'-이나'와 '-도'의 의미론: 분류사구와 결합하는 경우를 중심으로

This paper concerns the syntactic, semantic, prosodic, and pragmatic differences that Classifier Phrase(CLP)-ina and CLP-to display in Korean. We first characterize the syntactic-semantic differences between CLP-ina and CLP-to in positive/negative sentences, after/before-clauses, and their relative order in a negative sentence. Further we note the two reveal different scope behavior with other scope bearing elements: e.g., CLP-ina has scope over the negation or the comparative operator, while CLP-to has scope under these operators. To account for these, the paper analyzes CLP-to as a negative polarity expression and CLP-ina as a positive polarity expression. As a positive polarity expression, CLP-ina is interpreted as a focus and receives a focal accent. In contrast, as a negative polarity expression, CLP-to is interpreted as a presupositional or topical element in the discourse and does not receive a focal accent. Extending the claim of Lee, Chung, and Nams (2000), we claim that both CLP-ina and CLP-to denote a lower bound in the likelihood scale that is pragmatically determined in the discourse context.이 연구는 1998년 한국학술진흥재단 국제협력 공동연구지원 사업(KRF-1998-010-190)과 서울대학교 언어학과 언어정보연구센터의 지원을 받아 이루어졌다

밀폐형 생산시스템 내 새송이 버섯과 로메인 상추의 지속적 재배를 위한 이산화탄소 제어 전략

학위논문 (석사)-- 서울대학교 대학원 : 식물생산과학부 원예생명공학전공, 2016. 2. 손정익.Although the research of life support systems is getting active, it is difficult to perform actual experiments because various internal components in the system react complicatedly. Therefore modeling and simulation approaches have increased in the research of the life support system. A concept of supplying the CO2 generated by mushrooms to lettuces by simultaneous cultivation is important in both of the life support system and crop production. The objectives of this study were to establish a CO2 emission rate model for mushroom respiration, a photosynthetic rate model for lettuce photosynthesis, and to develop a simultaneous cultivation system of lettuce and mushroom. The CO2 emission rate of mushrooms and photosynthetic rate of lettuces were measured using closed acrylic chambers. The coefficients of the models were statistically determined. By using the established models, the simultaneous cultivation system was constructed for lettuce and mushroom, and the CO2 concentration in each chamber was predicted by simulation. And the difference between measured and estimated values was verified. R2 values of the CO2 emission and photosynthetic rate models were 0.64 and 0.94, respectively. The CO2 concentrations in the simultaneous cultivation system were controlled within allowable ranges. With the simultaneous cultivation system, CO2 emission into the atmosphere could be reduced to 80.6% of the total CO2 emitted from mushrooms by respiration. Based on this study, it is possible to control the CO2 concentration for optimum cultivation, and to reduce the CO2 emitted into the atmosphere during mushroom cultivation. Finally, it will help us to find out the appropriate gas circulation strategies in the life support system researches.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 3 LITERATURE CITED 7 CHAPTER I. Estimation of CO2 Emission Rate of King Oyster Mushroom with Temperature and Growth Stage 11 Abstract 11 Introduction 12 Materials and Methods 14 Results 18 Discussion 20 Literature Cited 22 CHAPTER II. Estimation of Canopy Photosynthetic Rate of Heuk Romaine Lettuce with CO2 Concentration and Growth Stage 35 Abstract 35 Introduction 36 Materials and Methods 38 Results 41 Discussion 44 Literature Cited 45 CHAPTER III. Continuous Cultivation Strategies with CO2 Control for a Closed Production of King Oyster Mushrooms and Romaine Lettuces 56 Abstract 56 Introduction 57 Materials and Methods 59 Results and Discussion 62 Literature Cited 64 CONCLUSION 74 APPENDICES 75 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 91Maste

The Nature of Indeterminate Expressions in Chinese and Korean: Focused on Wh-phrases in Conditionals

In this paper, we argue that indeterminates in so-called bare wh-conditionals of Chinese are not ordinary indefinites but wh-indefinites. Thus, they are subject to overt ATB-fashion wh-movement, with its tail copy ultimately being realized rather than being licensed via unselective binding by the universal operator, as proposed in Cheng and Huang (1996). We ascribe the co-varying interpretation between the two wh-indefinites in the two antecedent and consequent clauses to the property of the covert form of subordinate conjunction, which can only unify identically interpreted conjoined elements. On the other hand, Korean wh-indefinites are not subject to overt wh-movement but enter into Agree with the Q marker for their licensing. Thus, in the Korean counterpart of bare wh-conditionals, the wh-indefinite in the antecedent clause is referred back to by the anaphoric expression in the subsequent clause that serves as an E-type pronoun, such as a demonstrative (plus the wh-indefinite) or a null argument. It is to be underscored that, owing to the lack of overt wh-movement, the two wh-indefinites in Korean cannot be anaphorically linked via ATB wh-movement

