18 research outputs found

    λ‚œμ†Œμ ˆμ œ κ³ μ§€ν˜ˆμ¦ λž«λ“œμ—μ„œ λŒ€λ‘ μ΄μ†Œν”ŒλΌλ³Έ 첨가가 ν˜ˆκ΄€μ§ˆν™˜ κ΄€λ ¨ μš”μ†Œμ— λ―ΈμΉ˜λŠ” 영ν–₯

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    ν•™μœ„λ…Όλ¬Έ(석사)--μ„œμšΈλŒ€ν•™κ΅ λŒ€ν•™μ› :μ‹ν’ˆμ˜μ–‘ν•™κ³Ό,2002.Maste

    Relationship between the optic disk retinal vessels

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/석사[ν•œκΈ€] μ•ˆμ €κ²€μ‚¬λŠ” μ•ˆκ³Όμ—μ„œ 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•œ κ²€μ‚¬μ€‘μ˜ ν•˜λ‚˜λ‘œ, 눈의 μ§ˆν™˜λΏμ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ „μ‹ μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 진단과 경과의 νŒμ •μ—λ„ μ€‘μš”ν•œ 뢀뢄을 이루고 μžˆλ‹€. κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‚˜ μ •μƒμΈμ˜ μ•ˆμ €μ†Œκ²¬μ€ κ°œμΈμ— 따라 μ‹¬ν•œ 차이λ₯Ό λ‚˜νƒ€λ‚΄λ―€λ‘œ, μ•ˆμ €μ˜ 병적 μƒνƒœλ₯Ό νŒλ‹¨ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄ μ•ˆμ €μ˜ 정상 μƒνƒœμ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€κ³  μƒκ°λœλ‹€. 1851λ…„ Helmholtz에 μ˜ν•΄ κ²€μ•ˆκ²½μ΄ 처음 발λͺ…λœ 이래 λ§Žμ€ μ•ˆμ €κ²€μ‚¬ 방법듀이 발λͺ…λ˜μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ•ˆμ €μ— λŒ€ν•œ λ§Žμ€ 연ꡬ듀이 ν–‰ν•΄μ‘Œλ‹€. μ •μƒμΈμ˜ μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ™€ λ§λ§‰ν˜ˆκ΄€μ— κ΄€ν•΄μ„œλ„ μ—¬λŸ¬κ°€μ§€ 연ꡬ가 μžˆμ—ˆμœΌλ©°, 1948λ…„ WoodλŠ” μ •μƒμΈμ˜ μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λ₯Ό 망막쀑심동λ§₯λΆ„μ§€μ˜ 뢄포에 따라 λΆ„λ₯˜ν–ˆκ³ , μ • λ“±(1975)κ³Ό μ • λ“±(1976)도 λ§λ§‰ν˜ˆκ΄€μ— κ΄€ν•œ 연ꡬ 제1보 및 제2보λ₯Ό λ°œν‘œν–ˆλ‹€. λ˜ν•œ Ford와 Sarwar(1963), Snydacker(1964), 그리고 κΉ€ λ“±(1976)은 μ •μƒμœ λ‘μ— λŒ€νžˆ λ³΄κ³ ν–ˆμœΌλ©°, 1967λ…„ Armaly에 μ˜ν•΄ μˆ˜ν‰ C/D비에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ‹œμž‘λœ 이래 이와 λ°•(1971), κΉ€κ³Ό 윀(1981), Carpelκ³Ό Engstrom(1981)등에 μ˜ν•΄ μ •μƒμΈμ˜ C/D비에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 ν–‰ν•΄μ‘Œλ‹€. 1. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ ν˜•νƒœ 1) μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλ₯Ό 4개의 ꡰ으둜 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό μ›ν˜•μ΄ 353μ•ˆ(44.13%) μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©° μˆ˜μ§νƒ€μ›ν˜•μ΄ 318μ•ˆ (39.75%) μ΄μ—ˆκ³ , 이 두가지 ν˜•μ΄ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 83.88%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§€ν–ˆλ‹€. 2) μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘ ν˜•νƒœμ˜ μ–‘μ•ˆ λΉ„κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” 같은 ꡰ에 μ†ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 289λͺ… (72.25%)으둜 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 2. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ 뢄포 1) μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€λ₯Ό 망막쀑심동λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ 뢄포에 따라 10개의 ꡰ으둜 κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λŒ€μΉ­μΈ 제9ꡰ이 425μ•ˆ (53.13%)으둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©°, 망막쀑심동λ§₯의 주뢄지 쀑 ν•˜λ‚˜λŠ” λ°˜λ“œμ‹œ 비츑을 μ§€λ‚˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 2) μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ μ–‘μ•ˆ λΉ„κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” 같은 ꡰ에 μ†ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 215λͺ…(53.75%)으둜 쑰금 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 3. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œ 망막쀑심동λ§₯이 κΈ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” μœ„μΉ˜ 1) μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œ 망막쀑심동λ§₯이 κΈ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” μœ„μΉ˜λ₯Ό 7개의 ꡰ으둜 λ‚˜λˆ„μ–΄ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λΉ„μΈ‘μ€‘μ•™λΆ€μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 411μ•ˆ (51.38%)으둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜κ³ , κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ΄ μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμœΌλ‘œ 326μ•ˆ (40.75%)μ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, μ΄μΈ‘μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°λŠ” μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 2) κΈ°μ‹œλΆ€μ˜ μ–‘μ•ˆ λΉ„κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” 같은 ꡰ에 μ†ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μœ κ°€ 284μ•ˆ (71.00%)으둜 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 4. