28 research outputs found

    ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ้ž์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ (๋ฐ•์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ๊ณต๊ณผ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ „๊ธฐยท์ •๋ณด๊ณตํ•™๋ถ€, 2021. 2. ๋ฌธ์Šน์ผ.Recently, islanded microgrids (IMGs) have been considered the most attractive solution to supply electricity to rural and remote areas where electricity is hard to be provided. An IMG is designed to actively supply and manage the power and energy itself by various distributed generators (DGs) using neighboring natural sources. On the other hand, according to the growth of DC technology, an islanded hybrid AC/DC microgrid (IHMG), which consists of AC and DC MGs that are connected by an interlinking converter (IC), has been implemented to exploit its characteristics of higher efficiency and better compatibility. Generally, in MG areas, maintaining the desired power sharing ratio between the DGs is one of the crucial issues. Maintaining power sharing between DGs allows securing more reserve for DGs, reducing stress on DGs, and minimizing the generation costs of DGs. In each AC or DC MG, DGs usually adopt droop control as conventional generators to maintain the power sharing ratio between the DGs. From droop control, the power sharing ratio between the DGs is maintained based on the frequency and common DC bus voltage in each AC MG and DC MG. For global power sharing (GPS) between all DGs in an IHMG beyond individual MGs, IC plays a key role to achieve GPS by adjusting their outputs. As the power sharing ratio between the DGs in each AC and DC MGs is based on the frequency and common DC bus voltage, respectively, GPS can be achieved by equalizing the normalized frequency and the common DC bus voltage through active power control of ICs. On the other hand, to improve the reliability of the entire IHMG system and increase the power transfer ability between the AC and DC MGs, multiple ICs can be interconnected in an IHMG system. In this case, similar to the reasons for DGs, the desired power sharing ratio between ICs must be maintained. Thus, ICs should be controlled to achieve GPS and power sharing between ICs. This is called global power balancing (GPB) of an IHMG in this dissertation. Control strategies to achieve GPB through ICs can be categorized as centralized and non-centralized controls. In a centralized control strategy, a central control unit receives information about the IHMG system and provides control signals to individual ICs via a centralized communication network. However, as centralized control strategy is exposed to single point failure (SPF) risks, non-centralized control strategies, such as local control strategy and distributed control strategy, have attracted research attention. Without central control units, only local information is used for local control strategy, or information from distributed communication among only ICs is used for the distributed control strategy. By adopting a local control strategy, system reliability can be improved without using communication; however, the control objective cannot be achieved perfectly due to insufficient information. By contrast, by implementing a distributed control strategy, control objectives can be obtained accurately with sufficient information about an IHMG system; however, the use of communication can degrade system reliability. To implement non-centralized control, the operator usually chooses between local and distributed control strategies considering what the system needs most. Various studies have been conducted on non-centralized control methods of an IC to achieve GPB in an IHMG. By adopting a local control strategy, the normalized droop control method of ICs has been most widely employed for local control method of ICs. However, this control method causes steady-state error of GPS, and if the gains of the controller are adjusted to improve the GPS accuracy, it may cause system instability, consequently making it difficult to reduce the error. On the other hand, under a distributed control strategy, distributed control methods of ICs have been proposed. The most advanced distributed control method is based on additional proportional-integral controllers, virtual leader-followers, and distributed communication. This method makes the IHMG system achieve perfect GPS; however, it may cause the system to collapse when unexpected changes, such as communication delays and the failure of DGs, occur in the system. Therefore, in this dissertation, novel non-centralized control methods for ICs are proposed to overcome the limitations of conventional non-centralized control methods. A new local control method for ICs is proposed that drastically decrease the error of GPS accuracy without any instability issues. Based on the required active power of ICs to achieve GPS, the active power reference of each IC is determined, and a damping factor is introduced to overcome issues regarding power sharing between ICs. In addition, guidelines for designing the damping factor are presented based on analyses of stability and GPS accuracy. Furthermore, a new distributed control method for ICs is proposed, which improves the robustness against unexpected changes in the system, such as communication delay and failure of ICs and DGs. Based on the required active power of ICs to achieve GPS, the active power reference of each IC is determined and an estimator to obtain the required data for control is proposed with a dynamic consensus algorithm and distributed communication between ICs. In addition, a design method for the parameters of the estimator is proposed based on stability analysis. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control methods, stability analyses based on the small-signal model and Simulink-based simulations are performed for each proposed control method. Furthermore, the proposed control methods are implemented as hardware-in-the-loop experiments through real-time simulators and real controllers of ICs and case studies are performed. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is observed under an actual hardware experimental environment. Owing to the proposed control methods, GPB in an IHMG can be achieved more accurately and robustly and can ultimately help improve the reliability of the system. Finally, we hope that this study will make a significant contribution to achieve stable power supply to rural and remote areas, where people frequently face power shortages and blackouts.