광추적 시뮬레이션에 기반한 수직적 CO2 시비 시스템에 의한 온실 재배 ‘어윈’ 망고의 광합성 증진

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :농업생명과학대학 식물생산과학부(원예과학전공),2019. 8. 손정익.Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the 30 major crops in the world and grown mainly in tropical or subtropical regions. In order to increase the production of fruit crops, their photosynthesis must be increased. To estimate the whole plant photosynthetic rate accurately, how light interception by crops changes with environmental and morphological factors is needed to be investigated. The whole plant photosynthetic rates could be efficiently estimated by combining the measurement and simulation methods with leaf photosynthetic rate models in determining procedures for CO2 enrichment in greenhouses. CO2, as a material for photosynthesis, is needed to be enriched sufficiently. Most of commercialized CO2 enrichment devices are not considering the distribution of photosynthetic rate. The objectives of this study were to determine the precise photosynthetic rate model, to analyze accurate light intensity using a 3D plant model and ray-tracing method, to calculate the spatial distributions of the photosynthetic rate, and to optimize the efficient CO2 enrichment position for ‘Irwin’ mango trees grown in greenhouses. Regression analyses for three different leaf photosynthetic rate models such as simple multiplication, rectangular hyperbola, and Farquhar, von Caemmerer, and Berry (FvCB) models were conducted. The determination coefficient (R2) value was highest in the simple multiplication model at 0.79, and the rectangular hyperbola model had the lowest value of 0.68. The vertical leaf photosynthetic rate models established in this study will help determine environmental conditions that can maximize photosynthesis of ‘Irwin’ mango trees grown in greenhouses. Under artificial light, the estimated photosynthetic rate increased from 2.0 to 2.9 μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1 with increasing CO2 concentration. On the other hand, under natural light, the photosynthetic rate increased from 0.2 μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1 at 06:00 to a maximum of 7.3 μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1 at 09:00, and then gradually decreased to –1.0 μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1 at 18:00. In validation, simulation results were in good agreement with the measured results with R2 and root mean square error were 0.79 and 0.263, respectively. This method could accurately estimate the whole plant photosynthetic rate and be useful for determining the levels of pruning and CO2 enrichment. The accumulated CO2 consumption calculated by simulation was found to be the highest value of 5.63 ± 0.02 g∙plant–1 when the CO2 was enriched at 1.2 m height. When CO2 was enriched at 1.2 m height, the accumulated CO2 consumption was 12.9% higher than at 0.5 m height. Therefore, the CO2 enrichment to the middle to top of the crop canopy, where photosynthesis mainly occur, can increase photosynthesis compared with the conventional CO2 enrichment method to the lower part of the crop. From the results, it is confirmed that this method will enhance crop photosynthesis and CO2 utilization efficiency in greenhouses.망고(Mangifera indica L.)는 열대와 아열대 지역에서 주로 재배되는 세계 30대 주요 과수 중 하나이다. 과수 작물의 생산량을 증대시키기 위해서는 광합성이 우선적으로 증대되어야 하며, 광합성 속도를 정확하게 예측하는 것은 매우 중요하다. 작물 개체의 광합성을 정확하게 예측하기 위해서는 광합성에 영향을 미치는 환경 요인과 작물의 형태적 요인을 모두 고려해야 한다. 실측과 시뮬레이션을 동시에 진행하여 작물의 개체 광합성을 추정하는 기술은 작물 재배 시 CO2 관리를 위한 기술로 기능할 수 있다. CO2는 광합성의 재료로 사용되므로 충분한 시비를 실시할 필요가 있으나, 많은 양을 시비할 경우 온실 밖으로 빠져나가 손실이 생길 우려가 있다. 대부분의 상용 CO2 시비 장치들은 광합성 분포를 고려하지 않은 형태로 설계되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 정확한 엽 광합성 속도 모델을 확립하고, 3차원 작물 모델과 광추적 시뮬레이션을 활용하여 작물 수광량을 분석하며, 공간적 광합성 분포를 계산하고, CO2 시비 시 효율적인 위치를 최적화 하는 것을 목표로 한다. 이를 위하여 단순곱 모델과 직각쌍곡선 모델, FvCB 모델에 대하여 회귀 분석을 실시하였다. 회귀 분석 결과 R2 값은 단순곱 모델에서 0.79으로 가장 높은 정확도를 보였으며, 직각쌍곡선 모델에서 0.68로 가장 낮은 정확도를 보였다. 수직적 엽 광합성 속도 모델을 활용하면 망고 재배 시 광합성을 최대화 할 수 있는 환경 조건을 찾는 데 유용할 것이다. 인공광 하에서 2년생 망고의 개체 광합성 속도는 CO2 농도가 증가함에 따라 2.0에서 2.9μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1로 증가하였다. 반면, 자연광 하에서 2년생 망고의 광합성 속도는 오전 6시에 0.2μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1로 나타났으며, 점차 증가하여 오전 9시에 7.3μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1으로 최대 광합성 속도를 나타낸 뒤, 점차 감소하여 오후 6시에 –1.0μmol CO2∙m–2∙s–1으로 나타났다. 검증 절차를 통해 시뮬레이션을 통한 개체 광합성 속도 예측값은 R2가 0.79로, RMSE가 0.263으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과를 통해 개체 광합성 속도의 분포를 확인하는 것은 광환경 개선을 위한 전정이나, 적절한 CO2 시비를 위해 중요함을 확인할 수 있었다. CO2 시비 위치를 다르게 했을 때, 실험을 수행한 기간 동안 망고 개체의 적산 CO2 소비량을 계산한 결과, 최대값은 1.2m 높이에 시비했을 때 5.63 ± 0.02g∙plant–1로 나타났다. 망고의 과실 비대기를 기준으로, CO2 시비가 주로 이루어지는 08시부터 10시 30분까지의 기간 동안 0.5m 높이에 CO2를 시비했을 경우에 비해 1.2m 높이에 시비하는 경우 적산 CO2 소비량이 12.9% 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 작물의 하단부에 CO2를 시비하는 관행 방식에 비해 광합성이 주로 일어나는 작물의 중∙상단에 CO2를 시비하는 것이 광합성을 증대시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다. 이 결과를 통해 새로 개발한 방식으로 CO2를 시비하면 작물의 광합성이 증대되고 온실에서의 CO2 이용 효율 또한 증대될 것이다.GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4 Mango cultivation in non-tropical regions 4 Models for expressing leaf photosynthetic rate of mango trees 5 Photosynthetic rate with various environmental and morphological factors 7 3D ray-tracing simulation for complex canopy plants 7 Limitations of commercialized CO2 enrichment methods 9 LITERATURE CITED 10 CHAPTER 1. Evaluation of Vertical Leaf Photosynthetic Rate Models for Greenhouse-grown ‘Irwin’ Mango Trees ABSTRACT 17 INTRODUCTION 19 MATERIALS AND METHODS 22 RESULTS 30 DISCUSSION 44 LITERATURE CITED 47 CHAPTER 2. Estimation of Whole Plant Photosynthetic Rate of ‘Irwin’ Mango Trees Using a Three-dimensional Plant Model and Ray-tracing ABSTRACT 51 INTRODUCTION 53 MATERIALS AND METHODS 57 RESULTS 67 DISCUSSION 80 LITERATURE CITED 84 CHAPTER 3. Analysis of photosynthesis enhancement in greenhouse-grown ‘Irwin’ mango by vertical CO2 enrichment based on 3D plant modeling and ray-tracing simulation ABSTRACT 90 INTRODUCTION 92 MATERIALS AND METHODS 95 RESULTS 105 DISCUSSION 119 LITERATURE CITED 124 CONCLUSIONS 130 ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 132 APPENDIX 135Docto