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ 생리적함λͺ° 1) μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λ₯Ό 생리적함λͺ°μ˜ ν˜•νƒœμ— 따라 3개의 ν˜•μœΌλ‘œ κ΅¬λΆ„ν•˜μ—¬ κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, C/DλΉ„κ°€ 0.3 μ΄ν•˜μ˜ μ†Œν˜• 함λͺ°μ΄κ³  μœ λ‘μ€‘μ•™λΆ€μ— μœ„μΉ˜ν•˜λŠ” Aν˜•μ΄ 634μ•ˆ (79.25%)으둜 μ›”λ“±νžˆ λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 2) μ–‘μ•ˆ λΉ„κ΅μ—μ„œλŠ” 같은 ν˜•μ— μ†ν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ 365λͺ… (91.25%)으둜 훨씬 더 λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©°, μ–‘μ•ˆ C/DλΉ„μ˜ μ°¨μ΄λŠ” 99.75%μ—μ„œ 0.2 μ΄ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 5. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ ν˜•νƒœμ™€ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ λΆ„ν¬μ™€μ˜ κ΄€κ³„λŠ” ν†΅κ³„ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ μ˜μ˜κ°€ μ—†μ—ˆλ‹€. 6. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ κΈ°μ‹œλΆ€μ™€ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ λΆ„ν¬μ™€μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, 망막쀑심동λ§₯이 λΉ„μΈ‘μ€‘μ•™λΆ€μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•  λ•Œ 보닀 λΉ„ν•˜μΈ‘μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•  λ•Œ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ 뢄지 λΆ„ν¬μ˜ λΉ„μΈ‘ 및 μ΄ν•˜μΈ‘ (제6κ΅°)이 ν†΅κ³„ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 의의있게 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 7. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ 생리적함λͺ°κ³Ό 망막쀑심동λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ λΆ„ν¬μ™€μ˜ 관계λ₯Ό κ΄€μ°°ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό, C/DλΉ„κ°€ 0.4 μ΄μƒμ˜ μ€‘ν˜• 내지 λŒ€ν˜•μ˜ 생리적함λͺ°μ΄κ³  쀑앙뢀 λ˜λŠ” μ•½κ°„ 이츑에 μœ„μΉ˜ν•œ Bν˜•μ˜ μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ²½μš°μ—μ„œ 보닀, Aν˜•μ˜ μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λ₯Ό κ°€μ§€λŠ” κ²½μš°μ—μ„œ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ 뢄지 λΆ„ν¬μ˜ λΉ„μΈ‘(제1κ΅°)이 ν†΅κ³„ν•™μ μœΌλ‘œ 의의있게 더 λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. [영문] Since Helmholtz discovered the ophthalmoscope in 1851, normal fundus has been possible to be observed. The findings of the optic disk and retinal vessels in the fundus are of great importance in the evaluation of intraocular diseases and systemic diseases (especially intracranial problems). The shape of the optic disk and retinal vessels have been described by many investigators. Direct ophthalmoscopy was performed on 800 normal eyes (400 persons) to evaluate following aspects; (1) The shape of the optic disk (2) The distribution of the central retinal artery (3) The origin of the C.R.A. from the disk (4) The number of disk in accordance with three different shape of physiological cups (5) The relationship between (1) and (2) (6) The relationship between (2) and (3) (7) The relationship between (2) and (4) The following results were obtained. 1. The shaps of the optic disk 1) The 353 eyes (44.13%) were round, and the 318 eyes (39.75%), vertically oval. 2) In the 289 persons (72.25%) the shape of the optic disk were same in both eyes. 2. The classification of the optic disk based on branching of the C.R.A. 1) The 425 eyes (53.13%) had symmetric distribution, and the 285 eyes (35.63%) had nasal-temporal up distribution. And at least one of the main branches of the C.R.A. passed by nasal side of the optic disk in every eye. 2) In the 215 persons (53.75%), the distribution of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes. 3. The origin of the C.R.A. in the optic disk 1) The 411 eyes (51.38%) had their origin in the nasal center, and the 326 eyes (40.75%) in the center. And none of the eyes had their origin in temporal side. 2) In the 284 persons (71.00%) the origin of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes. 4. The physiological cupping of the optic disk 1) Most of the eyes (634 eyes; 79.25%) had the optic disk of type A (C/D ratio ≀ 0.3 and located in the center). 2) The 365 persons (91.25%) had same disk in their both eyes. And the difference of C/D ratio between both eyes was less than 0.2 in 99.75%. 5. The relationship between the shape of the optic disk and the distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. was not significant statistically. 6. The nasal-temporal down distribution (Class 6) of the C.R.A. appeared more when the C.R.A. originated from the nasal down than when it originated form the nasal center. 7. The nasal distribution (Class 1) of the C.R.A. appeared morerestrictio

