그 하위영역에서 정적 상관을 확인할 수 있었으며 영재학생이 일반학생에 비하여 더 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 회귀분석 결과 부모 양육태도가 진로인식에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었다. 셋째, 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도와 사회기여의식의 관계에 대해 상관분석과 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 부모 양육태도와 사회기여의식 및 그 하위영역에서 정적 상관을 확인할 수 있었으며 영재학생이 일반학생에 비하여 더 높은 상관관계를 나타냈다. 회귀분석 결과 부모 양육태도가 사회기여의식에 미치는 영향을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과, 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도와 진로인식, 사회기여의식의 차이를 확인할 수 있었고 부모 양육태도가 진로인식, 사회기여의식에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있어 가정에서 자녀에게 애정을 가지고 생각과 감정을 공감․이해하고, 부모의 가치를 강요하지 않고 자율적 행동을 허용하며, 높은 포부 수준을 설정하도록 도와주며 일관성 있는 자세로 양육하는 것이 영재학생은 물론이고 일반학생의 진로인식과 사회기여의식을 높이는데 중요함을 시사한다.Ⅰ. 서론 1 1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1 2. 연구 문제 3 3. 용어의 정의 4 4. 연구의 제한점 5 Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 및 선행연구 고찰 7 1. 이론적 배경 7 2. 선행연구 고찰 11 Ⅲ. 연구 방법 및 절차 14 1. 연구 대상 14 2. 검사도구 14 3. 자료 처리 및 분석 18 Ⅳ. 연구결과 19 1. 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도, 진로인식 및 사회기여의식 비교 19 2. 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도와 진로인식의 관계 24 3. 중학교 영재학생과 일반학생이 지각한 부모 양육태도와 사회기여의식 관계 27 4. 자녀가 지각한 부모의 양육태도가 진로인식, 사회기여의식에 미치는 영향 31 Ⅴ. 결론 및 제언 37 1. 결론 37 2. 제언 38 참고문헌 40Maste

Synthesis and Characterization of New Functional Brush Polymers Containing Electroactive Moieties

