(The) Measurement and morphological study of the structure of anal canals and rectums in korean adult cadavers

의학과/석사[한글] 항문관과 직장은 소화물이 지나가는 마지막 통로로서 임상의 여러 가지 면에서 중요시되어 왔다. 항문관가 직장에 생기는 질병들을 이해하는데 해부학적 지식을 필요로 하며, 항문관과 직장을 수술하거나 진단할 때 해부학적 구조들이 지표로 사용된다. 저자는 한국인 성인 사체 33구(남자 21구, 여자 12구)에서 항문관과 직장을 적출한 후 해부학적 구조들을 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻어써다. 1. 항문관의 길이는 평균 36.7mm로서 남자가 여자보다 길었다. 2. 항문기둥의 수는 평균 10개였으며, 항문기둥의 길이는 평균 15.2mm로서 남자가 여자보다 길었다. 항문기둥의 면적은 앞쪽, 오른쪽, 뒤쪽에 있는 것이 컸다. 3. 속항문조임근의 길이와 폭은 각각 평균 20mm, 4.5mm였으며, 항문에서 속항문조임근과 바깥항문조임근의 경계까지의 길이는 평균 12.4mm였다. 4. 직장가로주름의 수는 평균 2.8개로서 남자가 여자보다 많았다. 직장가로주름이 직장의 양 옆에 있는 경우가 많았고, 직장가로주름이 위에서부터 순서대로 왼쪽, 오른쪽, 왼쪽에 있는 경우는 26%였다. 항문부터 각각의 직장가로주름까지의 길이는 평균 85.3mm였으며, 직장가로주름에서 다음 직장가로주름까지의 길이는 평균 16.5mm였다. 직장가로주름의 길이는 평균 41.3mm로서 남자가 여자보다 길었다. [영문] The measurement and morphological studies of the anal canals and the rectums of 33 Korean adult cadavers(male; 21, female; 12) were done. The results were as follows; 1. The length of anal canals was average 36.7mm. It was longer in males than in females. 2. The number of anal columns was average 10. The length of anal columns was average 15.2mm. It was longer in males than in females. The area of anal columns was large at the anterior, right and posterior parts. 3. The length and width of internal anal sphincters were average 20mm and 4.5mm. The length from anus to the junction of internal and external anal sphincter was average 12.4mm. 4. The number of transverse rectal folds was average 2.8, it was more numerous in males than in females. It was the most frequent that transverse rectal folds resided at the sides of rectum. The incidences of the transverse rectal folds, occurring the superior location at the left side of rectum, and the middle location at the right side, and the inferior location at the left side were 26%. The distance from anus to each transverse rectal fold was average 85.3mm. The distance from transverse rectal fold to the next ones was average 16.5mm. The length of transverse rectal folds was average 41.3mm, it was longer in males than in females.restrictio

Mechanical and Electrochemical Behavior of Silicon Anode for Li-ion Batteries on Soft Substrate