    ν•œκ΅­μΈμ˜ 정상 μ•ˆμ €μ˜ ν˜•νƒœν•™μ  연ꡬ

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    μ˜ν•™κ³Ό/박사[영문] [ν•œκΈ€] μ•ˆμ €κ²€μ‚¬κ°€ 눈의 μ§ˆν™˜ 뿐 μ•„λ‹ˆλΌ μ „μ‹ μ§ˆν™˜μ˜ 진단과 경과의 νŒμ •μ— μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€λŠ” 사싀은 이미 잘 μ•Œλ €μ Έ 있으며, μ΄λŸ¬ν•œ 병적인 μ•ˆμ €μ˜ 연ꡬλ₯Ό μœ„ν•˜μ—¬ 정상 μ•ˆμ €μ— λŒ€ν•œ μ—°κ΅¬λŠ” 맀우 μ€‘μš”ν•˜λ‹€. μž„μƒμ—μ„œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 μ•ˆμ €κ²€μ‚¬ 방법 쀑 κ°€μž₯ ν”νžˆ μ†μ‰½κ²Œ μ‚¬μš©λ˜λŠ” λ°©λ²•μœΌλ‘œλŠ” μ§μƒκ²€μ•ˆκ²½ 검사λ₯Ό λ“€ 수 있으며, 이 방법은 μ‘°μž‘μ΄ κ°„νŽΈν•˜κ³  이동이 μ†μ‰¬μ›Œμ„œ νŽΈλ¦¬ν•˜λ‚˜ , κ²€μ‚¬μžμ˜ 주관이 크게 μž‘μš©ν•  수 있으며 영ꡬ히 ν™•μ‹€ν•œ μ‹€μ œμ μΈ 기둝을 보쑴할 수 μ—† λ‹€λŠ” 단점을 가지고 μžˆλ‹€. μ•ˆμ €μ‚¬μ§„κΈ°κ°€ μž„μƒμ— λ„μž…λ„λ‹ˆ 이래 μ•ˆμ €κ²€μ‚¬μ— 큰 κ³΅ν—Œμ„ ν•˜ μ˜€μœΌλ©° μ§μƒκ²€μ•ˆκ²½ κ²€μ‚¬μ˜ 단점을 λ³΄μ™„ν•˜μ—¬ μ£Όμ—ˆλ‹€. μ§€κΈˆκΉŒμ§€ μ—¬λŸ¬ 가지 검사방법을 μ΄μš©ν•˜μ—¬ 정상 μ•ˆμ €μ— λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ가 μ‹œν–‰λ˜μ–΄ μ™”μœΌλ‚˜, μž„μƒμ—μ„œ κ°€μž₯ ν”νžˆ μ‚¬μš©λ˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ§μƒκ²€μ•ˆκ²½ 검사가 μ–΄λŠ μ •λ„μ˜ 였차λ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆλŠ”μ§€ 에 λŒ€ν•˜μ—¬μ„œλŠ” 아직 연ꡬ보고가 μ—†μœΌλ©°, 정상 ν•œκ΅­μΈμ˜ μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ™€ λ§λ§‰ν˜ˆκ΄€μ˜ μ‹€μ œ 크 기에 λŒ€ν•œ 연ꡬ도 μ—†λ‹€. λ³Έ μ—°κ΅¬μ—μ„œ μ €μžλŠ” 정상 ν•œκ΅­μΈ 125λͺ…(250μ•ˆ)μ—μ„œ μ§μƒκ²€μ•ˆκ²½κ³Ό μ•ˆμ €μ‚¬μ§„κΈ°λ₯Ό μ‚¬μš©ν•˜ μ—¬ μ•ˆμ €κ²€μ‚¬λ₯Ό μ‹œν–‰ν•œ κ²°κ³Ό λ‹€μŒκ³Ό 같은 결둠을 μ–»μ—ˆλ‹€. 1. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ ν˜•νƒœλŠ” μ§μƒκ²€μ•ˆκ²½ 검사와 μ•ˆμ €μ‚¬μ§„ κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ μˆ˜μ§νƒ€μ›ν˜•μ΄ κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©° κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ΄ μ›ν˜•μ΄μ—ˆκ³ , μˆ˜μ§νƒ€μ›ν˜•κ³Ό μ›ν˜•μ΄ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 80% 이상을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆ 으며, μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘μ˜ μˆ˜ν‰κ²½μ€ 평균 1.29mm, μˆ˜μ§κ²½μ€ 평균 1.39mmμ˜€λ‹€. 2. C/DλΉ„λŠ” 두가지 κ²€μƒμ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ 0.3 μ΄ν•˜μΈ κ²½μš°κ°€ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 70% 이상을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€ . 3. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œμ˜ 망막쀑심동λ§₯ κΈ°μ‹œλΆ€μœ„λŠ” 두가지 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ 비츑쀑앙뢀가 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©° κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ΄ μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ˜€κ³ , 비츑쀑앙뢀와 μ€‘μ‹¬λΆ€μ—μ„œ κΉƒν•˜λŠ” κ²½μš°κ°€ μ „μ²΄μ˜ 90 % 이상을 μ°¨μ§€ν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 망막쀑심정λ§₯의 ν•¨μž…λΆ€μœ„λŠ” 두가지 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ 쀑심뢀가 μ „μ²΄μ˜ 80% μ΄μƒμœΌλ‘œ κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 망막쀑심동λ§₯은 96.4%μ—μ„œ 망막쀑심정λ§₯의 ν•¨μž…λΆ€μœ„λ³΄ λ‹€ λΉ„μΈ‘μ—μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•˜κ³  μžˆμ—ˆλ‹€. 4. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œμ˜ 망막쀑심정λ§₯ κΈ°μ‹œν˜•νƒœλŠ” μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œ μƒΒ·ν•˜μ˜ 제1뢄지λ₯Ό λ‚΄λ©΄μ„œ κΈ°μ‹œν•˜λŠ” 제2ꡰ이 60.80%둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜κ³ , 망막쀑심정λ§₯의 ν•¨μž…ν˜•νƒœ μ—­μ‹œ 제2ꡰ이 37.60%둜 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜λ‹€. 5. μ‹œμ‹ κ²½μœ λ‘λΆ€μ—μ„œμ˜ 망막쀑심정λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ λΆ„ν¬ν˜•νƒœλŠ” 두가지 κ²€μ‚¬μ—μ„œ λͺ¨λ‘ 제9κ΅°( λŒ€μΉ­)이 κ°€μž₯ λ§Žμ•˜μœΌλ©° κ·Έ λ‹€μŒμ΄ 제5κ΅°(λΉ„μΈ‘ 및 상이츑)μ΄μ—ˆκ³ , 망막쀑심정λ§₯ λΆ„μ§€μ˜ λΆ„ ν¬ν˜•νƒœ μ—­μ‹œ λΉ„μŠ·ν•˜μ˜€λ‹€. 