18 research outputs found
λμμ μ κ³ μ§νμ¦ λ«λμμ λλ μ΄μνλΌλ³Έ 첨κ°κ° νκ΄μ§ν κ΄λ ¨ μμμ λ―ΈμΉλ μν₯
νμλ
Όλ¬Έ(μμ¬)--μμΈλνκ΅ λνμ :μνμμνκ³Ό,2002.Maste
Relationship between the optic disk retinal vessels
μνκ³Ό/μμ¬[νκΈ]
μμ κ²μ¬λ μκ³Όμμ λ§€μ° μ€μν κ²μ¬μ€μ νλλ‘, λμ μ§νλΏμλλΌ μ μ μ§νμ μ§λ¨κ³Ό κ²½κ³Όμ νμ μλ μ€μν λΆλΆμ μ΄λ£¨κ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ μ μμΈμ μμ μ견μ κ°μΈμ λ°λΌ μ¬ν μ°¨μ΄λ₯Ό λνλ΄λ―λ‘, μμ μ λ³μ μνλ₯Ό νλ¨νκΈ° μν΄ μμ μ μ μ μνμ λν μ°κ΅¬λ λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€κ³ μκ°λλ€.
1851λ
Helmholtzμ μν΄ κ²μκ²½μ΄ μ²μ λ°λͺ
λ μ΄λ λ§μ μμ κ²μ¬ λ°©λ²λ€μ΄ λ°λͺ
λμμΌλ©°, μμ μ λν λ§μ μ°κ΅¬λ€μ΄ νν΄μ‘λ€. μ μμΈμ μμ κ²½μ λμ λ§λ§νκ΄μ κ΄ν΄μλ μ¬λ¬κ°μ§ μ°κ΅¬κ° μμμΌλ©°, 1948λ
Woodλ μ μμΈμ μμ κ²½μ λλ₯Ό λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯λΆμ§μ λΆν¬μ λ°λΌ λΆλ₯νκ³ , μ λ±(1975)κ³Ό μ λ±(1976)λ λ§λ§νκ΄μ κ΄ν μ°κ΅¬ μ 1보 λ° μ 2보λ₯Ό λ°ννλ€. λν Fordμ Sarwar(1963), Snydacker(1964), κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ κΉ λ±(1976)μ μ μμ λμ λν λ³΄κ³ νμΌλ©°, 1967λ
Armalyμ μν΄ μν C/DλΉμ λν μ°κ΅¬κ° μμλ μ΄λ μ΄μ λ°(1971), κΉκ³Ό μ€(1981), Carpelκ³Ό Engstrom(1981)λ±μ μν΄ μ μμΈμ C/DλΉμ λν μ°κ΅¬κ° νν΄μ‘λ€.
1. μμ κ²½μ λμ νν
1) μμ κ²½μ λμ ννλ₯Ό 4κ°μ κ΅°μΌλ‘ ꡬλΆνμ¬ κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό μνμ΄ 353μ(44.13%) μ΄μμΌλ©° μμ§νμνμ΄ 318μ (39.75%) μ΄μκ³ , μ΄ λκ°μ§ νμ΄ μ 체μ 83.88%λ₯Ό μ°¨μ§νλ€.
2) μμ κ²½μ λ ννμ μμ λΉκ΅μμλ κ°μ κ΅°μ μνλ κ²½μ°κ° 289λͺ
(72.25%)μΌλ‘ λ λ§μλ€.
2. μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆν¬
1) μμ κ²½μ λλΆλ₯Ό λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆν¬μ λ°λΌ 10κ°μ κ΅°μΌλ‘ ꡬλΆνμ¬ κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό λμΉμΈ μ 9κ΅°μ΄ 425μ (53.13%)μΌλ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μμΌλ©°, λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯μ μ£ΌλΆμ§ μ€ νλλ λ°λμ λΉμΈ‘μ μ§λκ³ μμλ€.
2) μμ κ²½μ λλΆ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§μ μμ λΉκ΅μμλ κ°μ κ΅°μ μνλ κ²½μ°κ° 215λͺ
(53.75%)μΌλ‘ μ‘°κΈ λ λ§μλ€.
3. μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯μ΄ κΈ°μνλ μμΉ
1) μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯μ΄ κΈ°μνλ μμΉλ₯Ό 7κ°μ κ΅°μΌλ‘ λλμ΄ κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό λΉμΈ‘μ€μλΆμμ κΈ°μνλ κ²μΌλ‘ 411μ (51.38%)μΌλ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μκ³ , κ·Έ λ€μμ΄ μ€μ¬λΆμμ κΈ°μνλ κ²μΌλ‘ 326μ (40.75%)μ΄μμΌλ©°, μ΄μΈ‘μμ κΈ°μνλ κ²½μ°λ μμλ€.
2) κΈ°μλΆμ μμ λΉκ΅μμλ κ°μ κ΅°μ μνλ κ²½μ κ° 284μ (71.00%)μΌλ‘ λ λ§μλ€.
4. μμ κ²½μ λμ μ리μ ν¨λͺ°
1) μμ κ²½μ λλ₯Ό μ리μ ν¨λͺ°μ ννμ λ°λΌ 3κ°μ νμΌλ‘ ꡬλΆνμ¬ κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό, C/DλΉκ° 0.3 μ΄νμ μν ν¨λͺ°μ΄κ³ μ λμ€μλΆμ μμΉνλ Aνμ΄ 634μ (79.25%)μΌλ‘ μλ±ν λ§μλ€.
2) μμ λΉκ΅μμλ κ°μ νμ μνλ κ²½μ°κ° 365λͺ
(91.25%)μΌλ‘ ν¨μ¬ λ λ§μμΌλ©°, μμ C/DλΉμ μ°¨μ΄λ 99.75%μμ 0.2 μ΄νμλ€.
5. μμ κ²½μ λμ ννμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆν¬μμ κ΄κ³λ ν΅κ³νμ μΌλ‘ μμκ° μμλ€.
6. μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ κΈ°μλΆμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆν¬μμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό, λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯μ΄ λΉμΈ‘μ€μλΆμμ κΈ°μν λ λ³΄λ€ λΉνμΈ‘μμ κΈ°μν λ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§ λΆν¬μ λΉμΈ‘ λ° μ΄νμΈ‘ (μ 6κ΅°)μ΄ ν΅κ³νμ μΌλ‘ μμμκ² λ λ§μλ€.
7. μμ κ²½μ λμ μ리μ ν¨λͺ°κ³Ό λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆν¬μμ κ΄κ³λ₯Ό κ΄μ°°ν κ²°κ³Ό, C/DλΉκ° 0.4 μ΄μμ μ€ν λ΄μ§ λνμ μ리μ ν¨λͺ°μ΄κ³ μ€μλΆ λλ μ½κ° μ΄μΈ‘μ μμΉν Bνμ μμ κ²½μ λλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ κ²½μ°μμ 보λ€, Aνμ μμ κ²½μ λλ₯Ό κ°μ§λ κ²½μ°μμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ λΆμ§ λΆν¬μ λΉμΈ‘(μ 1κ΅°)μ΄ ν΅κ³νμ μΌλ‘ μμμκ² λ λ§μλ€.
[μλ¬Έ]
Since Helmholtz discovered the ophthalmoscope in 1851, normal fundus has been possible to be observed.
The findings of the optic disk and retinal vessels in the fundus are of great importance in the evaluation of intraocular diseases and systemic diseases (especially intracranial problems). The shape of the optic disk and retinal vessels have been described by many investigators.
Direct ophthalmoscopy was performed on 800 normal eyes (400 persons) to evaluate following aspects;
(1) The shape of the optic disk
(2) The distribution of the central retinal artery
(3) The origin of the C.R.A. from the disk
(4) The number of disk in accordance with three different shape of physiological cups
(5) The relationship between (1) and (2)
(6) The relationship between (2) and (3)
(7) The relationship between (2) and (4)
The following results were obtained.
1. The shaps of the optic disk
1) The 353 eyes (44.13%) were round, and the 318 eyes (39.75%), vertically oval.