์ตœ๊ทผ๋“ค์–ด ๋„์„œ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ „ํ™”์ง€์—ญ ๋“ฑ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์†Œ๊ทœ๋ชจ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์˜ ์ฃผ์š” ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋™์‹œ์— ์ง๋ฅ˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์œผ๋กœ AC์™€ DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๊ฐ€ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ™•์‚ฐ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‚ด์—์„œ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›๊ฐ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋กœ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์˜ˆ๋น„๋ ฅ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํ™•๋ณด์™€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ช…์ฆ์ง„ ๋ฐ ๋ฐœ์ „๋น„์šฉ์„ ์ตœ์†Œํ™”์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ AC ๋ฐ DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‚ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์„ฑ ๋ฐœ์ „์›๊ณผ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋ฃน์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ž‘ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์ด ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ณตํ†ต DC ๋ชจ์„  ์ „์••์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„์œจ๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋œ๋‹ค. ๊ฐœ๋ณ„ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ๋ฅผ ๋„˜์–ด ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์ธ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค. ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ผ๋ฐ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ฃผํŒŒ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ณตํ†ต DC ๋ชจ์„  ์ „์••์˜ ์ •๊ทœํ™”๋œ ๊ฐ’์„ ์ผ์น˜์‹œํ‚ค๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์ „์—ญ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์„ ์œ ์ง€์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€๋น„ํ•˜๊ณ , AC์™€ DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๊ฐ„ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ ฅ์„ ์ „์†กํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‹ค๊ธฐ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•๋˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด ๊ฒฝ์šฐ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ๋„ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์™€ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€๋  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์›์˜ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ๊ณผ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ์„ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋„๋ก ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ, ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ์˜ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ ์ •์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค. ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๋น„์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์ด ์„ ํƒ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์—์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘์•™ ํ†ต์‹  ๋„คํŠธ์›Œํฌ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ค‘์•™ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ฐ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์–ด ์‹ ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์€ ์ค‘์•™ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ํƒˆ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋‹จ์ผ ์ง€์  ํƒˆ๋ฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํฐ ์œ„ํ—˜์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด, ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ค‘์•™ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋น„์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ตœ๊ทผ ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ค„์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ค‘์•™ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ์—†์ด, ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์ธก์ • ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์–ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ ํ†ต์‹  ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค. ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์€ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ธฐ์— ๋†’์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋‚˜ ์ •๋ณด์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋กœ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์ •๋ณด๋ฅผ ํ™•๋ณดํ•˜์—ฌ ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋‚˜ ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋ฝ์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์ƒํ™ฉ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต ์ค‘ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒ๋˜์–ด ์ ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜• ๋‹ฌ์„ฑ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ๋น„์ค‘์•™์ง‘์ค‘ํ˜• ์ œ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์„ ํ–‰์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋œ ๋ฐ” ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต์„ ์ ์šฉํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœํ™” ๋“œ๋ฃน ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋„๋ฆฌ ์ด์šฉ๋œ๋‹ค. ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ์ด ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ •์ƒ์ƒํƒœ ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ณ  ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„๋ฅผ ๋†’์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ œ์–ด ์ด๋“๊ฐ’์„ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ๋ถˆ์•ˆ์ •์„ฑ์„ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค. ํ•œํŽธ, ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ์ „๋žต ํ•˜์—์„œ๋„ ๋Œœ์•™ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ณ ๋„ํ™”๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์‹์€ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ PI ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๋ฆฌ๋”-์ถ”์ข…์ž, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ํ†ต์‹ ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค. ์ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์€ ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์™„๋ฒฝํ•œ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๋‹ฌ์„ฑํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ, ํ†ต์‹  ์ง€์—ฐ๊ณผ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ „์› ํƒˆ๋ฝ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ ๋ถ•๊ดด๋ฅผ ์•ผ๊ธฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์กด ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ๋ฐ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ €, ๊ธฐ์กด ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๊ทœํ™” ๋“œ๋ฃน์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋˜ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜• ์˜ค์ฐจ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๊ฐ„ ์ถœ๋ ฅ ๋ถ„๋ฐฐ์œจ ์ด์Šˆ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋Œํ•‘ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•ˆ์ •๋„์™€ ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์˜ ์ •ํ™•๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋Œํ•‘ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๊ฐ€์ด๋“œ๋ผ์ธ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋˜ํ•œ, ๋ณ‘๋ ฌ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ ๊ตฌ์ถ• ์‹œ ๊ธฐ์กด ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ํ†ต์‹  ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜ ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์ธ ์˜ˆ๊ธฐ์น˜ ๋ชปํ•œ ๊ณ„ํ†ต ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ์ œ์–ด ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์•ˆ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ์˜ ์œ ํšจ์ „๋ ฅ๋Ÿ‰ ์‚ฐ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ, ์—ฐ๊ณ„์ปจ๋ฒ„ํ„ฐ๋ผ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ถ„์‚ฐํ˜• ํ†ต์‹ ๊ณผ ๋™์  ํ•ฉ์˜ ์•Œ๊ณ ๋ฆฌ์ฆ˜์„ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์–ด์— ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ์ถ”์ •๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ „์ฒด ํ†ตํ•ฉ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ์™€ ์ถ”์ •๊ธฐ ํŒŒ๋ผ๋ฏธํ„ฐ ์„ค๊ณ„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์ด ์ œ์‹œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ™•์ธํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์†Œ์‹ ํ˜ธ ๋ชจ๋ธ ๊ธฐ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์•ˆ์ •๋„ ๋ถ„์„๊ณผ Simulink๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•œ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ด์…˜์ด ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์€ ์‹ค์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์‹œ๋ฎฌ๋ ˆ์ดํ„ฐ์™€ ์‹ค์ œ ์ œ์–ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด Hardware-in-the-loop ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตฌํ˜„๋˜์—ˆ๊ณ  ์ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋ก€์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ๋“ค์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ํ•˜๋“œ์›จ์–ด ์‹คํ—˜ ํ™˜๊ฒฝํ•˜์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค. ์ œ์•ˆ๋œ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์„ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…๋ฆฝํ˜• ํ˜ผํ•ฉ AC/DC ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋“œ ๋‚ด ์ „์—ญ ์ „๋ ฅ ๊ท ํ˜•์ด ๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ด๋ฉฐ ์ •ํ™•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰๋˜์–ด ๊ณ„ํ†ต์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ํ–ฅ์ƒ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์ง„๋‹ค. ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š”, ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„์„œ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฐ ๋ฏธ์ „ํ™”์ง€์—ญ์œผ๋กœ์˜ ์›ํ™œํ•œ ์ „๋ ฅ๊ณต๊ธ‰์— ํฐ ๊ธฐ์—ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธธ ๊ธฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivations and purposes 1 1.2 Highlights and contributions 5 1.3 Dissertation organization 7 Chapter 2 Islanded Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid 8 2.1 Concept of islanded hybrid AC/DC microgrid 8 2.2 Control strategy of DGs in AC microgrid 11 2.3 Control strategy of DGs in DC microgrid 20 2.4 Technical issues on control of interlinking converter 26 Chapter 3 Local Control Method of Interlinking Converters 35 3.1 Review of conventional local control method for ICs 36 3.2 Required active power of interlinking converters for GPS 38 3.2.1 Equivalent model for the IHMG 38 3.2.2 Required active power of the ideal IC 39 3.3 Proposed local control method of single IC 41 3.4 Proposed local control method of multiple ICs 43 3.4.1 Active power reference for each IC 43 3.4.2 Proposed local control method of each IC with damping factor 43 3.5 System configuration of test system 45 3.6 Effectiveness of damping factor 47 3.6.1 Simplified small-signal state space model 47 3.6.2 Stability analysis with damping factor 50 3.6.3 GPS error due to damping factor 52 3.6.4 Guideline to determine the damping factor 55 3.7 Simulation results 57 3.7.1 Case I: load variation scenario with single IC 58 3.7.2 Case II: DG failure with single IC 60 3.7.3 Case III: multiple ICs of the proposed method without damping factor 62 3.7.4 Case IV: multiple ICs of the proposed method with damping factor 64 3.7.5 Case V: comparison with the conventional method 68 Chapter 4 Distributed Control Method of Interlinking Converters 71 4.1 Review of conventional distributed control method for ICs 73 4.2 Proposed distributed control method of ICs 76 4.2.1 Active power reference for each IC 76 4.2.2 Dynamic consensus-based estimator for PICs and ฯk 77 4.2.3 Calculation method for the parameters from local measurement 78 4.2.4 Structure of the entire proposed controller 79 4.3 System configuration 80 4.4 Design method of the consensus-based estimator 82 4.4.1 Simplified small-signal state space model 82 4.4.2 Parameter determination method for the estimator 85 4.5 Examining improved robustness with stability analysis 87 4.5.1 Stability with respect to communication delay 87 4.5.2 Stability with respect to DG status 88 4.6 Simulation results 90 4.6.1 Case I: IC failure 91 4.6.2 Case II: varying communication delay 92 4.6.3 Case III: DG failure 94 4.6.4 Case IV: GPS for cost minimization 98 4.6.5 Case V: power sharing between ICs to improve efficiency 101 Chapter 5 Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) Experiments 105 5.1 HIL setup 107 5.2 HIL experimental results 108 5.2.1 Implementation for the proposed local control method of single IC 108 5.2.2 Implementation for the proposed local control method of multiple ICs 110 5.2.3 Implementation for the proposed distributed control method of ICs 112 Chapter 6 Conclusions and Future Extensions 119 6.1 Conclusions 119 6.2 Future extensions 121 Bibliographies 122 Appendix A. Design Method of the Normalized Droop Constants Considering GPS Error 133 ์ดˆ๋ก 134Docto