6. 망막쀑심정λ§₯ 제1λΆ„μ§€μ˜ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 평균 83.42ΞΌμ΄μ—ˆμœΌλ©°, λ™λ°˜λ˜λŠ” μ •λ§₯의 ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 111 .52ΞΌμ΄μ—ˆκ³ , μ •λ§₯/동λ§₯λΉ„λŠ” 1.34μ˜€λ‹€. 망막쀑심정λ§₯ 제2λΆ„μ§€μ˜ ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 평균 60.87ΞΌμ΄μ—ˆ 으며, λ™λ°˜λ˜λŠ” μ •λ§₯의 ν¬κΈ°λŠ” 87.17ΞΌμ΄μ—ˆκ³ , μ •λ§₯/동λ§₯λΉ„λŠ” 1.43μ΄μ—ˆλ‹€. The Morphologic Study of the Normal Fundus in Korean Hae Ran Chang Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University (Directed or Prof. Ouk Choi, M.D.) The examination of the fungus is of great importance in the diagnosis and evaluation of the prognosis of the ocular and systemic diseases. It is very important to study about themorphology of normal fundus for the investigation of abnormal fundus. Among the various methods used for the examination of the fungus, the direct ophthalmoscopy is the most useful, convenient, and simple method, but the obvious disadvantages were subjective estimation and lack of documentation. Since the introduction of the fundus photography, it has compensated for the disadvantages of the direct ophthalmoscopy and has become one of the most important methods of investigation of the fungus of the eye. Normal fundus has been investigated by various methods, but the direct ophthalmoscopy has never been compared with the fundus photography in the examination of normal picture of the fundus. In this study, the direct ophthalmoscopy and the fungus photography were performed on 125persons (250eyes) to evaluate following aspects ; 1) The shape of the optic disc 2) The C/D ratio 3) The portion of the origin of the central retinal artery(C.R.A.) from the optic disc, and the central retinal vein (C.R.V.) into the optic disc 4) The shape of the origin of the C.R.A. from the optic disc, and the C.R.V. into the optic disc 5) The distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. and the C.R.V. in the optic disc 6) The diameter of the branches of the C.R.A. and the C.R.V. The following results were obtained : 1. In either the direct ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography, the most common type of the shape of the optic disc was vertically oval, and the next was round, and these two types included over 80%. The mean horizontal diameter of the optic disc was 1.29mm, and the vertical diameter 1.39mm. 2. The C/D ratio was 0.3 or less in over 77% of the subjects. 3. The most common portion of the origin of the C.R.A. from the optic disc was nasal center, and the next was center, and these two types comprised over 90%. The most common portion of the C.R.V. into the optic disc was center (over 80%). The C.R.A. were nasal to the C.R.V. in the optic disc in 96.40% of the subjects. 4. The most common shape of the origin of the C.R.A. from the optic disc was class 2(60.80%), which bifurcates on the optic disc, whereas the most common shape of the C.R.V. on the disc was also class 2 (37.60%). 5. The most common type of the distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. as well as C.R.V. was class 9 (symmetric), and the next was class 5 (nasal-temporal up). 6. The mean diameter of the first branches of the C.R.A. was 83.42ΞΌ, and accompanying vein, 111.52ΞΌ. The V/A ratio was 1.34. The mean diameter of the second 7ranches of the C.R.A. was 60.87ΞΌ, and accompanying vein, 87.17ΞΌ. The V/A ratio was 1.43.restrictio