2) In the 289 persons (72.25%) the shape of the optic disk were same in both eyes.
2. The classification of the optic disk based on branching of the C.R.A.
1) The 425 eyes (53.13%) had symmetric distribution, and the 285 eyes (35.63%) had nasal-temporal up distribution. And at least one of the main branches of the C.R.A. passed by nasal side of the optic disk in every eye.
2) In the 215 persons (53.75%), the distribution of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes.
3. The origin of the C.R.A. in the optic disk
1) The 411 eyes (51.38%) had their origin in the nasal center, and the 326 eyes (40.75%) in the center. And none of the eyes had their origin in temporal side.
2) In the 284 persons (71.00%) the origin of the C.R.A. were same in both eyes.
4. The physiological cupping of the optic disk
1) Most of the eyes (634 eyes; 79.25%) had the optic disk of type A (C/D ratio β€ 0.3 and located in the center).
2) The 365 persons (91.25%) had same disk in their both eyes. And the difference of C/D ratio between both eyes was less than 0.2 in 99.75%.
5. The relationship between the shape of the optic disk and the distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. was not significant statistically.
6. The nasal-temporal down distribution (Class 6) of the C.R.A. appeared more when the C.R.A. originated from the nasal down than when it originated form the nasal center.
7. The nasal distribution (Class 1) of the C.R.A. appeared morerestrictio
νκ΅μΈμ μ μ μμ μ νννμ μ°κ΅¬
μνκ³Ό/λ°μ¬[μλ¬Έ]
[νκΈ]
μμ κ²μ¬κ° λμ μ§ν λΏ μλλΌ μ μ μ§νμ μ§λ¨κ³Ό κ²½κ³Όμ νμ μ μ€μνλ€λ μ¬μ€μ
μ΄λ―Έ μ μλ €μ Έ μμΌλ©°, μ΄λ¬ν λ³μ μΈ μμ μ μ°κ΅¬λ₯Ό μνμ¬ μ μ μμ μ λν μ°κ΅¬λ
λ§€μ° μ€μνλ€.
μμμμ μ¬μ©λλ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ§ μμ κ²μ¬ λ°©λ² μ€ κ°μ₯ νν μμ½κ² μ¬μ©λλ λ°©λ²μΌλ‘λ
μ§μκ²μκ²½ κ²μ¬λ₯Ό λ€ μ μμΌλ©°, μ΄ λ°©λ²μ μ‘°μμ΄ κ°νΈνκ³ μ΄λμ΄ μμ¬μμ νΈλ¦¬νλ
, κ²μ¬μμ μ£Όκ΄μ΄ ν¬κ² μμ©ν μ μμΌλ©° μꡬν νμ€ν μ€μ μ μΈ κΈ°λ‘μ 보쑴ν μ μ
λ€λ λ¨μ μ κ°μ§κ³ μλ€. μμ μ¬μ§κΈ°κ° μμμ λμ
λλ μ΄λ μμ κ²μ¬μ ν° κ³΅νμ ν
μμΌλ©° μ§μκ²μκ²½ κ²μ¬μ λ¨μ μ 보μνμ¬ μ£Όμλ€.
μ§κΈκΉμ§ μ¬λ¬ κ°μ§ κ²μ¬λ°©λ²μ μ΄μ©νμ¬ μ μ μμ μ λν μ°κ΅¬κ° μνλμ΄ μμΌλ,
μμμμ κ°μ₯ νν μ¬μ©λκ³ μλ μ§μκ²μκ²½ κ²μ¬κ° μ΄λ μ λμ μ€μ°¨λ₯Ό κ°μ§κ³ μλμ§
μ λνμ¬μλ μμ§ μ°κ΅¬λ³΄κ³ κ° μμΌλ©°, μ μ νκ΅μΈμ μμ κ²½μ λμ λ§λ§νκ΄μ μ€μ ν¬
κΈ°μ λν μ°κ΅¬λ μλ€.