학위논문 (박사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 재료공학부, 2014. 8. 주영창.Nowadays, there is an increasing demand for full bendable and wearable electronic devices. To meet this need, soft substrate is a promising candidate for those next-generation electronics. For miniaturization and high integration of current device, high-capacity electrode materials are necessary for operation of those devices. Among many active materials for anode electrode, alloying types (Si, Sn, Ge, As, Al, etc) are widely known due to their high gravimetric and volumetric capacity than any other electrodes. However, these alloying types of anode materials undergo large volume expasions, inducing huge internal stress. This intrinsic stress lead to mechanical degradations of the electrodes and decaying the drastic capacity fading. When the electrodes were subjected to mechanical deformation, such as bending, twisting, and stretching, the electrodes shows fatal failures. Therefore, relieving these intrinsic and extrinsic stress become very important to improve the performance of alloying type anodes for the bendable Li-ion batteries. In this study, we have introduced novel designs of Si anode to overcome the two main limitations of Si: largest volume expasion and brittle nature. This is because, if the drawbacks of Si can be solved, any electrode can be employed. From the fundamental understandings of Si thin film anode during charge and discharge process, we first observed certain mechanical failures (buckle, delamination) of the thin-film-type Si anode on soft substrate, which resulted in rapid capacity decay. Post analysis of the buckles led us to estimate the interface toughness of lithiated Si, which were 6.52±0.14 J/m2 from circular buckles and 5.89±0.27 J/m2 from telephone cord buckles. To improve the adhesion strength between Si and Cu, as well as to relieve the intrinsic and extrinsic stress, we introduced a nano-hairy structure on a polyimide (PI) substrate and successfully developed a robust Si anode electrode for PI-substrate-based Li-ion batteries. Through in-situ SEM observation, we elucidated the working mechanism of the nanostructured amorphous Si anode. A direct lithiation process revealed that, the stress due to Si volume expansion was released via the inter-spacing between the nano-hairy Si anodes and by the compliable nature of the polymer nanowire. Subsequently, using a coin-cell test, the nano-hairy Si anode exhibited a much longer cycle life and higher capacity (1573 mAh/g at 100th cycle). In the C-rate test, outstanding response and high capacity recovery (when returning to the initial current value) from a high rate charge/discharge test was obtained to compare with a Si thin-film electrode. Solid-electrolyte-interphase (SEI) was found to form over the nano-hairy Si, and to release the internal stress, cracks appeared in the SEI with very uniform crack length below the critical delamination length, thereby, further delaminations were prevented. For flexible and bendable applications, we also evaluated mechanical resistance to cyclic sliding for a current collectoor and cyclic bending for a full-pouch battery. Cu on nano-hairy PI showed extremely low change (<10%) in electrical resistance up to 500,000 cycles, whereas Cu on pristine PI showed over 300% change. With a full-pouch battery, we succefully turned on the back light unit and maintained 3.7 V under 3000 bending cycles on a 12.7 mm-bending radius. Even, excellent C-rate was also observed under the bent state. For further study of electrochemical and electrical properties, we introduced O2 gas, and successfully obtained very thin and long nano-hairy PI. Using this structure, we were able to improve the electrochemical performance, higher capacity and excellent rate capability due to the larger surface area. In cyclic bending fatigue test for Cu current collector, O2-nano-hairy Cu showed lower change in electrical resistance than both CF4-nano-hariry and pristine PI under 4% strain condition. We also introduced graphene oxide (GO) dispersed conductive polymer composites to replace the Cu current collector. From the results of electrochemical test, Si on nano-hairy conductive PI showed the typical capacity of Si in the lower C-rate region. These results can suggest the potential of fabric or polymer (with low conductivity) based Li-ion battery system to understand the limit of the charge or discharge current. This study demonstrated the direct integration of Si anode on a polymer substrate for bendable Li-ion battery and attempted to address all of the challenges of Si by designing a core-shell Cu/a-Si nano hairs. One aspect that stands out is the ability to use bendable polymer substrate to integrate any active electrodes. We believe that our study would widen the choice of the materials and open up the option of using polymer substrate-based bendable batteries.Abstract i Table of contents v List of Tables viii List of Figures ix Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 The need for bendable Li-ion batteries on soft substrate 1 1.2 Reliability issues in bendable batteries 4 1.2.1 Intrinsic stress due to volume expansion 7 1.2.2 Extrinsic stress due to bending deformation 11 1.3 Objective of the thesis 12 1.4 Organization of the thesis 15 Chapter 2. Theoretical Background 16 2.1 Electrochemical and mechanical properties of silicon during charge/discharge 16 2.1.1 Lithiation of silicon 18 2.1.2 Delithiation of silicon 23 2.2 Mechanical failure in thin film 25 2.2.1 Energy release rate and Griffith criterion 25 2.2.2 Nucleation and growth of buckles in thin films 30 2.2.2.1 Circular buckle 35 2.2.2.2 Linear/nonlinear buckle 35 2.2.3 Nucleation and growth of cracks in thin films 41 2.2.3.1 Minimum crack spacing 43 2.2.3.2 Critical delamination length 45 2.2.3.3 Mechanical failure due to fatigue 51 Chapter 3. Electrochemical and mechanical behavior of Silicon thin film anode on soft substrate 53 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Experimental procedure 54 3.3 Results 60 3.3.1 Material characteristics of Si 60 3.3.2 Failures of Silicon film after first lithiation 62 3.3.3 Interface toughness of lithiated Silicon 66 3.4 Summary 75 Chapter 4. Electrochemical and mechanical behavior of nano-hairy Silicon anode on soft substrate 76 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Fabrication of nano-hairy Silicon 78 4.3 Experimental procedure 86 4.4 Results 93 4.4.1 In-situ lithiation of nano-hairy Silicon 93 4.4.2 Improvement of electrochemical performance 99 4.4.3 Improvement of electrical stability 112 4.4.4 Improvement of mechanical stability 113 4.5 Summary 127 Chapter 5. Engineering of soft substrate 128 5.1 Introduction 128 5.2 Geometric modification of nano-hairy structure 129 5.2.1 Enhancement of electrical stability 132 5.2.2 Enhancement of electrochemical performance 137 5.3 Electrical modification of soft substrate 145 5.3.1 Enhancement of electrochemical performance 148 5.4 Summary 153 Chapter 6. Conclusion 154 6.1 Summary of results 154 6.2 Future work and suggested research 157 References 158Docto