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ) -- ์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต๋Œ€ํ•™์› : ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋Œ€ํ•™์› ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํšํ•™๊ณผ, 2021.8. ์ •ํ˜„์ฃผ.In accordance with the rapidly increasing single-person households Korean society has been facing various social, economic, and legal problems. Given such a reality, this study pays attention to the fact that the social problem of single-person households' vulnerability to crime is based on a gendered phenomenon. In fact, the problems germane to male one-person household and female one-person household are strongly heterogeneous due to gender differences and gender characteristics. In particular, since the vulnerable situation of female one-person households has to do with the pattern of modern crime, safety is one of the salient issues directly related to their lives. Notwithstanding, when it comes to experiencing crime, single-woman households show differences even within the same homogeneous group of women, and it was found that young adult women were the most fragile group in both the rate of victimization and the degree of fear of crime. Therefore, this study elucidates the meaning of the home they represent by revealing the types of experiences and practices of the subjects under a gender perspective so as to explore the fear of crime of young adult women in one-person households in more depth. In this study, nine young female single-person households who currently reside or have lived in Gwanak-gu were selected as research participants, and then a qualitative research method was used to analyze their interviews through a phenomenological research method. As a result, a total of eight components were derived and it was divided into โ€˜house besieged by fear of crimeโ€™, which is a type of fear of crime that is experienced and recognized directly at home and โ€˜strategies for young adult women to protect their houseโ€™, which is a type of practice to guard a safe space from it. To begin with, the participants are pre-occupied with the idea that their home was filled with various types of fear of crime, which encompass 'fear out of others', 'space rarely protected and managed', 'risky neighborhood environment', and 'hotbed of sexual crime', First, they had anxiety about untrustworthy people around their house such as neighbors who are one-person households, strangers who try to break into their house, noise makers, menacing people on streets and certain occupational groups. Second, they were concerned about the lack of proper protection and management of houses, encountering local disorder and experiencing perfunctory attitude of people responsible for safety such as police officer, staff in district office and building manager. Third, there was a fear of accidental crimes that could occur due to the presence of specific facilities near the house such as bars, motels, and construction sites, and the neighborhood environment without monitoring. Fourth, as the most maximized identity of young adult women, they underscored that their fear of crime is mostly attributed to the sexual objectification toward young women who live alone. On the other hand, albeit these numerous fears of crime, the research participants stepped forward to make their home a safe space in their own way and this was done by 'building the validated safe zone', 'discovering a home-like living condition', 'communicating with others to overcome isolation' and 'focusing on an independent life rather than fear'. First, the participants decided to live in places with a neighborhood environment where crime prevention is possible or buildings guaranteed with a minimum security and also comforted themselves through a series of processes of predicting the life style of local residents. Second, on the promise of a sense of homelikeness they tried to discover the internal spatial structures that give easement and external indicators that can be recognized as a residential area. Third, in order to avoid social isolation induced by fear of crime, they persistently interacted with acquaintances around the house and chose to live together with others in the long-term. Last but not least, the fear could be reduced by psychologically and physically separating themselves from fear of crime outside the house and placing greater value on the fact that they dedicate their best efforts to take โ€˜their ownโ€™ life in โ€™their own' home rather than fear of crime. As such, for young adult women in one-person household, even if a home is not a shelter or resting place that was originally given to them but a space surrounded by fear of crime, they tried to secure a safe home, putting up resistance to such ordeals. As a result, the home was reproducing the meaning of a place of 'survival' where they had to struggle to protect themselves and their home from the daunting fear of crimes. This study aims to achieve an academic balance among a number of quantitative studies by conducting a qualitative study on the fear of crime of female one-person households, and furthermore proclaims the necessity of urban planning study through the combination of 'place' and 'gender' discussion. In addition, it is sensible to assert that this study proved the value as a qualitative study in that it described young adult women's coping strategies for fear of crime, which had been depreciated by previous researches simply portraying female single-person households as victims. Lastly, this study has limited generalization on account for characteristic of the qualitative research method as well as one-sided residential environment in a attempt to ensure typicality. Therefore, it should be redeemed after a follow-up study supplements the part that can explicate various aspects of single-person households' lives.ํ˜„์žฌ ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ๊ธ‰์†๋„๋กœ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š” 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ ํŒจ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ค์ž„์— ์˜ํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ , ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ์—์„œ๋„ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŠน์„ฑํ•œ ์„ฑ์— ๊ธฐ์šธ์–ด์ง„ ์  ๋”ํ™”๋œ ํ˜„์ƒ์— ๊ธฐ์ดˆํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ์ฃผ๋ชฉํ•œ๋‹ค. ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๋‚จ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ง๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์„ฑ๋ณ„ ์ฐจ์ด์™€ ์  ๋” ํŠน์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ธก๋ฉด์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค. ํŠนํžˆ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝํ•œ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜„์‹ค์€ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ๊นŠ์€ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด ์•ˆ์ „์€ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ์ง๊ฒฐ๋˜๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ด์Šˆ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์ด๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์žˆ์–ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋™์งˆ์ง‘๋‹จ ๋‚ด์—์„œ๋„ ์ฐจ์ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํ”ผํ•ด์œจ๊ณผ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ์ •๋„ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ทจ์•ฝ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ๋‹ค. ์ด์— ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ฌ๋„ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํƒ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์  ๋” ๊ด€์  ์•„๋ž˜ โ€˜์žฅ์†Œโ€™์˜ ๊ฐœ๋…์„ ๋ฐ”ํƒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ์ฒด๋“ค์˜ ๊ฒฝํ—˜๊ณผ ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์„ ๋ฐํ˜€๋ƒ„์œผ๋กœ์จ ์ด๋“ค์ด ์žฌํ˜„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘์˜ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๋ก ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ•œ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ ๊ด€์•…๊ตฌ์— ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ ์ค‘์ด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ˜น์€ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ 9๋ช…์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋กœ ์„ ์ •ํ•˜์˜€์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ถ„์„ํ•˜๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ, ์ด 8๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ตฌ์„ฑ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๋„์ถœ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ง์ ‘ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ธ์‹ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ โ€˜๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋œ ์ง‘โ€™ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์„ ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์˜ ์œ ํ˜•์ธ โ€˜์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ „๋žตโ€™ ๋„ค ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค. ๋จผ์ € ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์œ ํ˜•์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณด์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ๊ฐ โ€˜ํƒ€์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€โ€™, โ€˜๋ณดํ˜ธยท๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„โ€™, โ€˜๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝโ€™, โ€˜์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์˜จ์ƒโ€™์œผ๋กœ ์ •์ œ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์ธ ์ด์›ƒ, ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์นจ์ž…์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋‚ฏ์„  ์ž, ์ธต๊ฐ„์†Œ์Œ ์œ ๋ฐœ์ž, ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์ธ ๊ธธ ์œ„์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค, ํŠน์ • ์ง์—…๊ตฐ ๋“ฑ ์ง‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ํƒ€์ธ๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถˆ์•ˆํ•จ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ๊ด€, ๊ตฌ์ฒญ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž, ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด ์•ˆ์ „์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์•ˆ์ผํ•œ ํƒœ๋„์™€ ์ง€์—ญ ๋ฌด์งˆ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ ์ ˆํ•œ ๋ณดํ˜ธ์™€ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์„ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ์œ ํฅ์ฃผ์ ๊ณผ ๋ชจํ…”, ๊ณต์‚ฌ์žฅ ๋“ฑ ์ง‘ ๊ทผ์ฒ˜์˜ ํŠน์ • ์‹œ์„ค๋ฌผ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์™€ ๊ฐ์‹œ์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์žฌํ•œ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ๋“ค๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ผ๋Š” ์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ทน๋Œ€ํ™”๋œ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋กœ์„œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ฑ์  ๋Œ€์ƒํ™”๋œ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์ด ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์œ ํ˜•๋“ค์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ณตํฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜ ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ง‘์„ ์—์›Œ์‹ผ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๊ฐ์ž์˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ง‘์„ ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ณต๊ฐ„ํ™” ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ ์ด๋Š” โ€˜์œ ์ผํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์ง€๋Œ€ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™, โ€˜์ง‘๋‹ค์šด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™, โ€˜๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์„ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™, โ€˜๋‘๋ ค์›€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐโ€™๋กœ ๋ถ„๋ฅ˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค. ์ฒซ์งธ, ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ˆ๋ฐฉ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ณด์žฅ๋˜๋Š” ๊ณณ ํ˜น์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ์˜ ๋ณด์•ˆยท๋ฐฉ๋ฒ”์ฒด๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ๋น„๋œ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ์ง€๋กœ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋™๋„ค ๊ฑฐ์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ์ƒํ™œ์ƒ์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•˜๋Š” ์ผ๋ จ์˜ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง‘๋งŒํผ์€ ์œ ์ผํ•œ ์•ˆ์ „์ง€๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋‘˜์งธ, ์•ˆ๋ฝํ•จ์„ ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ณต๊ฐ„๊ตฌ์กฐ์™€ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์ง€๋กœ ์ธ์‹๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ธ๊ทผ์˜ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ง€ํ‘œ๋“ค์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ์˜ โ€˜์ง‘๋‹ค์šดโ€™ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ฒด๋“ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•จ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋‚ด๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ์…‹์งธ, ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋‹จ์ ˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ง‘ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ์ง€์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ต๋ฅ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ ํƒ€์ธ๊ณผ ์ค‘์žฅ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊ฑฐ์ฃผํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๋„ท์งธ, ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘ ๋ฐ–์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€๊ณผ ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์˜ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ถ„๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  โ€˜๋‚˜์˜โ€™ ์ง‘์—์„œ โ€˜๋‚˜์˜โ€™ ์‚ถ์„ ์ง„์ทจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Ÿ์ทจํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์— ๋” ํฐ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‘ ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์ค„์—ฌ๋‚˜๊ฐ”๋‹ค. ์ด์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฃผ์–ด์ง„ ์‰ผํ„ฐ๋‚˜ ์•ˆ์‹์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ์‹ธ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด๋ฉฐ ์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ˜„์‹ค๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋ณดํ˜ธํ•˜๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ €ํ•ญํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์•ˆ์ „ํ•œ ์ง‘์„ ์‚ฌ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘์€ ์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ ์ง‘์„ ์ง€์ผœ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ณ ๊ตฐ๋ถ„ํˆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”, ๋ง ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ โ€˜์ƒ์กดโ€™์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์žฌํ˜„ํ•ด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค. ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์„ ์ฃผ์ œ๋กœ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•จ์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋‹ค์ˆ˜์˜ ์–‘์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค ์‚ฌ์ด ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ๊ท ํ˜•์„ ๊พ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€ โ€˜์žฅ์†Œโ€™์™€ โ€˜์  ๋”โ€™ ๋…ผ์˜์˜ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์  ๋” ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ์˜ ๋„์‹œ๊ณ„ํš ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ ์˜์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๊ธฐ์กด์˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋“ค์„ ๋‹จ์ˆœํžˆ ํ”ผํ•ด์ž์— ์œ„์น˜์‹œํ‚ด์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ•ด์™”๋˜ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜์–‘์‹๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์—์„œ๋„ ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ์„œ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค. ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ ๋ณธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์งˆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋ฐฉ์‹์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ํ™”์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์™€ ๋”๋ถˆ์–ด ๋Œ€ํ‘œ์„ฑ ํ™•๋ณด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ๋ฐ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ์œ ํ˜•์„ ํ•œ์ •ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค๋Š” ์ ์ด ์•„์‰ฌ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ๋Š”๋‹ค. ๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ํ–ฅํ›„ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์‚ถ์˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์ธก๋ฉด์„ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์„ ์ˆ˜์ •ยท๋ณด์™„ํ•œ ํ›„์†์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•„์š”์„ฑ์„ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”์ด๋‹ค.์ œ 1 ์žฅ ์„œ๋ก  1 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ ๋ฐ ๋ชฉ์  1 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„ 5 ์ œ 2 ์žฅ ์ด๋ก ์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ 6 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ๊ณ ์ฐฐ 6 1. ๋„์‹œ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ์˜ ์  ๋”๊ด€์  6 2. ์—ฌ์„ฑ 1์ธ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์™€ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€ 10 3. ์žฅ์†Œ์™€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ์ง‘ 14 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์†Œ๊ฒฐ 20 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ ์ด๋ก ์  ํ‹€ 21 ์ œ 3 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์ ˆ์ฐจ 24 1. Giorgi์˜ ํ˜„์ƒํ•™์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ• 24 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ํƒ€๋‹น์„ฑ ๋ฐ ์œค๋ฆฌ 26 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ๋ถ„์„ ์ž๋ฃŒ 27 1. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ๋Œ€์ƒ์ง€ ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ํ˜„ํ™ฉ 27 2. ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์ฐธ์—ฌ์ž ์„ ์ • ๋ฐ ํŠน์„ฑ 29 ์ œ 4 ์žฅ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ 32 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋‘๋ ค์›€์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ฒ ๋œ ์ง‘ 32 1. ํƒ€์ธ์— ์˜ํ•œ ๋‘๋ ค์›€ 34 2. ๋ณดํ˜ธ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ณต๊ฐ„ 43 3. ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ทผ๋ฆฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ 48 4. ์„ฑ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์˜ ์˜จ์ƒ 53 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์ฒญ๋…„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค์˜ ์ง‘ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์ „๋žต 59 1. ์•ˆ์ „์ง€๋Œ€ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•˜๊ธฐ 61 2. '์ง‘'๋‹ค์šด ์ฃผ๊ฑฐํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•˜๊ธฐ 69 3. ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ ๊ทน๋ณต์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ธฐ 73 4. ๋‘๋ ค์›€๋ณด๋‹ค ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์— ๋” ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ 77 ์ œ 3 ์ ˆ '์ƒ์กด'์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ๋กœ์„œ ์ง‘ 80 ์ œ 5 ์žฅ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  83 ์ œ 1 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๋ก  ๋ฐ ์ œ์–ธ 83 ์ œ 2 ์ ˆ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„์  87 ์ฐธ๊ณ ๋ฌธํ—Œ 88 ๋ถ€๋ก 93 Abstract 95์„