λ³Έ μ°κ΅¬μμ μ μλ μ μ νκ΅μΈ 125λͺ
(250μ)μμ μ§μκ²μκ²½κ³Ό μμ μ¬μ§κΈ°λ₯Ό μ¬μ©ν
μ¬ μμ κ²μ¬λ₯Ό μνν κ²°κ³Ό λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ κ²°λ‘ μ μ»μλ€.
1. μμ κ²½μ λμ ννλ μ§μκ²μκ²½ κ²μ¬μ μμ μ¬μ§ κ²μ¬μμ λͺ¨λ μμ§νμνμ΄ κ°μ₯
λ§μμΌλ©° κ·Έ λ€μμ΄ μνμ΄μκ³ , μμ§νμνκ³Ό μνμ΄ μ 체μ 80% μ΄μμ μ°¨μ§νκ³ μμ
μΌλ©°, μμ κ²½μ λμ μνκ²½μ νκ· 1.29mm, μμ§κ²½μ νκ· 1.39mmμλ€.
2. C/DλΉλ λκ°μ§ κ²μμ λͺ¨λ 0.3 μ΄νμΈ κ²½μ°κ° μ 체μ 70% μ΄μμ μ°¨μ§νκ³ μμλ€
.
3. μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯ κΈ°μλΆμλ λκ°μ§ κ²μ¬μμ λͺ¨λ λΉμΈ‘μ€μλΆκ°
κ°μ₯ λ§μμΌλ©° κ·Έ λ€μμ΄ μ€μ¬λΆμκ³ , λΉμΈ‘μ€μλΆμ μ€μ¬λΆμμ κΉνλ κ²½μ°κ° μ 체μ 90
% μ΄μμ μ°¨μ§νκ³ μμλ€. λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯μ ν¨μ
λΆμλ λκ°μ§ κ²μ¬μμ λͺ¨λ μ€μ¬λΆκ°
μ 체μ 80% μ΄μμΌλ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μλ€. λ§λ§μ€μ¬λλ§₯μ 96.4%μμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯μ ν¨μ
λΆμ보
λ€ λΉμΈ‘μμ κΈ°μνκ³ μμλ€.
4. μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯ κΈ°μννλ μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμ μΒ·νμ μ 1λΆμ§λ₯Ό
λ΄λ©΄μ κΈ°μνλ μ 2κ΅°μ΄ 60.80%λ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μκ³ , λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯μ ν¨μ
νν μμ μ 2κ΅°μ΄
37.60%λ‘ κ°μ₯ λ§μλ€.
5. μμ κ²½μ λλΆμμμ λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆν¬ννλ λκ°μ§ κ²μ¬μμ λͺ¨λ μ 9κ΅°(
λμΉ)μ΄ κ°μ₯ λ§μμΌλ©° κ·Έ λ€μμ΄ μ 5κ΅°(λΉμΈ‘ λ° μμ΄μΈ‘)μ΄μκ³ , λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯ λΆμ§μ λΆ
ν¬νν μμ λΉμ·νμλ€.
6. λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯ μ 1λΆμ§μ ν¬κΈ°λ νκ· 83.42ΞΌμ΄μμΌλ©°, λλ°λλ μ λ§₯μ ν¬κΈ°λ 111
.52ΞΌμ΄μκ³ , μ λ§₯/λλ§₯λΉλ 1.34μλ€. λ§λ§μ€μ¬μ λ§₯ μ 2λΆμ§μ ν¬κΈ°λ νκ· 60.87ΞΌμ΄μ
μΌλ©°, λλ°λλ μ λ§₯μ ν¬κΈ°λ 87.17ΞΌμ΄μκ³ , μ λ§₯/λλ§₯λΉλ 1.43μ΄μλ€.
The Morphologic Study of the Normal Fundus in Korean
Hae Ran Chang
Department of Medical Science The Graduate School, Yonsei University
(Directed or Prof. Ouk Choi, M.D.)
The examination of the fungus is of great importance in the diagnosis and
evaluation of the prognosis of the ocular and systemic diseases. It is very
important to study about themorphology of normal fundus for the investigation of
abnormal fundus.