DoctorPolymeric memory devices have attracted a great amount of attention due to their low fabrication cost, good scalability, and simplicity of device structure Therefore, functional polymers have been considered as alternatives to traditional inorganic semiconductor materials for memory devices because they can be easily miniaturized indevice fabrication and their properties can easily be tailored through chemical synthesis. These merits have further accelerated the development of several types of polymer-based memory devices such as rewritable memory, write-once read-many times (WORM) memory, and dynamic random access memory (DRAM). However, none of reported studies can comprehensively account for the observed swiching properties of polymer memory, even though many operating mechanisms have benn proposed such as filamentary conduction, charge transfer, charge trapping and conformational chnge mechasinm. To figure out the operating mechanism of polymer memory device, the design of novel polymeric materials with controlled morphologies and electrical properties is required to elucidate the switching mechasnism because electrical behaviors is closely related to morphologies formed in thin films. First, different volume fraction of diblock copolymer is synthesized because block copolymers (BCP) can self-assemble into various ordered nanostructures (such as lamellae, cylinders, spheres and so on) with length scales ranging from 10 to 100 nm due to the repulsion between the chemically connected blocks. Secondly, correlation between memory and structure is studied by controlled morphologies and electrical properties. Lastly, development of a new polymeric materials system is needed for comprehensive understading, so various fluorinated brush polymers is synthesized and studied. In Chapter II, two series of crystalline-amorphous brush diblock copolymers bearing electroactive moieties were newly synthesized by sequential anionic ring-opening copolymerizations of glycidyl derivatives and subsequent selective post-functionalizations. Self-assembly structural details and electrical memory behaviors of these polymers in nanoscale thin films were investigated. The diblock copolymers revealed complex hierarchical self-assembly structures depending on the compositions. The self-assembly structure and orientation of the crystalline block chains were severely affected by the geometrical confinement (i.e., size and shape) resulted from phase-separation. Such film morphologies were found to cause significant influences on the electrical properties; they exhibited electrical properties from p-type permanent memory behavior to dielectric-like behavior. The permanent memory performances were further varied with the morphology parameters. The observed digital memory behaviors were originated from the electroactive moieties incorporated into the bristle ends. In Chapter III, perfluorinated and carbazole brush-containing block copolymer series, poly(3-((6-((7-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)heptanoyl)oxy)hexyl) thio)propyl glycidyl ether - b - glycidyl 12-((3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9, 9,10,10,10-heptadecafluorodecyl) oxy)-12-oxo dodecanoate) (PGCHHSP20-b-PGHFD60), (PGCHHSP40-b-PGHFD40), (PGCHHSP60-b-PGHFD20), were synthesized. The polymer was thermally stable up to 300 oC. Below the degradation temperature, it showed a glass transition, crystal melting transition, and a liquid crystal to isotropic melt transition. Most of the materials developed so far are only partially fluorinated materials with relatively low fluorine contents. Highly fluorinated polymers such as Teflon are difficult to process into high-quality films, thereby restricting their applicability. As a consequence, the innovative development of new types of highly fluorinated polymers with easy processability has become very attractive. Therefore, we demonstrates that well-defined linear homo polymer and diblock copolymers with the AGE and EEGE monomer, which are versatile and selectively functionalizable polyether platforms is used to synthesize polymer containing liquid crystalline and amorphous block for a variety of nanostructures and memory device applications. Most of all, synthesiezed brush diblock copolymer with different volume fraction is used to study relationship between memory and structure by controlled morphologies and electrical properties. In Chapter IV, fluorinated side chain liquid crystal polymers have been prepared and properties of synthesized polymers were studied. We report fluorinated polymers composed of hydrocarbon unit and semifluorinated side chain segments, where the number of fluorinated tails varies from one to eight. The polymeric structures described differed by the length of the perfluorinated chains and the spacer which joined the polymer backbone. The fluorinated brush polymers possessing different length of fluoroalkyl side group is used to study the correlation between the surface properties and liquid crystalline properties. By systematically probing the effect of structure on the surface organization of the fluorocarbon side chain, study of these brush polymers has helped optimize the semifluorinated side groups for creating low surface energy materials. In addition, electrical switching behaviors of fluorinated brush polymers are measured for memory device application, since research of electrical property with polymers bearing fluorine or fluuorocaron have not been reported except PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) and its copolymer. In Chapter V, we have prepared several polymers with mesogenic cores, coded PGBFn (PG : PolyGlycidyl-backbone, B : biphenyl-mesogenic core, Fn : the number of fluorocarbon-side chian). We designed the two types of polymer series with para-position and meta-position of biphenyl side group to study similarity and difference of crystalline structure and physical properties. The introduction of a mesogenic core will contributes to the stabilization and organization of fluorinated tails at the surface. The surface properties with contact angle measuremtn and surface energy is studied and all measured fluorinated brush polymer show the very low surface energy. This study will help us in the design of future liquid crystal polymers and low surface energy polymers opening an interesting field for the building of stable active surfaces with a favorable eco-toxic approach. In addition, quantitative studies on electrical properties of fluorinated polymer have not been carried out so far, electrical memory performance is measured with polymers which have the number of fluorinated tails varies from one to eight. In Chapter VI, we have synthesized a series of polymers bearing fluorinated aromatic ring side chains to investigate the effect of fluorine and trifluoromethyl group on the morphology, the crystal orientation, charge-carrier transport, and device performance. We have prepared several polymers with mesogenic cores and fluorinated aromatic ring, coded PGBaFbcCF3dP (PG : PolyGlycidyl-backbone, B : Biphenyl-mesogenic core, aFbcCF3dP : the number(a, c) and position(b, d) of fluorine or trifluoromethyl group on phenyl unit –fluorinated aromatic ring pendent). The fluorine atom has the highest Pauling electronegativity of 4.0 among electron-withdrawing groups and the electron density distribution of aromatic ring will be varied according to the position and the number of fluorine and trifluoromethyl group. This means the position of fluorine has significant effect on the crystalline behavior and thermal property

A mesoscopic model for B to Z-DNA transition

1

A short-term investigation of dysphonia in asthmatic patients using inhaled budesonide

Background: Dysphonia is one of the most common side effects of patients who use corticosteroid inhalers. The aim of this study was to investigate, prospectively, the occurrence of dysphonia in patients who used corticosteroid inhalers. Methods: Outpatients aged 18 years or older initially treated with inhaled corticosteroids were recruited. All patients were prescribed budesonide/formoterol. Questionnaires, perceptual studies, and acoustic analysis were performed five times during the study: at study entry and after 1, 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Videostroboscopy was performed at study entry and at 12 weeks. The data collected were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance tests and Wilcoxon's signed rank test (P < 0.01). Results: Sixty-two patients were enrolled and 29 patients (M:F = 19:10) completed the study. Seven patients reported that they had problems with their voice; however, there were no statistically significant changes in the perceptual studies or the acoustic analysis. The videostroboscopy showed that "injection" and "increase of mucus" significantly increased by week 12. Vocal fold bowing was not noted in any of the patients. Conclusions: The results of this study showed no significant voice changes in patients using corticosteroid inhalers over a period of 3 months. However, minor mucosal changes were found on videostroboscopy. © 2011 The Voice Foundation