Studies on the morphology of the pulmonary lobes and segments, and the topographical anatomy of the distribution of bronchi an

의학과/박사[한글] 폐엽의 경계를 이루는 폐틈새의 형태는 전산화단층사진에서 병변의 위치를 정확히 파악하는데 있어서 중요한 지표로 이용되는 관계로 이에 대한 관심이 점차 높아지고 있다. 폐구역의 형태 변이와 기관지, 폐혈관의 분지 양상 및 국소해부학적 위치관계는 폐질환을 진단하고 치료할 때 중요한 자료이나 아직 체계적인 연구가 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 한국 성인 시체의 폐 172개를 대상으로 폐문과 페틈새의 형태 변이를 관찰하였고, 폐를 해부하여 기관지와 폐혈관의 분포 및 위치관계를 조사하였으며, 구역기관지에 gelatin 용액과 섬유물감을 섞어서 만든 색소를 주입하여 폐구역의 형태를 살펴보았다. 그 결과를 간추리면 아래와 같다. 1. 폐문을 통과하는 기관지와 폐혈관이 폐뿌리에서 미리 갈라지는 경우는 오른폐가 왼폐보다 많았다. 폐틈새의 모양을 관찰한 결과, 오른폐 위엽이 중간엽과 아래엽을 외측에서 덮는 모양이 많았으며, 중간엽은 대체로 늑골면에서 좁고, 종격면에서 넓었다. 경사틈새와 수평틈새가 불완전하게 형성된 폐의 빈도는 각각 57.1∼59.4%와 58.5%였으며, 불완전한 부분은 대부분 폐문에 닿아있었다. 덧틈새의 빈도는 오른폐가 33.3%, 왼폐가 54.3%였으며, 오른폐는 폐구역 속에 있는 것이 많았고, 왼폐는 두개의 폐구역 사이에 있는 것이 많았다. 2. 기관지가 구역기관지로 분지되는 양상은 일반적으로 알려진 것과 크게 다르지 않았으며, 다음과 같은 변이가 관찰되었다. 중간엽기관지와 혀구역기관지의 곁가지는 각각 3.4%와 18.8%의 빈도로 나타났으며, 오른폐 아래엽의 꼭대기구역기관지와 중간엽기관지가 같이 일어나는 경우는7.4%였다. 꼭대기밑기관지의 출현 빈도는 오른폐 20.0%, 왼폐 65.477였으며, 외측바닥구역기관지와 뒤바닥구역기관지의 공통줄기에서 일어나는 경우가 많았다. 구역기관지에서 갈라지는 가지의 방향은 이미 알려진 것(Hoyden이 정한 구역기관지가지의 이름)과 대체로 비슷하였으나, 그렇지 않은 경우도 있었다. 3. 폐표면에 나타나는 폐구역의 특징은 다음과 같았다. 일반적으로 앞구역은 수평틈새에 닿았고, 뒤구역은 수평틈새와 경사틈새에 닿았으나, 오른폐 앞구역이 경사틈새에 닿은 경우(27.0%)와 왼폐 꼭대기구역이 경사틈새에 닿은 경우(30.3%)도 관찰되었다. 중간엽이 위구역과 아래구역으로 나뉘고, 혀구역이 외측구역과 내측구역으로 나뉘는 경우는 각각 13% 안팎이었다. 횡격막면에서 오른폐는 내측바닥구역과 외측바닥구역이 맞닿은 유형과 앞바닥구역과 뒤바닥구역이 맞닿은 유형이 비슷한 빈도로 나타났으나, 왼폐는 내측바닥구역과 외측바닥구역이 맞닿은 한가지 유형만 나타났다. 4. 오른폐동맥은 위엽가지, 중간엽가지, 아래엽위가지, 바닥가지의 순으로 갈라지는 경우가 많았고(44.3%), 왼폐동맥은 위엽가지, 아래엽위가지, 폐혀가지, 바닥가지의 순으로 갈라지는 경우가 많았다(50.0%). 폐동맥의 위엽가지와 중간엽가지는 주로 기관지의 내측을 지났고, 폐혀가지와 아래엽위가지, 바닥가지는 주로 기관지의 외측을 지났으며, 폐정맥의 가지들은 오른폐 뒤가지를 제외하고 대부분 기관지의 내측을 지났다. 오른폐 중간엽의 폐정맥이 아래폐정맥으로 유입되는 경우(6.777)와 왼폐 위엽의 폐정맥이 아래폐정맥으로 유입되는 경우(4.3%)가 발견되었다. 이와 같이 본 연구에서 조사한 폐틈새의 모양과 기관지의 분지 양상은 질병을 이해하고 방사선사진을 판독할 때 도움을 줄 것이며, 폐구역의 형태 및 기관지와 폐혈관의 국소해부학적 관계는 폐구역을 절제할 때 응용할 수 있다. 또한 폐엽을 절제할 때에는 폐틈새가 불완전한 빈도와 그 위치, 그리고 이곳을 통하여 혈판이 지날 수 있다는 점에 유의하여 수술에 따르는 합병증을 줄일 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. Studies on the morphology of the pulmonary robes and segments, and the topographical anatomy of the distribution of bronchi and pulmonary vasculatures Min Suk Chung Department of Medicine, The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed by Professor In Hyuk Chung) The morphological variations of pulmonary hila and fissures, and the distribution and vocational relationships of the bronchi and pulmonary vasculatures were examined by dissecting 172 lungs from Korean adult cadavers. To clarify the morphology of pulmonary segments, coloring solutions composed of gelatin and fabric dye were injected into the segmental bronchi. The findings were as follows: 1. The incidence of the main bronchus and pulmonary vessels branching in the lung root was higher in the right than in the left side. The interlobar surface of the right superior lobes inclined inferolaterally, and the middle lobes were narrower at the costal surface than at the mediastinal surface. The oblique and horizontal fissures were found to be incomplete in more than half of the lungs examined, with the fissures discontinuing as they approached the hilum. The incidence of accessory fissures was 33.3% for the right side and 54.3% for the left. Their main location was within one segment for the right part and between two segments for the left. 2. The branching patterns of the bronchus were net much