Among the various methods used for the examination of the fungus, the direct
ophthalmoscopy is the most useful, convenient, and simple method, but the obvious
disadvantages were subjective estimation and lack of documentation. Since the
introduction of the fundus photography, it has compensated for the disadvantages of
the direct ophthalmoscopy and has become one of the most important methods of
investigation of the fungus of the eye.
Normal fundus has been investigated by various methods, but the direct
ophthalmoscopy has never been compared with the fundus photography in the
examination of normal picture of the fundus.
In this study, the direct ophthalmoscopy and the fungus photography were
performed on 125persons (250eyes) to evaluate following aspects ;
1) The shape of the optic disc
2) The C/D ratio
3) The portion of the origin of the central retinal artery(C.R.A.) from the optic
disc, and the central retinal vein (C.R.V.) into the optic disc
4) The shape of the origin of the C.R.A. from the optic disc, and the C.R.V. into
the optic disc
5) The distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. and the C.R.V. in the optic
disc
6) The diameter of the branches of the C.R.A. and the C.R.V.
The following results were obtained :
1. In either the direct ophthalmoscopy or fundus photography, the most common
type of the shape of the optic disc was vertically oval, and the next was round,
and these two types included over 80%.
The mean horizontal diameter of the optic disc was 1.29mm, and the vertical
diameter 1.39mm.
2. The C/D ratio was 0.3 or less in over 77% of the subjects.
3. The most common portion of the origin of the C.R.A. from the optic disc was
nasal center, and the next was center, and these two types comprised over 90%.
The most common portion of the C.R.V. into the optic disc was center (over 80%).
The C.R.A. were nasal to the C.R.V. in the optic disc in 96.40% of the subjects.
4. The most common shape of the origin of the C.R.A. from the optic disc was
class 2(60.80%), which bifurcates on the optic disc, whereas the most common shape
of the C.R.V. on the disc was also class 2 (37.60%).
5. The most common type of the distribution of the branches of the C.R.A. as well
as C.R.V. was class 9 (symmetric), and the next was class 5 (nasal-temporal up).
6. The mean diameter of the first branches of the C.R.A. was 83.42ΞΌ, and
accompanying vein, 111.52ΞΌ. The V/A ratio was 1.34.
The mean diameter of the second 7ranches of the C.R.A. was 60.87ΞΌ, and
accompanying vein, 87.17ΞΌ. The V/A ratio was 1.43.restrictio
L-galactoseλ‘ λΆν°μ μ¬μ‘°ν© λμ₯κ· μ μ΄μ©ν μνμ¬ μμ°
MasterRising of fossil fuel prices and changing of climate lead to the search for the sustainable fuels. Although land-based biomass is currently used for bioethanol production, marine-based biomass such as seaweed is regarded as an alternative biomass resource for future bioethanol production. In particular, red seaweed is suitable for bioethanol production because it has higher sugar content than brown or green seaweed. In this study, we explored the possibility of using Porphyra tenera, a red seaweed composed of D-galactose and L-galactose called porphyran, as a biomass resource for ethanol production. D-galactose is a fermentable sugar and can be used for ethanol production by ethanologenic microorganisms such as yeast and E. coli KO11. However, L-galactose is non-fermentable because yeast and KO11 are unable to utilize L-galactose. As a result, metabolic engineering technologies are necessary to develop a method for the conversion L-galactose into ethanol. We constructed the recombinant E. coli strain (SB-G1) which utilizes both D-galactose and L-galactose by inserting the Pseudoalteromonas atlantica T6c genes involved in the L-galactose metabolic pathway (L-galactose transporter, L-galactose dehydrogenase, and L-galactonolactonase) in KO11. Activities of L-galactose transporter, L-galactose dehydrogenase, and L-galactonolactonase were confirmed using metabolically engineered E. coli SB-G1 cells and SB-G1 cells were cultured in LB medium supplemented with porphyran hydrolysate. Consumption of L-galactose and production of ethanol was measured using L-galactose dehydrogenase and HPLC, respectively. Comparing the control strain (E. coli KOL2), SB-G1 consumed not only D-galactose but also L-galactose in porphyran hydrolysate. Because of the conversion of L-galactose into ethanol, metabolically engineered SB-G1 strain could produce more ethanol than KOL2