    Writers’ Views on Literary Journals and Policy Alternatives

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    L-galactose둜 λΆ€ν„°μ˜ μž¬μ‘°ν•© λŒ€μž₯균을 μ΄μš©ν•œ μ—νƒ„μ˜¬ 생산

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    MasterRising of fossil fuel prices and changing of climate lead to the search for the sustainable fuels. Although land-based biomass is currently used for bioethanol production, marine-based biomass such as seaweed is regarded as an alternative biomass resource for future bioethanol production. In particular, red seaweed is suitable for bioethanol production because it has higher sugar content than brown or green seaweed. In this study, we explored the possibility of using Porphyra tenera, a red seaweed composed of D-galactose and L-galactose called porphyran, as a biomass resource for ethanol production. D-galactose is a fermentable sugar and can be used for ethanol production by ethanologenic microorganisms such as yeast and E. coli KO11. However, L-galactose is non-fermentable because yeast and KO11 are unable to utilize L-galactose. As a result, metabolic engineering technologies are necessary to develop a method for the conversion L-galactose into ethanol. We constructed the recombinant E. coli strain (SB-G1) which utilizes both D-galactose and L-galactose by inserting the Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c genes involved in the L-galactose metabolic pathway (L-galactose transporter, L-galactose dehydrogenase, and L-galactonolactonase) in KO11. Activities of L-galactose transporter, L-galactose dehydrogenase, and L-galactonolactonase were confirmed using metabolically engineered E. coli SB-G1 cells and SB-G1 cells were cultured in LB medium supplemented with porphyran hydrolysate. Consumption of L-galactose and production of ethanol was measured using L-galactose dehydrogenase and HPLC, respectively. Comparing the control strain (E. coli KOL2), SB-G1 consumed not only D-galactose but also L-galactose in porphyran hydrolysate. Because of the conversion of L-galactose into ethanol, metabolically engineered SB-G1 strain could produce more ethanol than KOL2
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