different from those found in previous studies, but some variations were found. The incidence of accessory branches in the middle lobar bronchus and lingular bronchus was 3.4% and 18.8%, respectively. These accessory branches were distributed to the lateral and posterior surface. Occasionally(7.4%), the middle bronchus and superior segmental bronchus divided at the same place. The incidence of a subsuperior bronchus was 20.0%(right) and 65.4%(left), and the most common source was the common trunk of the lateral basal segment and posterior basal segment. The direction of the subsegmental bronchus did not always correspond with Boyden's nomenclature. 3. Characteristics of the bronchopulmonary segments on the lung surface were as follows. Generally, the anterior segment was in contact with the horizontal fissure, and the posterior segment was in contact with the oblique and horizontal fissures. In some instances, the right anterior segment was in contact with the oblique and horizontal fissures(27.0%), and the left apical segment was in contact with the oblique fissure(37.3% ). Atypically, the middle lobe divided into superior and inferior segments(13.8% ), and the lingular segment divided into lateral and medial segments(12.5%). At the diaphragmatic surface of the right lung, the incidence of the medial and lateral basal segments being in contact was 58.3%, and the incidence of the anterior and posterior basal segments being in contact was 41.7%. At the diaphragmatic surface 7f the left lung, the medial and lateral basal segments were always in contact. 4. The right pulmonary artery was commonly sequentially divided into the superior lobar branch, middle lobar branch, superior branch of inferior lobe, and basal part(44.3% ), while the left pulmonary artery divided into the superior lobar branch, superior branch of inferior lobe, singular branch, and basal Part(57.7%). The superior lobar and middle lobar branches passed medially to the bronchi, and the lingular and inferior lobar branches passed laterally. Most tributaries of the pulmonary vein, with the exception of the right posterior branch, passed medially to the bronchi. In some instances, the veins of the right superior and middle lobe drained into the right inferior pulmonary vein(6.7%), and the veins of the left superior lobe drained into the left inferior pulmonary vein(4.3%) . This study contributes to the literature on the morphology of fissures, and on bronchial distribution, knowledge of which can help us understand lung diseases. The findings on variations in bronchopulmonary segmentation and locational relationships of the bronchus and pulmonary vessels may facilitate segmentectomy. Moreover, attention to the incidence and location of incomplete fissures, and the possible existence of vessels passing through those, may reduce complications from lobectomy. [영문] The morphological variations of pulmonary hila and fissures, and the distribution and vocational relationships of the bronchi and pulmonary vasculatures were examined by dissecting 172 lungs from Korean adult cadavers. To clarify the morphology of pulmonary segments, coloring solutions composed of gelatin and fabric dye were injected into the segmental bronchi. The findings were as follows: 1. The incidence of the main bronchus and pulmonary vessels branching in the lung root was higher in the right than in the left side. The interlobar surface of the