    Effects of Head and Neck Position on Nasotracheal Tube Intracuff Pressure: A Prospective Observational Study

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    To prevent endotracheal tube-related barotrauma or leakage, the intracuff pressure should be adjusted to 20โ€“30 cm H2O. However, changes in the nasotracheal tube intracuff pressure relative to neck posture are unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of head and neck positioning on nasotracheal tube intracuff pressure. Fifty adult patients with nasotracheal tubes who were scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. Following intubation, intracuff pressure was measured by connecting the pilot balloon to a device that continuously monitors the intracuff pressure. Subsequently, the intracuff pressure was set to 24.48 cm H2O (=18 mmHg) for the neutral position. We recorded the intracuff pressures based on the patientsโ€™ position during head flexion, extension, and rotation. The initial intracuff pressure was 42.2 cm H2O [29.6โ€“73.1] in the neutral position. After pressure adjustment in the neutral position, the intracuff pressure was significantly different from the neutral to flexed (p 30 cm H2O occurred in 12% of patients. Therefore, it is necessary to adjust the intracuff pressure after tracheal intubation and each positional change.ope

    Fixed Pupillary Light Reflex due to Peripheral Neuropathy after Liver Transplantation

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    A 46- year-old female patient was admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after liver transplantation. About an hour later after the ICU admission, she had no pupillary light reflex. Both pupils were also fixed at 5 mm. Patients who undergo liver transplantation are susceptible to neurologic disorders including hepatic encephalopathy, thromboembolism and intracranial hemorrhage. Abnormal pupillary light reflex usually indicates a serious neurologic emergency in these patients; however, benign neurologic disorders such as peripheral autonomic neuropathy or Holmes-Adie syndrome should also be considered. We experienced a case of fixed pupillary light reflex after liver transplantation diagnosed as peripheral autonomic neuropathy.ope

    Predictors of thyroid gland involvement in hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma

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    PURPOSE: Decision to perform concurrent ipsilateral thyroidectomy on patients with hypopharyngeal cancer is important, and unnecessary thyroidectomy should be avoided if oncologically feasible. We hypothesized that concurrent ipsilateral thyroidectomy is not routinely required to prevent occult metastasis. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of histological thyroid invasion in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer, and to refine the indications for prophylactic ipsilateral thyroidectomy in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of the medical records from the Department of Otolaryngology at Yonsei University College of Medicine was conducted from January 1994 to December 2009. A total of 49 patients underwent laryngopharyngectomy with thyroidectomy as a primary treatment of hypopharyngeal cancer. RESULTS: The incidence of thyroid gland involvement was 10.2%. The most common route of invasion was direct extension through the thyroid cartilage. Thyroid cartilage invasion (p=0.034) was the most significant factor associated with thyroid invasion. Disease-specific survival at 5 years was lower in patients with than without thyroid gland invasion (26.7% vs. 55.2%, respectively; p=0.032). Disease-free survival at 5 years was also lower in patients with than without thyroid gland invasion (20.0% vs. 52.1%, respectively; p=0.024). CONCLUSION: Ipsilateral thyroidectomy in combination with total laryngopharyngectomy is indicated when invasion of the thyroid cartilage is suspected in patients with hypopharyngeal cancer.ope

    A Randomized, Double-blind, Non-inferiority Trial of Magnesium Sulphate versus Dexamethasone for Prevention of Postoperative Sore Throat after Lumbar Spinal Surgery in the Prone Position