On the Locus of Negative Polarity Licensing in Korean: At Spec Domain or at Spec of NegP?

Observing some asymmetries in cross-clausal negative polarity licensing in Korean, Lee (2017) proposes that, under the SVO word order hypothesis (Kayne 1994), negative polarity items (NPIs) are licensed at the “Spec domain” of a negated predicate, rather than being regulated by the clause mate condition (CMC, Choe 1988, Lee 1994, Sohn 1995, Kim 1995, Chung 2006, a.o.). This paper argues, however, that Lee’s Spec domain approach faces some non-trivial difficulties and that a CMC-based theory like Sohn’s (1995) in terms of NPI movement to Spec of NegP more appropriately accommodates the cross-clausal NPI licensing facts

Prediction of Air Temperature and Relative Humidity in Greenhouse via a Multilayer Perceptron Using Environmental Factors

Temperature and relative humidity are important factors in crop cultivation and should be properly controlled for improving crop yield and quality. In order to control the environment accurately, we need to predict how the environment will change in the future. The objective of this study was to predict air temperature and relative humidity at a future time by using a multilayer perceptron (MLP). The data required to train MLP was collected every 10 min from Oct. 1, 2016 to Feb. 28, 2018 in an eight-span greenhouse (1,032 m2) cultivating mango (Mangifera indica cv. Irwin). The inputs for the MLP were greenhouse inside and outside environment data, and set-up and operating values of environment control devices. By using these data, the MLP was trained to predict the air temperature and relative humidity at a future time of 10 to 120 min. Considering typical four seasons in Korea, three-day data of the each season were compared as test data. The MLP was optimized with four hidden layers and 128 nodes for air temperature (R2 = 0.988) and with four hidden layers and 64 nodes for relative humidity (R2 = 0.990). Due to the characteristics of MLP, the accuracy decreased as the prediction time became longer. However, air temperature and relative humidity were properly predicted regardless of the environmental changes varied from season to season. For specific data such as spray irrigation, however, the numbers of trained data were too small, resulting in poor predictive accuracy. In this study, air temperature and relative humidity were appropriately predicted through optimization of MLP, but were limited to the experimental greenhouse. Therefore, it is necessary to collect more data from greenhouses at various places and modify the structure of neural network for generalization.N