right superior lobes inclined inferolaterally, and the middle lobes were narrower at the costal surface than at the mediastinal surface. The oblique and horizontal fissures were found to be incomplete in more than half of the lungs examined, with the fissures discontinuing as they approached the hilum. The incidence of accessory fissures was 33.3% for the right side and 54.3% for the left. Their main location was within one segment for the right part and between two segments for the left. 2. The branching patterns of the bronchus were net much different from those found in previous studies, but some variations were found. The incidence of accessory branches in the middle lobar bronchus and lingular bronchus was 3.4% and 18.8%, respectively. These accessory branches were distributed to the lateral and posterior surface. Occasionally(7.4%), the middle bronchus and superior segmental bronchus divided at the same place. The incidence of a subsuperior bronchus was 20.0%(right) and 65.4%(left), and the most common source was the common trunk of the lateral basal segment and posterior basal segment. The direction of the subsegmental bronchus did not always correspond with Boyden's nomenclature. 3. Characteristics of the bronchopulmonary segments on the lung surface were as follows. Generally, the anterior segment was in contact with the horizontal fissure, and the posterior segment was in contact with the oblique and horizontal fissures. In some instances, the right anterior segment was in contact with the oblique and horizontal fissures(27.0%), and the left apical segment was in contact with the oblique fissure(37.3% ). Atypically, the middle lobe divided into superior and inferior segments(13.8% ), and the lingular segment divided into lateral and medial segments(12.5%). At the diaphragmatic surface of the right lung, the incidence of the medial and lateral basal segments being in contact was 58.3%, and the incidence of the anterior and posterior basal segments being in contact was 41.7%. At the diaphragmatic surface 7f the left lung, the medial and lateral basal segments were always in contact. 4. The right pulmonary artery was commonly sequentially divided into the superior lobar branch, middle lobar branch, superior branch of inferior lobe, and basal part(44.3% ), while the left pulmonary artery divided into the superior lobar branch, superior branch of inferior lobe, singular branch, and basal Part(57.7%). The superior lobar and middle lobar branches passed medially to the bronchi, and the lingular and inferior lobar branches passed laterally. Most tributaries of the pulmonary vein, with the exception of the right posterior branch, passed medially to the bronchi. In some instances, the veins of the right superior and middle lobe drained into the right inferior pulmonary vein(6.7%), and the veins of the left superior lobe drained into the left inferior pulmonary vein(4.3%) . This study contributes to the literature on the morphology of fissures, and on bronchial distribution, knowledge of which can help us understand lung diseases. The findings on variations in bronchopulmonary segmentation and locational relationships of the bronchus and pulmonary vessels may facilitate segmentectomy. Moreover, attention to the incidence and location of incomplete fissures, and the possible existence of vessels passing through those, may reduce complications from lobectomy.restrictio