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    BACKGROUND: Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a frequent complication of tracheal intubation, particularly after surgery in the prone position. We designed this study to validate the non-inferiority of magnesium sulphate against dexamethasone for prevention of POST after lumbar spinal surgery. METHODS: One hundred and forty-six patients were randomly allocated to receive either magnesium or dexamethasone. Before anesthetic induction, the magnesium group (n = 73) received magnesium sulphate 30 mg/kg followed by 10 mg/kg/h by continuous infusion until the end of surgery. The dexamethasone group (n = 73) received dexamethasone 8 mg. The primary endpoint was the overall incidence of POST, which was assessed serially over 48 hr postoperatively. The predefined margin of non-inferiority for magnesium against dexamethasone was 15%. RESULTS: Overall incidences of POST at rest (50.7% versus 49.3% in the magnesium and dexamethasone group, respectively, p = 0.869) and swallowing (65.8% versus 61.6% in the magnesium and dexamethasone group, respectively, p = 0.606) were not different between the groups. The upper limit of the 90% confidence interval, which must be lower than the predefined margin of non-inferiority to prove the non-inferiority of magnesium sulphate against dexamethasone, for at rest and swallowing were 14.97% (p = 0.0496) and 17.19% (p = 0.0854), respectively. The incidences and severities of POST and hoarseness were also not different between the groups throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic magnesium sulphate appears to be non-inferior to dexamethasone for the prevention of POST at rest in patients undergoing lumbar spinal surgery in the prone position.ope

    ํ•˜์ธ๋‘ํŽธํ‰์„ธํฌ์•”์ข…์—์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ์นจ๋ฒ”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ถ„์„ ๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ƒ์„  ์ ˆ์ œ์ˆ ์˜ ์ ์‘์ฆ

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    Dept. of Medicine/์„์‚ฌIn order to resect clinically occult metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma to the ipsilateral thyroid lobe and isthmus, routine ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy and isthmusectomy are commonly performed as part of the total laryngectomy procedure. However, when we reviewed surgical specimens after thyroidectomy with concomitant laryngo- pharyngectomy, the incidence of thyroid gland involvement in laryngo-pharyngeal cancer ranged from 0 to 23%. The question remains as to whether thyroid resection should be performed in the setting of no definite thyroid gland invasion on pre-operative evaluation. Thyroid gland is an important endocrine organ that regulates metabolism and maintain homeostasis. Hypothyroidism is a well known postoperative complication that occurs after laryngopharyngectomy regardless of performing thyroidectomy. Because hypothyroidism causes delayed wound healing, resulting in pharyngeal fistula, mood depression, and cardiac morbidity, thyroidectomy should be avoided if oncologically possible. In the meantime, studies conducted have focused mainly on the laryngeal cancer. However, making a decision to perform concurrent thyroidectomy on patients with hypopharyngeal cancer is important because hypopharyngeal cancer is more highly correlated with other comorbidities than laryngeal cancer. A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records from the Department of Otolaryngology at Yonsei Universitiy College of Medicine between January 1994 and December 2009. A total of 108 patients received laryngopharyngectomy as a primary treatment of primary hypopharyngeal cancer.In our study, the incidence of thyroid gland involvement was 4.6% (5 of 108 patients). The most common mechanism of invasion was direct extension through the thyroid cartilage. Thyroid cartilage invasion (p=0.034) was a statistically most significant factor in thyroid invasion. Additionally, when pyriform sinus (PS) apex invasion was noted, thyroid gland invasion should be suspected and thus consider thyroidectomy. Although the difference was not statistically significant, the prognosis of the patients with thyroid gland invasion was worse than that of the patients with no invasion.ope

    ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ์Šคํฐ์„œ์‹ญ์„ ํ†ตํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ๋กœ์—ดํ‹ฐ(loyalty) ๋ณ€ํ™”์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ : ์Šคํฌ์ธ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ด€์—ฌ๋„๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์ฒด์œก๊ต์œก๊ณผ,2003.Maste

    ์กฐ๊ธฐ์ง„ํ†ต์‚ฐ๋ชจ์—์„œ ์กฐ์งํ•™์  ์œต๋ชจ์–‘๋ง‰์—ผ์˜ ์œ ๋ฌด, ์ค‘์ฆ๋„, ์–‘์ƒ๊ณผ ์–‘์ˆ˜๋‚ด interleukin-8 ๋†๋„์™€์˜ ์—ฐ๊ด€์„ฑ

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(์„์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผํ•™์ „๊ณต,1999.Maste

    Relationship between funisitis, umbilical cord plasma interleukin-6 and amniotic fluid infection in preterm labor

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    ํ•™์œ„๋…ผ๋ฌธ(๋ฐ•์‚ฌ)--์„œ์šธ๋Œ€ํ•™๊ต ๋Œ€ํ•™์› :์˜ํ•™๊ณผ ์‚ฐ๋ถ€์ธ๊ณผํ•™ ์ „๊ณต,2001.Docto
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