The Incumbency Advantage on Party Nomination: Evidence from the 8th Local Election of Korea

본 연구는 제8회 지방선거 기초단체장 후보 정당 공천에서의 현직 효과에 대해서 분석한다. 보통 현직 효과는 선거 당락에 대한 영향 위주로 연구가 집중되어 있으나, 본 연구는 선거 이전 단계인 정당 공천에서도 현직 효과가 직접적으로 영향을 미치는지에 초점을 두었다는 점에서 기존 연구와 차별화된다. 제8회 지방선거 기초단체장 예비후보자 명부를 사용하여 정당 공천을 경험적으로 분석한 결과, 지역주의 투표가 강하게 나타나는 지역에서는 현직자의 경선 비율이 다른 지역보다 높게 나타나는 것을 확인했다. 이와 더불어 현직 효과가 정당 공천에 직접적으로 영향을 미치며, 현직자의 정당 공천 참여 유형 또한 공천 여부에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. This study analyzes the incumbency advantage in the nomination of candidates for local governor in the 8th local elections. In general, studies on the incumbency advantage are focused on the effect on electoral outcome, but this study is differentiated from previous studies by focusing on whether the incumbency advantage directly affects the nomination of the party, which is the stage before the election. As a result of empirically analyzing the party nomination using the list of preliminary candidates for local governor in the 8th local elections, it was confirmed that the proportion of incumbent candidates was higher in areas with strong regional voting than in other regions. In addition, it was found that the incumbency advantage directly affects the party nomination, and the type of incumbent's participation in the party nomination also affects the nomination.FALS

Colonoscopy tutorial software made with a cadaver’s sectioned images

Novice doctors may watch tutorial videos in training for actual or computed tomographic (CT) colonoscopy. The conventional learning videos can be complemented by virtual colonoscopy software made with a cadaver’s sectioned images (SIs). The objective of this study was to assist colonoscopy trainees with the new interactive software. Submucosal segmentation on the SIs was carried out through the whole length of the large intestine. With the SIs and segmented images, a three dimensional model was reconstructed. Six-hundred seventy-one proximal colonoscopic views (conventional views) and corresponding digital colonoscopic views (simulating the retroflexion of a colonoscope) were produced. Not only navigation views showing the current location of the colonoscope tip and its course, but also, supplementary description views were elaborated. The four corresponding views were put into convenient browsing software to be downloaded free from the homepage (anatomy.co.kr). The SI colonoscopy software with the realistic images and supportive tools was available to anybody. Users could readily notice the position and direction of the virtual colonoscope tip and recognize meaningful structures in colonoscopic views. The software is expected to be an auxiliary learning tool to improve technique and related knowledge in actual and CT colonoscopies. Hopefully, the software will be updated using raw images from the Visible Korean projec

모시 세포의 활성 평가를 통한 항우울제의 스크리닝 방법

모시 세포의 활성 평가를 통한 항우울제의 스크리닝 방법에 관한 것으로서, 일 양상에 따른 스크리닝 방법은 새롭게 규명한 항우울제의 핵심적인 작용기작에 기초하여, 모시 세포의 신경 활성 수준을 평가 및 비교함으로써, 보다 간이하고 효과적으로 신규 항우울제를 발굴할 수 있다

Surface Model of the Gastrointestinal Tract Constructed From the Visible Korean

Most currently available three-dimensional surface models of human anatomic structures have been artistically created to reflect the anatomy being portrayed. We have recently undertaken, as part of our Visible Korean studies, to build objective surface models based on cross-sectional images of actual human anatomy. Objective of the present study was to elaborate surface models of the GI tract and neighboring structures that are helpful to medical simulation. The GI tract from stomach to anal canal was outlined and reconstructed from sectioned images of the Visible Korean. The outlining procedure was supported by computational filtering and interpolation using commercially available software. The GI tract was divided into several parts, and each of these parts was surface reconstructed and then united with neighboring parts to produce a surface model of the complete GI tract

Serotonin reuptake inhibitor-based antidepressant responsiveness modulating peptides and uses thereof

세로토닌 재흡수 억제제 (Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) 계열 항우울제에 대한 반응성 조절용 펩티드와 이를 포함하는 벡터 및 우울증 예방 또는 치료용 약학적 조성물 등을 제공한다